Zoology: Invertebrates and Vertebrates PDF

ZOOLOGY INVERTEBRATES table of 01 02 contents: Taxonomy Form and Function 03 04 Reproduction Other body systems and Functions kingdom classification phylum porifera  taxonomy: porifera...

ZOOLOGY INVERTEBRATES table of 01 02 contents: Taxonomy Form and Function 03 04 Reproduction Other body systems and Functions kingdom classification phylum porifera  taxonomy: porifera Kingdom – Animalia Subkingdom – Parazoa (lacks tissues) Phylum – Porifera (pores) Class – Calcarea – Hexactinellida – Demospongiae  characteristics: porifera Sponges are the simplest, most ancient animals. Porifera means “pore bearers” Structure: Contain pores to get food; Adults are sessile; Multicellular; Digestion: Filter Feeders Symbiosis: Heterotrophic Reproduction: Sexually and Asexually phylum cnidaria  taxonomy: cnidaria Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Cnidaria Class – Anthozoa Subclasses: Octocorallia (soft coral) Hexacoralia (hard coral) Ceriantharia (sea pens) – Cubozoa (box jellies) – Hydrozoa (hydroids) – Scyphozoa (true jelly fish)  characteristics: cnidaria Cnidarian means “stinging creature” Structure: Two different body plans: Medusa and Polyp Population: Over 10,000 living species; Includes Jellyfish, anemones, corals and hydroids Digestion: Absorbing dissolved organic materials; Filtering food particles out of the water Habitat: Aquatic (Most marine/Few fresh water) Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual phylum Ctenophora taxonomy: cnidaria Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Ctenophora Class - Tentaculata - Nuda  characteristics: Ctenophora Also known as Comb Jellies; Sea gooseberries, Sea walnuts, Venus’s girdles Structure: Sometimes nearly spherical and other times more cylindrical or egg- shaped; Distinguished to have colloblasts, cells that capture prey by spitting glue on them Population: Over 180-200 species recognized Habitat: Marine Reproduction: Sexual (Hermaphrodites)  phylum platyheminthes  taxonomy: platyhelminthes Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Platyhelminthes Class – Turbellaria (Free living worms) – Monogenea (Flukes) – Trematoda (Flukes) – Cestoda (Tapeworms)  characteristics: platyhelminthes Platys - Flat; Helminthes - Worms (Flatworms) First Animals with 3 germ layers Structure: Bilaterally symmetrical; Flatworms breathe through the skin; A specialized respiratory system, skeleton system, circulatory system, or complex reproductive system seem to be absent in Platyhelminthes; Soft-bodied invertebrates Population: 20,000 species (80% are parasitic) Symbiosis: Heterotrophic (Free living) Reproduction: Sexually (hermaphrodites) and Asexually phylum nematoda  taxonomy: nematoda Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Nematoda Class – Secernentea (Phasmida) – Adenophorea (Aphasmida)  characteristics: nematoda Nematos - Thread; Eidos - Forms Threadworms or Roundworms Hookworm, lungworm, pinworm, threadworm, whipworm, and eelworm Structure: Cylindrical rather than flattened Population: 30,000 species have been described, but the number of extant nematode species is estimated to be a million or more Symbiosis: Parasitic Reproduction: Sexual and Asexual  ascariasis The most common worm parasite found in humans Causative agent: Ascaris lumbrucoides Mode of Transmission: Ingestion of contaminated soil or water One of the unholy trinity of parasites  elephantiasis Development of severe lymphedema of the limbs Causative agent: Wuchereria bancrofti Mode of Transmission: Bite from infected mosquito  Loiasis “Eyeworm” Redness, pain and itching of the eye Causative agent: Loa loa Mode of Transmission: Bite from infected flies  Ancylostomiasis “Hookworm” the most common parasitic infection in countries with poor access to adequate water, sanitation, and hygiene Causative agent: Ancylostoma duodenale Mode of Transmission: Contact with contaminated soil One of the unholy trinity of parasites  enterobiasis “Pinworm” Causative agent: Enterobius vermicularis Mode of Transmission: (transferring eggs to the mouth with hands that have scratched the perianal area) or through exposure to eggs in the environment (e.g. contaminated surfaces, clothes, bed linens, etc.)  Trichuriasis “Whipworm” The third most common round worm of humans Causative agent: Trichuris trichiura Mode of Transmission: ingestion (soil- contaminated hands or food) One of the unholy trinity of parasites phylum annelida  taxonomy: annelida Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Annelida Class – Oligochaeta - Earthworm – Polychaeta Marine worm – Hirudinea - Leech  characteristics: annelids From the Latin Annellus a little ring. Segmented Worms Structure: Body is divided into segments that are separated by septa (internal walls between each segment); Bilateral; Coelomate; Triploblastic Population: 22,000 species have been described Symbiosis: Parasitic, Free living Reproduction: Sexual (Hermaphroditic) and Asexual phylum mollusca  taxonomy: mollusk Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Mollusca Class – Bivalvia (scallops, clams, mussels) – Monoplacophora (living fossils) – Gastropoda (snails, snugs, limpets, sea hares) – Cephaloda (squids, octopuses, ammonites) – Scaphopoda (tusk shells) – Aplacophora (spicule covered, worm- like animals) – Polyplacophora (chitons)  characteristics: mollusks The phylum Mollusca, which means "soft- bodied," is one of the largest in the animal kingdom. mollusc comes from the Latin word "mollis," which means "soft." Structure: Invertebrates, soft bodies; Bilateral symmetry; Population: 76,000 species have been described Habitat: Found predominantly in the sea, but with some members having adapted to fresh-water and terrestrial life Symbiosis: Free living and Mutualistic in plants Reproduction: Sexual (Hermaphroditic) phylum arthropoda  taxonomy: Arthropods Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Arthropoda Subphyla – Trilobitomorpha (Extinct) – Chelicerata (Spiders, Scorpions, Horseshoe crabs, Sea spiders) – Myriapoda (Centipedes, Milipedes) – Crustacea (Shrimp, Barnacles) – Hexapoda (Insects)  characteristics: arthropods From the Greek root words arthro- meaning joint and -pod meaning foot “Jointed feet” Structure: Invertebrates, Bilaterally symmetrical; coelomate; capable of walking, pushing, running, swimming, and burrowing Population: 18 quintillion species have been described (800,000 species of arthropods) Symbiosis: Free living Reproduction: Sexual (Hermaphroditic) phylum Echinodermata  taxonomy: Echinoderms Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Echinodermata Class – Crinoidea (sea lilies, sea feathers) – Ophiuroidea (Brittle stars) – Asteroidea (Star fishes) – Echinoidea (Sea urchins, heart urchins) – Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)  characteristics: arthropods These animals make up the Echinodermata, a word with Greek origins meaning “hedgehog skin Structure: Invertebrates, Bilaterally symmetrical; coelomate; capable of walking, pushing, running, swimming, and burrowing Population: 7,600 extant species of echinoderm as well as about 13,000 extinct species. Habitat: every ocean Symbiosis: Mutualistic Reproduction: Sexual & Asexual ZOOLOGY VERTEBRATES table of 01 02 contents: Fishes Amphibians 03 04 Reptiles Birds 05 Mammals Fishes  FIshes Introduction Ichthyology - study fishes (AKA Fish science) Includes: Bony fishes (Osteichthyes), Cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), Jawless fish (Agnatha)  FIshes General Characteristics Vertebrates Have scales Swim with Fins Almost all aquatic Filter oxygen from gills Fish can be carnivores (meat eaters), herbivores (plant eaters) or omnivores (meat and plant-based foods) Ectothermic amphibians amphibians Introduction Amphibians were the first vertebrates to adapt to living on land, though most still require water for reproduction or parts of their life cycle. Types: Anures (without tail), Urodels (with tail), Gymnophions (without legs) amphibians General Characteristics Vertebrates No nails or claws Minimal number of teeth Most have tongue that is projectile and sticky Spends first stages of life as a tadpole (tadpoles are herbivores while adults are carnivorous) Ectothermic amphibians General Characteristics Cold-blooded Smooth, moist skin Mucous glands (prevent desiccation, slippery, diseases) Poison glands (produce diverse array of chemicals) Respiration: Cutaneous, Pulmonary, Gills Vocalization (Anurans) Reptiles  reptiles Introduction Reptiles are cold- blooded animals that can survive on land and in water. There are four main groups of reptiles: crocodiles, lizards, turtles, and snakes.  reptiles General characteristics Cold-blooded Regulate their body temperature using the environment Can survive both on land and in water Most lay eggs Most have scales, none have hair or fur All lack external ears birds  birds Introduction Birds are vertebrate animals with feathers and beaks that can fly, stand, walk or run.  birds General characteristics They have two feet Birds have feathers and a beak with no teeth They can fly, stand, walk and run Omnivores They lay eggs usually in a nest and are incubated by the parents Endothermic mammals  mammals Introduction Most dominant form of animals found in almost all types of habitats Mammals are characterized by warm-bloodedness, hair or fur, highly developed brains, muscular diaphragms, mammary glands, and parental care. 3 Classification: Egg laying mammals, Marsupial mammals, Placental mammals  mammals General characteristics Vertebrates Hair or Fur Endothermic They have four limbs They live in all types of environment They have mammary glands Herbivores, Carnivores and omnivores