BIO 61_CHAPTER 2.pdf

Chapter 2: Microbial Nutrition, Ecology and Growth 1st Semester, SY 2024-2025 Bio 61 Prepared by: SMQ  CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS BASED ON ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TEMPERATURE a. Mesophiles: (20-40 C) Mesophiles are the ones th...

Chapter 2: Microbial Nutrition, Ecology and Growth 1st Semester, SY 2024-2025 Bio 61 Prepared by: SMQ  CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS BASED ON ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS TEMPERATURE a. Mesophiles: (20-40 C) Mesophiles are the ones that survive at normal temperatures,e.g. Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli. b. Thermophiles: (50-60 C) They can tolerate high range of temperatures, e.g. Thermus aquaticus c. Psychrophiles: (15-20 C) They are cold-loving microbes, e.g. Arthrobacter species d. Hyperthermophiles: They can survive a range of temperatures of 80°-113°C,e.g. Pyrolobus fumarii  CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS BASED ON ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS pH a. Acidophiles (“acid lovers”)preferring an environmental pH range of 0 to 5.5 , eg. Lactobacillus acidophilus (a bacterium found in the mouth, intestine and vagina, is used as a probiotic) b. Alkaliphiles (“alkaline lovers”), preferring an environmental pH range of 8.0 to 11.5, eg. Vibrio c. Neutrophiles pH in the range of 5.5 to 8.0, eg. most medically important microbes Sulfolobus acidocaldarius  CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS BASED ON ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS SALT CONCENTRATION a. Halophiles - “salt-loving” require a NaCl concentration above 0.2 M; require the presence of high levels of sodium chloride to grow b. Non-halophiles Dunaliella salina Major Groups of Microorganisms I. Bacteria II. Protozoa III.Fungi IV. Algae V. Viruses  BACTERIA ❖ Prokaryotes – No nucleus or organelles bound in membranes ❖ DNA is a single circular chromosome ❖ Cell Walls of peptidoglycan ❖ Smaller ribosome unit ❖ Divide by binary fission (not mitosis)  BACTERIA Bacterial Cell Wall  BACTERIA Bacterial appendages: a. Pilli - short, hair-like, protein function “adherence” Specialized “sex” pilus - conjugation https://www.news- medical.net/image.axd?picture=2018%2F10%2Fshutterstock_1050245483.j pg  BACTERIA Bacterial appendages: 2. Flagella - complex organ of motility, a “motor” https://t3.ftcdn.net/jpg/04/27/25/78/360_F_427257806_SLrCQaBp44zYcR2MijXeAk7JtyvdyomH.jpg; https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/ciliaandflagella/images/ciliaandflagellafigure1.jpg  BACTERIA 1. Bacterial “Envelope” 2. Glycocalyx – sugar coat, if tightly bound = capsule a. Protects and prevents from drying, also protects from phagocytes b. Slimy, and often a significant component of “biofilms” https://t3.ftcdn.net/jpg/04/27/25/78/360_F_427257806_SLrCQaBp44zYcR2MijXeAk7JtyvdyomH.jpg; https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/ciliaandflagella/images/ciliaandflagellafigure1.jpg  BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY Bacteria have 4 major shapes: 1) Cocci: spherical 2) Bacilli: rods. Short bacilli are called coccobacilli. 3) Spiral forms: comma-shaped, S- shaped, or spiral-shaped. 4) Pleomorphic: lacking a distinct shape. [ A=bacillus or (bacilli) B= Streptococcus C. Staphylococcus D= diplococcus E=Spirillum (spirilla pl.) F= vibrio] BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY  Nutritional Types of Bacteria 1) Autotrophs 2 TYPES: ❖ Photoautotroph ❖ Chemoautotroph Cyanobacteria 2) Heterotrophs Escherichia coli (Gram stained) Escherichia coli (no stain)  PROTOZOA ❑ Kingdom Protista ❑ 20,000 known species ❑ feed on bacteria while others feed off their hosts Types of asexual reproduction: 1) Fission: occurs when a cell divides evenly to form two new cells. 2)Budding: occurs when a cell divides unevenly. 3)Multiple fission (schizogony): the nucleus of the cell divides multiple times before the rest of the cell divides  PROTOZOA Image source: ❑ Some protists are sexual through https://cdn.britannica.com/38/115538-004- D3EB5612/hypotrichs-conjugation.jpg conjugation ❑ can survive in an adverse environment by encapsulating itself with a protective coating called a cyst ❑ Heterotrophic; can grow in both aerobic and anaerobic environments (intestine of animals) Euglena Cyst ❑ Euglena are considered both algae and protozoa  PROTOZOA 3 Ways Protists obtain food: a)Absorption: in plasma membrane b)Ingestion: Cilia outside the protist create a wave-like motion to move food into a mouth-like opening in the protist called a cytosome. https://images.labroots.com/content_article_profile_image_a3b5f3ef389 c)Engulf: Pseudopods on the protist engulf 1ea02013cfd75b3a3223e545de0e4_2682.jpg food, then pull it into the cell using a A common type of amoeba is the Amoeba proteus process called phagocytosis. **Exocytosis - waste products after digestion are excreted Paramecium  PROTOZOA Common Amoebas: 1. Entamoeba histolytica: E. histolytica; transmitted between humans through the ingestion of cysts → amoebic dysentery 2. Naegleria fowleri: causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) that results in headache, fever, vomiting, stiff neck, and loss of bodily control. 3. Acanthamoeba polyphaga: infects the cornea of the eye leading to blindness, Ulcerations of the Eye ulcerations of the eye, and/or death  Common Amoebas: Image source: https://www.cdc.gov/dpdx/amebiasis/images/1/E_histodispar_2x2_C.jpg; https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/naegleria/images/hestain.jpg?_=08651; https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccap.ac.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fstrain-1501- 15&psig=AOvVaw3QV04WXfzuiAfDfEEIUqIA&ust=1675410117085000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCOjXvKKr9vwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD  LIFE CYCLE OF PROTOZOA Source: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark-Wiser/publication/347539956/figure/fig1/AS:990033225990149@1613053723163/Typical-protozoan-fecal-oral-life-cycle-Cysts-are-highly-infectious-forms-that-convert.png  FUNGI heterotrophic: absorb nutrients from organic matter and organic wastes or tissues of other organisms Multicellular = molds Unicellular = yeasts Fungi can be both beneficial and harmful. Example: mycorrhizae + Ants https://www.slcu.cam.ac.uk/sites/www.slcu.cam.ac.uk/files/styles/leading/public/amfinder-stained_roots-edouard_evangelisti-1.jpg?itok=fBdJLRt7  ANATOMY OF FUNGI ❑ Soma/Thallus - body of a fungus ❑ Hyphae- body of a mold or fleshy fungus consists of long, loosely packed filaments ❑ Mycelium- formed when the hyphae grow to form a filamentous mass ❑ Septa – division of hyphae by cell walls a. septate hyphae- hyphae are divided into one cell units b. coenocytic hyphae - hyphae have no septa and look like long multinucleated cells. https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-PIaiuUNrpcI/XBt68DebpmI/AAAAAAAAAgg/WIJCrdDtPKoMOwk- bUagzfUfqVDR2GYMACEwYBhgL/s1600/Fungal%2Bmycelium%2BPic%2B3.jpg ANATOMY OF FUNGI Vegetative hyphae – portion of hyphae of fungi where nutrients are obtained Reproductive or aerial hyphae - part of the hyphae responsible for reproduction Fungi can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Reproduction occurs with the formation of spores.  YEASTS » unicellular » reproduce through Fission → budding = divides unevenly » spherical or oval shape https://images.nagwa.com/figures/explainers/704179248472/3.svg » can also reproduce sexually » The white powdery substance that is sometimes found coating fruits and leaves is a yeast.  MOLDS ❑ forms an asexual spore ❑ a second new organism grows from the spore Claviceps purpurea (Ergot)  FUNGUS NUTRITION ❖ chemoheterotrophic ❖ team up with bacteria to break down organic molecules ❖ Can decompose substances that have very little moisture ❖ Almost all molds are aerobic and most yeasts are faltative anaerobes.  ALGAE unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms obtain energy from sunlight live in various water environments on moist rocks, trees, and soil reproduce asexually and sexual reproduction occurs in most species of algae Unicellular algae divide by mitosis and cytokinesis. Multicellular algae that contain thalli and filaments can fragment.  TYPES OF ALGAE 1. Chrysophytes - unicellular algae; live in fresh water and contain chlorophyll golden algae 500 known species Some are amoeboid 2. Diatoms - unicellular algae have a hard, double outer shell made of silica 5,600 known species of diatoms; most of which are phototrophic also contain carotenoids some diatoms are heterotrophs https://www.ausableriver.org/sites/default/files/styles/900x450/public/mikrofoto.de-dinobryon_divergens.jpg?itok=icMYY7a_  TYPES OF ALGAE 3. Dinoflagellates - unicellular algae; have flagella ❑ 1,200 known species; inhabit both fresh water and seawater ❑ some seawater dinoflagellates are luminous ❑ heterotrophs; freshwater dinoflagellates are phototrophic ❑ have chlorophyll and carotenoids ❑ Gonyaulax (plankton) produce neurotoxins and cause “red tides” https://www.britannica.com/story/harmful-algal-blooms  TYPES OF ALGAE 3. Dinoflagellates https://www.surfertoday.com/images/stories/red-tides.jpg Gonyaulax (plankton)  TYPES OF ALGAE 4. Red Algae – Rhodophyta, form colonies in warm ocean currents and in tropical seas formation of coral reefs stone-like appearance → build- up of calcium carbonate 4,000 known species Color: phycobilins and chlorophyll a pigments https://static.scientificamerican.com/blogs/cache/file/BDE9EC72-F208-4A83- 80B1D469732D696D_source.jpg?w=590&h=800&2F090449-BFC9-4F9D-A6338A8F4DDE996B Agar, moisture-preserving agent in cosmetics and baked goods, setting agent for jellies and desserts  TYPES OF ALGAE 5. Brown Algae – phaeophyta; multicellular Kelp 1,500 known species have chlorophyll, carotenoids and fucoxanthin Algin is a gummy substance found in the cell walls of some species of brown algae used as a thickening, emulsifying, and suspension agent organic matter that kelp produces supports the life of invertebrates, marine mammals, and fish  TYPES OF ALGAE 6. Green Algae - live in moist places 7,000 species believe to be members of the Plant kingdom. Two common green algae are: a. Spirogyra: freshwater algae that have tiny filaments b. Volvox: colonial multicellular green algae that have flagella  VIRUS Virus - an obligate intracellular parasite that can only replicate inside a living host cell. difficult to destroy Virion- a free virus; cannot grow or carry out any biosynthetic or biochemical function because it is metabolically inert https://o.quizlet.com/Ukk79u4voAOmRCi4IIFoOw.jpg  VIRUS Viruses are not cells cannot express genes without a host; a virus has either DNA or RNA but not both vary in size from 20 nanometers to 300 nanometers and cannot be seen under a light microscope Wendell Stanley of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research “Viruses could be regarded as chemical matter rather than as living organisms.” https://www.southwestmiddlesex.ca/sites/default/files/im ages/2021-08/COVID19%20Virus%20Image.png  VIRAL STRUCTURE Image Source: http://opentextbc.ca/biology/wp-content/uploads/sites/96/2015/02/Figure_17_01_04.png https://res.cloudinary.com/engineering- com/image/upload/w_640,h_640,c_limit,q_auto,f_auto/1_hndcu3.jpg Shape of a VIRUS a. Helical virus - rod- or thread- shaped b. Icosahedral virus - spherically shaped Image Source: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/types-of-viruses_med.jpeg VIRUS’ LIFE CYCLE Bacteriophages (eaters of bacteria) T-even bacteriophage - most studied bacteriophage virions of T-even bacteriophages are big, complex, and do not contain envelopes. composed of a head-and-tail structure and contain genomes of double-stranded DNA Image Source: https://healthist.net/en/wp- content/uploads/sites/3/2022/06/273_en_feature01_03_fig01.png  VIRUS’ LIFE CYCLE Lytic Cycle Final Stage: The bacteriophage enzyme lysozyme breaks apart the bacterial cell wall (lysis) and the new virus escapes. Image Source: https://pixfeeds.com/images/41/393420/1280-lytic-cycle-step-by- step.png VIRUS’ LIFE CYCLE Lysogenic Cycle Define: a. Lysogenic phages or temporate phages b. Lysogeny c. Lysogenic cells Image Source: https://img.brainkart.com/imagebk33/happQ1C.jpg THANK YOU!  REFERENCES Audesirk, G., Audesirk, G., & Byers, B. E. (2016). Biology: Life on Earth with Physiology, Global Edition. Pearson Education. Davey, R. (2021, November 19). How Important are Microorganisms? News-Medical.net. https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/How- Important-are-Microorganisms.aspx Ingraham, C. A., & Ingraham, C. A. (2004). Introduction to Microbiology: A Case History Approach. Brooks/Cole. Keogh, J. (2012). Microbiology Demystified. McGraw-Hill Companies. Mitchell, R., & Gu, J. D. (2010). Environmental Microbiology. Wiley. https://www.austincc.edu/cbeaman/micro%20ppt/chap%204%20%20p pt.ppt https://t3.ftcdn.net/jpg/05/12/06/16/360_F_512061669_9zYoIgCMASWl tGrksvnRAqiq4wE2c54s.jpg