Bio Unit 1 Review PDF

Chapter 1 Deductive reasoning: uses general principles to make specific predictions Ex: natural selection used to explain changes in populations Inductive reasoning: uses specific observations to develop general conclusions Ex: fossils show that life has changed on the earth over time...

Chapter 1 Deductive reasoning: uses general principles to make specific predictions Ex: natural selection used to explain changes in populations Inductive reasoning: uses specific observations to develop general conclusions Ex: fossils show that life has changed on the earth over time Reductionism: breaks complex process down to its component parts Systems biology: focuses on how components work together Basic science: seeks to expand knowledge regardless of short-term application of that knowledge (not for $) Applied science: aims to solve real world problems Scientific theory: ideas that are certain and are supported by evidence Scientific method: observation → question → hypothesis → prediction → experiment → conclusion Characteristics shared by living things - Consists of cells - Store and process information (sensitivity to stimuli) - Trandorm energy - Grow and reproduce - Adapt and evolve (homeostasis) Levels of organization - Populations → communities → ecosystem → biosphere Taxonomic ranks Cell Theory 1) All organisms are composed of cells 2) Cells are the smallest living things 3) Cells only arise from pre existing cells Chapter 2 4 elements common to all living organisms - Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen Covalent bonds > ionic bonds > hydrogen bonds Properties of water - Cohesion - Adhesion - High specific heat capacity - High heat of vaporization - Universal solvent - Ice is less dense than water Isomers: molecules that share formula but differ in placement of atoms/bonds Enantiomers: molecules that share structure and bonds but differ in 3d placement of atoms so that they are mirror images of each other Chapter 3 Carbohydrates - Monomers: monosaccharides - Polymers: polysaccharides Lipids - Monomers: fatty acids + glycerol  - Polymers: triglycerides - Single bonds (C-C) = saturated, double bonds (C=C) = unsaturated - Steroids Proteins - Monomers: amino acids - Polymers: polypeptide chains - Enzymes, hormones Nucleic acids - Monomers: nucleotides - Purines: adenine and guanine - Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, and uracil Dogma of Life: DNA = transcription, RNA = translation Chapter 4 3 fibers: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules - Microfilaments: narrowest, also called actin filaments - Enable cellular events requiring motion + provide cell shape - Intermediate filaments: bear tension and anchor nucleus + other organelles in place (STRUCTURAL) - Microtubules: widest, help cell resist compression, provide track for vesicles, and pull chromosomes to opposite sides of cell Chapter 5 - Structure/Function of Plasma Membranes Components of fluid mosaic model - Lipids: phospholipids composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails - Proteins - Carbohydrates: only on surface, attach to proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids Integral proteins: INSIDE membrane system - Transport proteins: integral proteins that help with facilitated transport - Channel proteins: generate hydrophilic holes in membrane - Carrier proteins: binds substrate and changes shape, moving molecule frome exterior to interior - Transporters: facilitate movement - Uniporter: carries one specific ion or molecule - Symporter: carries two different molecules in same direction - Antiporter: carries two different molecules in opposite directions Peripheral proteins: on membrane’s exterior and interior surfaces