Water Insecurity Lecture Week 13 BIO 300 PDF
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Uploaded by SurrealCongas
California State University, Fullerton
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Summary
This document is lecture notes about water insecurity. It covers the global water cycle, and water scarcity. The lecture notes also include causes, changes, and consequences of water scarcity.
Full Transcript
ecture Week 13: L Water Insecurity Global Water Cycle - Movement of water through ecosystems - Largest/Major reservoir: Ocean - Water into atmosphere:...
ecture Week 13: L Water Insecurity Global Water Cycle - Movement of water through ecosystems - Largest/Major reservoir: Ocean - Water into atmosphere: - Evaporates from oceans, lakes, and stream - Evapotranspiration ex) creates clouds, humidity - Precipitation into ocean - Precupitation on land ex) rain, snow, sleet, hail, fog - Movement of water through systems - Movement - Winds more water over continents - Rivers, streams, and groundwater released into ocean Available Water - Aquaifer: layers of porous rock, sand, or gravel that are saturated with water - deeper - Water table: upper limit of the underground layer of soil that is saturated with stored water - shallow - 3% of water on earth is freshwater - 0.5% of global freshwater is available for human use Human influences on Water Availability - Depletion of groundwater - 72% of all water withdrawals are used by agriculture - Mining freshwater from aquifers - Changes in global weather patterns due to climate change Water Scarcity - Def. occurs when the demand for by all sectors, including the environment, cannot by fully satisfied (fear of losing water/not enough, using too much) (demand is higher than the supply) - 4 billion people experience severe water scarcity for at least one month each year - 50% of population be living in areas facing water scarcity by early as 2025 Water Stress - Def. territory withdraws 25% or more of its renewable freshwater resources - 2021: 10% of the global population Who is on the front lines of water scarcity? - Marginalized communities - poor communities - impacting children - particularly women and girls - 2040: 1 in 4 children worldwide will be living in areas of extremely high water stress Water Scarcity in United States - 47% of all water withdrawals are used by industry - Agriculture is 40% Consequences of Water Scarcity - Limits safe drinking water - Poor hygiene - Sewage system collapse - Spread of disease - Financial burdens - Reduced safety - Loss of crops Solutions of Water Scarcity - Identify new sources - Improving efficiency - City planning - New technology Global effort - Lawmakers funding resiliency and water supply ecture Week 15: L Carbon Footprint - Def. total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organization, event, or product 1) Methane 2) Carbon dioxide 3) Nitrous oxide Calculating a Carbon Footprint - What goes into a carbon footprint? - Food - Transportation - Household utility usage - Clothing usage - Type of housing Carbon Footprint Facts - Food - Average: 10-30% of footprint - Production accounts for 68% of emissions for households and restaurants - Meats account for 56% of GHG emissions for an individual - Transportation - Largest emitter - Driving largest CO2 contributor - Air, boat, and rail produce CO2 and nitrous oxide - Private air travel up 14 times more emissions - ousehold energy H - Refrigerators are a large part of energy usage by appliances - Heat and AC accounted for 44% of energy usage - 26 Mt CO2 are released in the U.S. each year from laundry Reducing a Carbon Footprint - Solution - Laundry at night — preferably cold - Public transit/biking/walking - Replace old appliances for energy efficient - LED lights - Thrifting/chanty clothes - Local shopping for foods - imperfect foods - Turn off lights - reduce energy use - Observing the speed limit - 50mph- helps car be more efficient - Eat less meat - Reduce water usage - shorter showers - Reuse objects-aka. Long-term bag over plastic bags - Think about purchases Lecture Week 15: Fracking Natural Gas vs Oil - Natural gas - Carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen -Methanemain form of natural gas - Relative to coal and oil-cleaner form of energy -T/F: Natural gas is a type of fossil fuel - 33% of methane emissions from natural gas and oil systems - 35% of CO2 emissions from burning natural gas - Oil - Carbin, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, andminerals - 47% of CO2 emissions - 22% of CO2 emissions from air and car travel Fracking - def. high -pressure injection of water, chemicals, and sand into shale deposits to release the gas and oil trapped within the rock - 1st example in Civil War - Began commercially in 1940s - Development of horizontal drilling in 1980s - Banned in Maryland, Vermont, and Washington State Benefits of Fracking - Benefits: - Need for fossil fuels - Provides employment - Reduce foreign oil dependence - Economy value - Stepping stone to renewable energy Consequences of Fracking - Consequences/; - Lot of water usage - Water pollution - Air pollution - Oil spills/leaks - seismic activity - Eliminating Habitat - Reduce diversity - Changes in phenology (migration) - due to habitat destruction and noise - Non-renewable - Slows development of green energy sources Protecting the Environment - Past Protections - Focused on environment and wildlife - Buffers and setbacks - Fewer wells but larger pads - Degraded land for projects - Protecting all sectors - Regulating Emissions - Reducing the development of new wells - Transition away from fracking - Gray= more damage For the Quiz- read the articles and take notes
