Bio 20 - Chapter 3 Individuals, Populations & Communities PDF

BIO 20: CHAPTER 3 INDIVIDUALS, POPULATIONS & COMMUNITIES TYPES OF INTERACTIONS 3.1 3.2 3.3 Individuals, Populations, PREDATION SYMBIOSIS and Communities in Ecosystems ECOSYSTEM ROLES PRODUCER CONSUMER DECOMPOSER 3. Individuals, P...

BIO 20: CHAPTER 3 INDIVIDUALS, POPULATIONS & COMMUNITIES TYPES OF INTERACTIONS 3.1 3.2 3.3 Individuals, Populations, PREDATION SYMBIOSIS and Communities in Ecosystems ECOSYSTEM ROLES PRODUCER CONSUMER DECOMPOSER 3. Individuals, Populations, and Communities 1 in Ecosystems  ○ Climate ○ Taxonomy Key Terms: ○ Biome ○ Kingdom ○ Habitat ○ Domain ○ Biotic ○ Range ○ Binomial nomenclature ○ Abiotic ○ Ecological niche ○ Dichotomous key ○ Species ○ Biodiversity ○ Population ○ Limiting factors ○ Community ○ Samples ○ Ecosystem ○ Transect ○ Biosphere ○ Quadrat ○ density  An environment includes biotic and abiotic components. Interactions between organisms and their environment can be divided into four levels: INDIVIDUALS 01 POPULATION COMMUNITIES 02 03 ECOSYSTEMS 04  Individuals Population: a group of individuals of the same species living in a specific area Species: organisms that are able to  Community: all of the individuals in all of the interacting populations at a given time  Ecosystem: a community of populations together with the abiotic factors that surround and effect it.  Boyle School Biology 20 Class Aspen View Schools EPC All Students Biology 20 Class You  Ecologists tend to specialize and focus on one level of an environment. They could be population or community ecologists, or they could study an individual organism or an entire ecosystem.  The study of an individual organism includes the effect of abiotic factors in its environment on its behaviour and physical features.  What does the following quote mean: “Canary in a coalmine” Case Stud https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/american-pika-sounds-alarm-for-global-warming Case Study Why do we care about this little furry friend? Watch video to answer the question: https://vimeo.com/74238472?embedded=tru e&source=vimeo_logo&owner=10772702 1:15 stop  Why do we care about this little furry friend? Pika have specific living conditions = indicator of climate change to humans (generalists) Look at species to understand the ecosystem  The study of a population includes all members of that species living in a specific area, plus their interactions with and the effects of the abiotic elements of their environment. Scientists believe that a rise in global temperatures may be responsible for the dramatic decline in Yukon populations of collared pika between 1998 and 2000.  Environments Change Abiotic andTime Over biotic elements of a community change over time, affecting organisms and their interactions on all levels.  Species Distribution The amount of different species is impacted by the amount of precipitation and temperature of an area (abiotic factors) So, where do we see the greatest global biodiversity and why?  Biomes The amount of precipitation and temperature is what determines the type of biome  3.2 Classifying and Naming Organisms CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik Classifying : Taxonomy Naming : Binomial Nomenclature Identifying : Dichotomous Keys Taxonomy Practice of classifying living things  Organisms are sorted into a hierarchical system, starting with the broadest category— domain—and progressing through kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, and Danish King Phillip Came Over For Green Spinach  Bobcat’s Group classification Organisms that can be included in this group euglena, mushroom, lodgepole pine, earthworm, starfish, bee, shark, domain Eukarya horse, oyster, frog, dog, cougar, lynx, house cat, bobcat earthworm, starfish, bee, shark, horse, oyster, frog, dog, cougar, lynx, kingdom Animalia house cat, bobcat phylum Chordata shark, horse, frog, dog, cougar, lynx, house cat, bobcat class Mammalia horse, dog, cougar, lynx, house cat, bobcat order Carnivora dog, cougar, lynx, house cat, bobcat family Felidae cougar, lynx, house cat, bobcat genus Lynx lynx, bobcat species rufus bobcat The classification system that is most commonly used today has three DOMAINS and a number of KINGDOMS. The three Domains used to classify organisms are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.  Six Kingdoms. The four kingdoms in Eukarya are: Plantae Animalia Protists Fungi  Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Fungi Protista Plantae Animalia  Complete the domain characteristics using this chart. You can also use page 137 in the text! * Include the characteristics unique to  Domain Organization Chart Archaea Bacteria Eukarya ∙ Prokaryotic, unicellular ∙ Prokaryotic, unicellular ∙ Eukaryotic, unicellular to organisms organisms multicellular organisms ∙ Distinctive plasma membrane ∙ Move by flagella ∙ Flagella, if present, have a 9 + 2 and cell wall chemistry organization ∙ Lack a membrane-bounded ∙ Lack a membrane-bounded ∙ Membrane-bounded nucleus nucleus nucleus ∙ Reproduce asexually ∙ Reproduce asexually ∙ Sexual reproduction ∙ Many are autotrophic by ∙ Heterotrophic by absorption ∙ Phenotypes and nutrition are chemosynthesis; some are diverse heterotrophic by absorption ∙ Unique rRNA base sequence ∙ Autotrophic by chemosynthesis ∙ Each kingdom has or by photosynthesis specializations Example: Halobacterium sp. Example: Escherichia coli Example: Chlamydomonas sp.  Domain Organization Chart Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Specialized to live in Very diverse and occupy a Includes animalia and extreme environments wide range of habitats plantae (eg. salt lakes, hot springs, thermal vents) Evolutionary Trees Look at theses to understan d relatednes s between species  Binomial Nomenclature Scientists use binomial nomenclature to name organisms. The two-part scientific names include the organism’s genus and species, usually Example: The scientific name for in Latin. Lodge pole pine is Pinus contorta Pinus– Genus contorta - Species  Dichotomous key A dichotomous key is a branched or stepped process that can be used to identify organisms. * must have two choices at each step.  Dichotomous key Can be helpful to sort organisms like these… Dichotomous Key Activity 3.3Studying Organisms in Ecosystems Organisms: an individual animal, plant, or single- celled life form Ecosystems: a biological community of interacting  Distribution of Lifefactors Abiotic such as climate, latitude, elevation, temperature, pH humidity, moisture, salinity, and Climate - average weather in a certain area over a long period of time  Biomes - group of ecosystems that have a particular mix of species that are adapted to living under certain environmental conditions Latitude affects the distribution of biomes In local areas altitude affects distribution  Habitat - a place or area within a biome or ecosystem that has a particular set of biotic and abiotic characteristics.  Zones of a Lake There are four main zones within a lake:  benthic (benthos) zone: bottom of any aquatic biome --> detritus, dead organic matter littoral zone: shallow and close to shore. limnetic zone: open surface water profundal zone: deep, aphotic (no light) regions  Range - Geograph ical area where a populatio n or species is Range Example Example: The hoary marmot (Marmota caligata) feeds on plants found in high altitude meadows.  Niche Helps us to understand how organisms in an ecosystem interact with each other. The ecological niche of a population is the role that its members play in an ecosystem. Honeybees gather nectar from flowers to make honey Niches  Poplar Tree Where do Poplar Trees live? (Habitat) What do Poplar trees do? (Niche)  Poplar Tree Where do Poplar Trees live? (Habitat) Poplar Forest What do Poplar trees do? (Niche) absorb sunlight by photosynthesis; absorb water and mineral salts from the soil; provide shelter for many animals and other plants; serve as a source of food for animals; cover the ground with their dead leaves in the autumn.  Limiting Factors Every organism needs resources to survive. energy source (food), water, nutrients, oxygen or carbon dioxide, a comfortable temperature range. If the organism does not have access to a particular essential resource, it will stop growing, struggle, and die.  The abundance or scarcity of the resource is a LIMITING FACTOR in terms of the number of a type of organism that can live in a specific environment.  A limiting factor is any biotic or abiotic element that controls the number of individuals in a population. Why are there no plants on this hill? Why are there no plants on this hill? Death Valley, a desert area in California. Limiting factor - availability of water. Infrequent rains wash down these steep slopes and flow away in a short lived stream. Why do people drown? What is the limiting factor? Why do people drown? There is a limiting factor: oxygen. Our lungs cannot absorb oxygen from water, nor get rid of the carbon dioxide in our blood Air-breathing organisms can live only a very few minutes without oxygen.  Limiting factors are not always negative… Limiting factors prevent these bacteria from reproducing infinitely.  2 Types of Limiting Factors (LF) 1.Abiotic LF 2.Biotic LF  Abiotic Limiting Factors limit the size and distribution of a species Plant Abiotic Limiting Factors soil type, moisture, humidity, temperature  Biotic Limiting Factors Competition - the availability of resources causes competition among -members causes a of decrease in births or an ecosystem an increase in deaths within a population. Intraspecific Competition (Within) - organisms belong to the same species Interspecific Competition (Between/among) - organisms belong to different species Intraspecific Competition Interspecific Competition  Biotic Limiting Factors Predation - consumption of one species by another species - can have significant impacts on an Predator-Prey Cycles Most populations fluctuate in cycles. The prey population rises → causing the predator population to also rise. Predators then overfeed on prey →causing the prey population to drop. Once the prey population drops, the predator population drops due to lack of food. Extra  Biotic Limiting Factors Parasites - one organism (parasite) gets its nutrients from another organism (host). - the host is harmed in someway - results in population  Tobacco Hornworm Parasite Free With the Parasitic Wasp Wild salmon hit by parasite from fish farms