Fungi Biology PDF

31 Fungi Major characteristics of fungi : ·...

31 Fungi Major characteristics of fungi : · heterotrophic I can't make their own food) · uses absorbitive nutrition · Sessile (don't move) usually multicellular · · cell walls made of Chitin have root like network mycelium · Fungi belong to the opisthokonta supergroup. And related are closely to animals. however m independently evolved multicellularity ! heterotrophi walls I some animals exoskeleton share common ancestor > - (flagellated protist) fungi reproduce both sexually & asexually Asexual fungal body (mycelium) is haploid (n) forms structures that produce spores these spores germinate to form new haploid mycelium Sexual Plasmogany : Fusion of the cytoplasm from 2 Parent mycelia (both haploid , n) occur this forms Interokaryotic stage 12 cells with two different nuclei Karyogamy : fusion nuclei from (2n) meiosis : of the the 2 parents forming diploid zygote diploid the spore germination : zygote undergoes meiosis , producing haploid spores these spores germinate to form a new haploid my cellium  n mycelium + spores 2n : zygote but quickly undergoes meiosis Most fungi multicellular are but there are also single-celled yeasts multicellular hyphae : tiny filaments making up body of Fungi , these are tubular cell walls surrounding the membrane + cytoplasm Chitin that : strong polysaccaride strengthens cell walls mycelium : interwoven hyphae infiltrates food , maximizes surface-to-volume-ratio , making nutrient absorption highly efficient Fungi absorb nutrients from their environment , as they do water moves into their cells via osmosis fungi grows by lengthening not widening hyphae for & Fungi have spore producing structures Sexual a sexual reproduction Fungi are decomposers material they break down & absorb nutrients from nonliving organic like logs , animals , etc. Mycorrhical fongi form mutalistic relationships with plant roots helping plant absorb water + nutrients , fungi gets food plant produces ! some fungi are parasitic pathogens and cause disease to plants & take their nutrients Lichen : symbiotic relationship between Fungi + algue or cyanobacteria the fungi provides structure + protection aproduce food heterokaryotic -> > mycelium containing 2 different parent mycelia Ch32 Animals are heterotrophic , multicellular , process food internally , don't have cell walls , have nerves , and can move usually Bilateral symmetry streamlined body helps directional movement (head + fail ends) CNS Cambrian Period : ex. lobster for known significant increase of animal diversity · predator - prey relationships Radial Symmetry · Patmospheric O2 body parts arranged around central axis mostly sessile ex. sea anemones Diploblastic i s triploblastic animals Diploblastic two layers etoderm + enoderm ↓ ↓ outer covering lines digestive tract Triploblastic e Memd 3 layers e ↓ tract more complex Animals reproduce sexually with a gametic life cycle gametes Ay M Diploid Dominates ↑ Fertilization MELOSIS t pseudocoelmn > - body cavity not fully lined by & mesoderm found in nematodes closest living relative -> choanoflagellates to animals 2n 2n mitosis 3 Protosome VS Deutersome ex. mollusks , annelids , ex. echinoderms & chordates arthopods mouth forms First ans THEN mouth forms coelmn forms by coelmn forms spiral cleavage radial outpicking the primitive by splitting cleavage gut mesodermal mass