BIO-Muscles and Bones Review PDF

**First Year Comps** **[Muscle and Bone Review]** **4 Types of Tissue:** 1. Epithelial (Covering, lining, secreting), 2. Connective (includes bone, cartilage, fat, and blood), 3. Muscular, 4. Nervous **Integumentary System Includes**: Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat glands -Skin, Hair, and Nails mostly...

**First Year Comps** **[Muscle and Bone Review]** **4 Types of Tissue:** 1. Epithelial (Covering, lining, secreting), 2. Connective (includes bone, cartilage, fat, and blood), 3. Muscular, 4. Nervous **Integumentary System Includes**: Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat glands -Skin, Hair, and Nails mostly composed of the protein Keratin **Anatomical Position:** Forward standing; Forearms supinated **Directions**: i.e. proximal vs distal; Dorsal vs Ventral **Muscle Actions:** Abduction vs Adduction; Flexion vs Extension; Internal Rotation vs External Rotation; Pronation vs Supination; Eversion vs Inversion; Dorsiflexion vs Plantarflexion **[Skull and Face]** ***Boney Landmarks:*** Know what bones articulate with what: i.e. Parietal bone articulates occipital, temporal, and frontal bones Frontal and temporal do not articulate Know key boney landmarks and what bone they are found on: i.e. temporal bone landmarks: Mastoid process, zygomatic process, styloid process, external auditory meatus What 2 bones make up the hard palate? Palatine and Maxilla 4 sinuses: Frontal Ethmoid Maxillary Sphenoid ***Muscles:*** Muscles of Mastication: Buccinator Internal Pterygoid Temporalis External pterygoid Masseter **[Spine]** Vertebra get larger as you move down. So lumbar vertebra are larger than cervical **[Ribs ]** 1-7:True ribs(connect directly to sternum) 8-10:False ribs(connect indirectly to sternum via cartilage) 11-12: Floating ribs **Muscles that move the Spine:** Rectus abdominis: Flexion of spine Erector Spinae Group (Illiocostalis, Longissimus, Spinalis): Extension of spine Internal and External Obliques: Lateral flexion and rotation of spine Quadratus Lumborum: Lateral flexion of spine **[Upper extremity]** Landmarks of scapula:Spine of scapula, inferior and superior angles, Acromion process, Coracoid process, Glenoid fossa(Glenohumeral joint) Landmarks of humerus: Greater and Lesser tubercle; Medial and Lateral Epicondyle Landmarks on radius: Styloid Process; Head of Radius Landmarks on the ulna: Styloid Process; Head of Ulna; Olecranon Process Carpals: Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Lateral to Medial, Proximal to distal Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle Base (Proximal) vs head (distal) of metacarpals/metatarsals/phalanges: Hallicus(Big toe) vs Pollicis(thumb): **Muscles that Move Scapula**: Elevate: Upper Trapezius; Levator scapulae Depress: Lower Trapezius Protract: Pectoralis Minor (attaches to coracoid process of scapula along with Long head of biceps and coracobrachialis muscles) Retract: Rhomboids (Deep to traps); Middle Trapezius **Muscles that move the shoulder joint:** Deltoid: -Anterior Deltoid-Flexion of shoulder; internal or medial rotation of shoulder -Middle Deltoid-Abduction of shoulder -Posterior Deltoid-Extension of shoulder; external or lateral rotation of shoulder Pectoralis Major:adduction of humerus/shoulder; internal/medial rotation Latissimus Dorsi:Adduction, internal/medial rotation, extension Rotator Cuff Muscles: Supraspinatus: Abduct shoulder Infraspinatus: Externally rotate shoulder Teres minor: Externally rotate shoulder Subscapularis: Internally rotate shoulder **Muscles that move elbow joint:** Bicep:Supination of forearm, Flexion of elbow, Flexion of shoulder Tricep:Extension of shoulder and elbow Pronator Teres: Pronating forearm **Muscles that move the wrist and fingers:** Flexor Group: Flexor Carpi Radialis, Palmaris Longus, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris: Flexor Digitorum: Flex wrist and fingers All muscles on flexor side(including pronator teres) all originate on medial epicondyle of humerus Extensor Group: Extensor Carpi Radialis longus and brevis, Externsor Carpi Ulnaris: Extensor Digitorum: All originate on lateral epicondyle of humerus **Nerves of Upper Extremity:** Radial:Cover back of arm and forearm(SJ channel) Median:Ventral side Fingers 1-3 and up from there(Lung/LI channels) Ulnar:Ventral side, fingers 4-5 and up from there (Heart/SI channels) **[Lower Extremity]** Pelvis: Pelvis made from 3 bones: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis Landmarks: Illiac Crest, ASIS, PSIS, AIIS, PIIS, Pubic Symphysis (Cartilaginous joint), Obturator Foramen(made of ischium and pubic bones), Acetabulum (Depression on illium where head of femur connects) Landmarks on Femur: Greater and Lesser Trochanter, Medial and Lateral Epicondyle Landmarks on Tibia: Tibial Tuberosity(where quadricep muscles insert), Medial Malleolus Landmarks on fibula: Head of Fibula (GB 34 is just below this), Lateral Malleolus Tarsal Bones: Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Cuboid, Cuneiforms (Medial, Middle, and Lateral) **Muscles the move the hip joint:** Psoas, Illiacus, Rectus Femoris: Flexion of hip Hamstrings (Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus):Extend the hip Gluteus Maximus:Extends, abducts, and laterally rotates the hip **Muscles that move the knee:** Quadriceps(Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius):Extend the knee Hamstrings: Flexion of knee **Muscles that move the ankle:** Gastrocnemius: Plantarflexion Soleus:Deep to gastroc; Plantarflexion Tibialis Anterior: Dorsiflexion; Inversion of ankle Peroneus longus and brevis: Eversion of ankle **Nerves of Lower Extremity** -Femoral: Anterior thigh, sensory to front of thigh, controls quads -Sciatic: Longest/thickest nerve in body; Runs down back of leg so carries sensation on back of leg and controls hamstrings, calves, etc **3 TYPES OF MUSCLES** **Skeletal** **Cardiac** **Smooth** ------------------------ ---------------------------- ------------------------------- Striated Striated Non-Striated Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary Actin Actin Actin Myosin Myosin Myosin Tropomyosin Tropomyosin Tropomyosin Troponin(Binds to Ca+) Troponin(Binds to calcium) Calmodulin (Binds to calcium)