BIO LESSON 1 TO 1.2 REVIEWER.pdf

1.1 Cell Theory and Discovery 3. Similarity of boundary parts (cell membrane) and complex materials CELL: The basic structural and functional inside. unit of life 4. Compositi...

1.1 Cell Theory and Discovery 3. Similarity of boundary parts (cell membrane) and complex materials CELL: The basic structural and functional inside. unit of life 4. Composition of chemical compounds - The cell (from Latin cella, meaning (organic and inorganic compounds) "small room") - A cell is the smallest unit of life. SCIENTIST Cells are often called the "building Robert Hooke (18 July 1635 – 3 March blocks of life". 1703) BIOTIC: Living things - English Scientist ABIOTIC: Non-Living (ex: sunlight,air and - Discovered cell in 1665 etc) - Cork (Oak Cork) - Coined the term “cellula” CYTOLOGY: The study of cell - - an English Scientist who conducted It is a branch of science that deals or study a study about the cell by slicing a about cell very thin slice of cork from an oak cork and observed it under his own MICROSCOPE: An optical device/tool we crude microscope, he saw room-like use to see and observe things cannot be partition that reminds him of a seen by the naked eye. monastery and called these structures as cell. Hooke only saw RED BLOOD CELL: These are oval the cell wall considering that the cork biconcave discs shape and lack of nucleus. cells are not alive. Red blood cell is the most abundance in the entire body, but they are small when you Antonie Van Leeunwenhoek (24 Oct 1632 compare from white blood cell. It also – 26 Aug 1723) contains a substance known as Hemoglobin - Dutch Naturalist a protein substance to carries oxygen in - Father of Microscopy and blood. Microbiology - Discovered “Animalcules” NERVE CELL: These are the fundamental - the one who discovered the tiny and functioning unit of the entire system in living organisms which he called brain.The star like shape of the nerve cells “animalcules” from the drop of rain can be distinguish from other types of cells water. These animalcules are known.From The oval structure that located at the as bacteria. Through his center known as cell body ,while the short experiments, he was the first to projections that surrounded are called relatively determine their size. Most dendrites, and the long, single branch also of the "animalcules" are now known saxon.The nerve cell carries referred to as unicellular organisms, information to the brain via versa. although he observed multicellular organisms in pond water. COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF A CELL: 1. Composition of the Cell Membrane 2. Metabolic activities that they perform Robert Brown (21 December 1773 – 10 - His most significant contribution to June 1858) biology is considered to be the - Scottish Botanist extension of cell theory to animals. - Describe the nucleus in detailed 1831 Rudolf Virchow (13 October 1821 – 5 - botanist and palaeobotanist who September 1902) made important contributions to - German Physician botany largely through his - 1858 pioneering use of the microscope. - “Omnis cellula e cellula” means “all His contributions include one of the cells came from pre-existing cell.” earliest detailed descriptions of the - He is known as "the father of cell nucleus and cytoplasmic modern pathology" and as the streaming; He discovered the center founder of social medicine, and to part of the cell which is the nucleus. his colleagues, the "Pope of medicine". Felix Dujardin (5 April 1801 – 8 April - He contributed to the cell theory and 1860) states that “cells arise from - French Biologist pre-existing cells.” - 1835 CLASSIC CELL THEORY - Sarcode - Protoplasm Cells are the building block and - Discovered the a semi-transparent functional unit of all living organisms. living substance known as Sarcode, All living organisms contain one or in which later on was changed in more cells. protoplasm, the colorless materials Cells arise from the pre-existing comprising the living part of the cell. cells. Matthias Schleiden (5 April 1804 - 23 MODERN CELL THEORY June 1881 aged 77) All living organisms are composed of - German Botanist trillion of cells in their body. - 1838 Cell is the fundamental unit and - Plant Cells building blocks of all living - was a German botanist and organisms. co-founder of cell theory, along with Cells some from other cells by cell Theodor Schwann and Rudolf division. Virchow. The cells of all organisms within a - He proposed on his studies about similar species are mostly the same, the entire parts of the plant and both structurally and chemically. concluded that all plants are made The cell consists of genetic material out of cell. which is passed from generation up Theodor Schwann (7 December 1810 – 11 to the last generation. January 1882) Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase - German Zoologist Telophase (IPMAT) - 1839 - Animal Cell  CYTOPLASM: Parts & Functions of Cell - Located outside the nucleus, inside the cell membrane, It composed of a THREE MAJOR PARTS OF CELL jelly-like substance known as cytosol 1. Cell Membrane/ Plasma Membrane/ also contains organelles and Plasmalemma inclusions. Cell expansion, 2. Cytoplasm growth,metabolic activities and cell 3. Nucleus replication are main functions of cytoplasm. CELL MEMBRANE: - The cytosol is the semi- transparent - Semi-permeable membrane fluid in which cytoplasmic organelles - As the gate of the cell and particles are suspended. It is - Made up of phospholipids one of the major cellular bilayer,fats,carbohydrates and components that give structural protein materials. support and holds the organelles - Support and give shapes to cell inside the cell. - Acts as receptor sites Permeable- it permits all of the things who can enter the cell. Non-Permeable- does not permit anything Semi Permeable- selecting the possible who can enter/exit the cell. DIFFERENT ORGANELLES CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES: - Organelles also known as tiny organs - An organelle is a membrane – CELL WALL: enclosed with specialized subunit - The external boundary outer cell that located inside the cell performed membrane that located in plants individual task. Individual organelle only. It consists of cellulose structure usually enclosed within its own lipid and other substances that protect bilayers. Each little organ that plants from invading pathogenic suspended in the cytoplasm has its organisms as well as to prevent own structural characteristics. dryness. RIBOSOMES: - Can be called as protein  - are small rounded dark bodies which SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC composed of ribosomal proteins and RETICULUM: ribonucleic acids. It consists of network tubular sacs that - They are the one which connect lacking of ribosomes on its surface. Its amino acids together to form long function responsible to detoxify drugs, chains of protein. manufacturing lipids, carries carbohydrates, - builders of protein materials and lipids and non-protein materials. responsible for protein synthesis. GOLGI APPARATUS/GOLGI BODIES/DICTYOSOME: - It is made up stacks of flattened membranous sacs carrying the protein from rough endoplasmic reticulum to the outside of part the cell. It packages (vesicles)and secreted proteins. - Post Office/Packaging center of the cell. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM - A network or interconnected of tubes and flattened sacs, extending in the entire cytoplasm and channels, membranous tube-like structure known as cisternae. - Highway of the cell. MITOCHONDRIA - Powerhouse of the cell - Site for synthesizing of Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP 2 TYPES ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: Composed of network flattened membranous tubes containing ribosomes stud on outer surface. It involved in manufacturing protein materials, protein folding, and site of protein synthesis. VACUOLES:  - For storage of materials and - is known as the Cell Coat that water,releasing of cellular waste located in the outer part of cell products,maintaining hydrostatic membrane of animal cell, its pressure.The vacuole in plants is functions for cell recognition and large that plays a vital role in turgor cellular adhesion. It is also pressure and serves as for the responsible for tissue organization. storage of water. The vacuole in animals is small for the storage of food products. PEROXISOMES: - Are membranous sacs that containing oxidative enzymes for the function of detoxifying harmful LYSOSOMES: substance. - “scavenger of the cell” or “suicidal bag of the cell” - contain strong hydrolytic enzymes and use by the cell to digest macromolecules. - The digested products can reuse again by the cell for the synthesis of cellular materials. CYTOSKELETON: - It is composed of collective network of protein filamentous,thread- like structures called microtubules, microfilaments which produce a strong ability to support and maintain the cell shape.It is the fundamental frame work of the cytoplasm containing protein filament that assist for the organelles to move GLYCOCALYX: inside.  - The centriole is a small, fibrous structure and cylindrical shape located near the nucleus. - Inside the centrosome of an animal PLASTIDS: cell is a pair of centrioles which - The largest, rounded membranous replicate as the cell divides. organelles that contain DNA usually Centrioles are mostly present animal located in plant cell for coloring cells but absent in plant seven also pigments in plants. A fungi. double-membranous structure enclosed by a thylakoid membrane. NUCLEUS: - Contains center and brain of the cell - Contains hereditary factors. PARTS: NUCLEAR ENVELOPE - Consists of two- membranous layered w/c surrounded the entire Nucleus and serves as a boundary to separates the nuclear material from the cytoplasm and nuclear membrane controls the continuous flow of TYPES OF PLASTIDS: materials inside and outside the CHOLOROPLASTIDS- green nucleus. pigment. NUCLEOPLASM - containing fluid CHROMOPLASTIDS- colored substance that suspended in the pigment like red,yellow,orange. internal part forming the protoplasm 1. Carotenoids: orange of the nucleus also known as pigment Karyoplasm. 2. Anthocyanin: red,purple or blue pigment. 3. Anthoxanthin: white,creamy,yellow pigment. 4. Xanthophyll:yelow pigment LEUCOPLASTIDS- white and colorless pigment. 1. Amyloplasts: stored starch grains. NUCLEOULUS - containing 2. Proteinoplasts: stored Ribosomal Nucleic Acid (RNA) protein. which rich of protein materials for the 3. Elaioplasts- stored oil protein synthesis and carrying substance hereditary traits. CHROMOSOMES - It contains CENTROSOMES AND CENTRIOLES: genetic materials known as DNA  that embedded inside the chromosomes. It is also bounded protein which serves as packaging for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and controls the hereditary characteristics. OTHER PARTS: FLAGELLA- are cytoplasmic projections that extend from surface of cell; covered by plasma membrane; many single-celled organisms use them for propulsion and other function of flagella for cell locomotion. CILIA - are relatively short projections that extend from surface celland allowing the materials to move on surface of some tissues inform of waves.