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Analyze the attached article below by answering the following questions: 1. What is the primary objective of the study? a. To estimate the association between celiac disease and mortality risk in a Swedish population b. To estimate the proportion of deaths for all-cause and cause-specific mortality,...

Analyze the attached article below by answering the following questions: 1. What is the primary objective of the study? a. To estimate the association between celiac disease and mortality risk in a Swedish population b. To estimate the proportion of deaths for all-cause and cause-specific mortality, including cardiovascular, cancer, respiratory disease, and other causes), among those with celiac disease and the comparison group c. To calculate the incidence rate per person-years of all-cause and cause-specific mortality among those with celiac disease and the comparison group d. To determine which cause-specific mortality is more problematic for celiac disease individuals e. To quantify the time at risk in years after a celiac diagnosis and mortality for all causes and cause-specific mortality 2. What type of study design was used? a. Case control study b. Cross-sectional study c. Prospective cohort study d. Retrospective cohort study 3. What was the primary exposure of interest? a. Celiac disease based on self-reported data b. Celiac disease based on topography and SNOMED codes c. Various morbidities, including celiac disease, type 1 diabetes, autoimmune thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease d. All-cause mortality e. Cause-specific mortality 4. What was the primary outcome of interest? a. Celiac disease based on self-reported data b. Celiac disease based on topography and SNOMED codes c. All-cause mortality d. Cause-specific mortality e. Both C and D 5. What measure(s) of association was/were calculated and what corresponding statistical analysis method(s) was/were utilized for the primary objective? a. HRs and 95% CIs using Cox proportional regression models b. Incidence rate and 95% CIs per 1000 person-years c. Mortality rates and 95% CIs per 1000 person-years d. All of the above e. A and C 6. Which of the following methods did the investigators use to attempt to control for potential confounding in their investigation at the study design phase? a. Exclusion of individuals who died on the same date as the biopsy and who did not have a matched comparator b. Usage of a sibling who did not have celiac disease diagnosis who was alive at the time of the index case’s celiac diagnosis for the comparator c. 1:5 ratio with the comparison group matched on age, sex, county, and calendar period from the general population by Statistics Sweden d. A and C e. All of the above 7. Lebwhol et al. conducted a sensitivity analysis for a subset of the study participants who had serological data available, which further provides a positive celiac-disease related serology. After repeating the main analyses only on the individuals with known seropositive results, they reported a mortality risk of 1.02 (95% CI 0.89, 1.17). This additional analysis was performed due to concerns of what type of bias? a. Information bias, specifically misclassification bias pertaining to exposure b. Information bias, specifically misclassification bias pertaining to outcome c. Information bias, specifically recall bias d. Information bias, specifically interviewer bias e. Selection bias 8. Which of the following statements is NOT accurate based on results from Table 2 on the risks of all- cause and cause-specific mortality for those with celiac disease and the matched general population comparators? a. In the adjusted model, celiac disease was significantly associated with ~14% higher risk of mortality due to any cause compared to those without a celiac disease diagnosis in the general population b. In adjusted models, celiac disease was significantly associated with higher risk of all causespecific mortality, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory disease, and other cause of death c. The all-cause mortality incidence rate of 9.7 deaths per 1000 person-years for celiac disease individuals appears to be driven more by cardiovascular disease than for respiratory disease d. The conclusions between the conditioned model and the fully adjusted model had different conclusions, specifically for celiac disease and cardiovascular disease mortality e. All the statements are correct 9. Which of the following statements is NOT correct regarding the results of the analyses examining risk of all-cause mortality in subgroups of patients with celiac disease and their matched general population comparators in the final “conditioned and adjusted” models? a. Risk of all-cause mortality for celiac disease differed by follow-up years, with the highest statistically significant risk noted among those with a follow-up less than one year b. Age played a role in the relationship between celiac disease and risk of all-cause mortality, with the highest significant risk observed among those