BIG BANG THEORY (NUCLEOSYNTHESIS) .pdf

 LEARNING TARGET I can define key terms related to stellar formation and evolution, including nebula, nuclear fusion, supernova, and nucleosynthesis. I can explain the process of nuclear fusion in stars and how it contributes to the formation of heavier elements from lighter o...

 LEARNING TARGET I can define key terms related to stellar formation and evolution, including nebula, nuclear fusion, supernova, and nucleosynthesis. I can explain the process of nuclear fusion in stars and how it contributes to the formation of heavier elements from lighter ones. I can cite scientific evidence and examples that support the processes of element formation during stellar evolution, including observational data from telescopes and research studies. PRESENTATION  Directions: Encircle and write down the words which are related to star and element formation. In addition, expand your vocabulary by finding the meaning of the encircled words and relate them to your prior knowledge. NUC L E OS Y NT HE S I S GB E T A S DA J L HY DR OGE NA L P HA I I T U T H E L I U MS U N S T A B L E A B A S O R MN U C L E U S N U C L E I D T R T MD E F U S I O N R A D I A T I O N C O C H N F I S S I O N G A MMA S G N F I V R T P R O T O S T A R MH D R S V HF L F S UP E R NOV A GJ DHT A C BIGBANG THEORY: NUCLEOSYNTHESIS forming light elements What is your idea of BIG BANG? BIG BANG is the expansion of universe.  WHAT IS A NUCLEOSYNTHESIS?  HELIUM LITHIUM BERYLLUM THIS WAS CREATED BECAUSE OF THE BIGBANG NUCLEOSYNTHESIS CONCEPTS ON HOW ELEMENTS ARE FORMED 1. BIGBANG IS AN EXPANSION OF UNIVERSE. CONCEPTS ON HOW ELEMENTS ARE FORMED 2. AS THE UNIVERSE EXPANDS, IT COOLS.  CONCEPTS ON HOW ELEMENTS ARE FORMED 3. THE MORE ENERGETIC THE PARTICLES ARE, THE HIGHER THEIR TEMPERATURE WILL BE.  CONCEPTS ON HOW ELEMENTS ARE FORMED 4. THE IDENTITY OF THE ELEMENT DEPENDS ON HOW MANY PROTONS IT HAS. 1 PROTON ELEMENT IS CALLED HYDROGEN from 10 raise to 32 kelvin 10 raise to 9 kelvin  1 PROTON + 1 NEUTRON= DEUTERON/ DEUTERIUM WHAT ELEMENT IS DEUTERON? DEUTERON + 1 NEUTRON= TRITON WHAT ELEMENT IS TRITON?  TRITON + 1 NEUTRON= ? WHAT ELEMENT IS HELIUM? Nuclear reaction in Big Bang nucleosynthesis  H 1. 1 1 He 2. 4 2 He 3. 4 2 H n H H 3 2 1 0 3 1 1 1 REACTANT PRODUCT CONCEPTS ON HOW ELEMENTS ARE FORMED 2. AS THE UNIVERSE EXPANDS, IT COOLS. The big bang nucleosynthesis theory predicts that: 75 percent of the mass of the universe is Hydrogen 25 percent of the mass of the universe consists of helium (helium-3 and helium-4), and a smaller quantity is Lithium and Beryllium The big bang nucleosynthesis did not produce elements heavier than beryllium. The temperature of the universe became too cool for any nuclear fusion and nucleosynthesis to occur. During this time, the abundances of the elements in the universe became constant. If the universe cools down and cant fuse proton and neutron. How do you think heavy elements are formed? Nuclear Fusion  Word of the Day Nuclear Fusion - A process of creating heavy elements through the fusion of Hydrogen Atoms.  STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS forming Heavy elements  Stellar Nucleosynthesis the process by which elements are created within stars by combining the protons and neutrons together from the nuclei of lighter elements. How does star formation relate to nucleosynthesis? SUN The fusion of HYDROGEN elements happens inside the core of the star. The fusion of four hydrogen nuclei into a helium nucleus, commonly referred to as the Hydrogen burning phase, supplies energy to the stars. Nuclear fusion inside the star are continuous. The Hydrogen elements are also decreasing. What will happen to the sun if all the Hydrogen elements was burned? Will the Star die immediately? RED GIANT HELIUM MEDIUM LITHIUM STAR AND BERYLLIUM REDSUPER GIANT NEON MASSIVE SILICON IRON STAR SUPERNOVA Where do you think the heavier elements like cupper, Gold and Silver came from? Cu, Au, AG SUPERNOVA NEUTRON CAPTURE NEUTRON CAPTURE is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus and one or more neutrons collide and merge to form a heavier nucleus REDSUPER GIANT NEON MASSIVE SILICON IRON STAR COLLISION OF TWO NEUTRON STAR  Stellar Nucleosynthesis This phase is classified into two types: 1. the proton-proton cycle and, 2. the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) cycle. The proton-proton cycle occurs in stars with a mass that is equal to or less than that of the sun.  Stellar Nucleosynthesis ASSIGNMENT: DIRECTIONS: Search for the following reaction and write it in your Physical Science notebook. 1. the proton-proton cycle and, 2. the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) cycle.  STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS forming PPC AND CNO CYCLE NEUTRON CAPTURE NEUTRON CAPTURE is a nuclear reaction in which an atomic nucleus and one or more neutrons collide and merge to form a heavier nucleus  Stellar Nucleosynthesis 1. The proton-proton cycle Four hydrogen nuclei (protons) are combined to form one helium nucleus; 0.7 percent of the original mass is lost mainly by conversion into heat energy, but some energy escapes in the form of neutrinos (ν). NEUTRON CAPTURE  Stellar Nucleosynthesis The proton-proton cycle occurs in stars with a mass that is equal to or less than that of the sun.  Stellar Nucleosynthesis 2. The carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) cycle. CNO cycle, sequence of thermonuclear reactions that provides most of the energy radiated by the hotter stars.  Stellar Nucleosynthesis 2. The carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) cycle. Larger Star convert hydrogen by means of the CNO cycle, in which hydrogen nuclei combine with and then separate from carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in a specific repeating loop that generates both helium and extra energy. NEUTRON CAPTURE NEUTRON CAPTURE 2 Proton 2 Neutron For more massive stars, the CNO cycle is more favorable for converting hydrogen to helium. It is a catalytic reaction wherein carbon initiates the sequence of reactions. The process produces carbon- 12 which can participate in another CNO cycle. TRIPLE ALPHA PARTICLE  HELIUM That has no electron Alpha Particles are HELIUM That has no electron Alpha Particles + Alpha Particles = BERYLLIUM  BERYLLIUM + Alpha Particles= CARBON CARBON + Alpha Particles= OXYGEN  SUPERNOVA NUCLEOSYNTHESIS  BETA DECAY (BETA MINUS B-) - beta minus (β−) decay, a neutron is converted to a proton, and the process creates an electron and an electron antineutrino  BETA PLUS (BETA PLUS B+) -beta plus (β+) decay, a proton is converted to a neutron and the process creates a positron and an electron neutrino.  S-process or slow process happens when there is a slow rate of capturing neutron while there is a faster rate of radioactive decay hence increasing the proton by 1. The s-process is responsible for the creation (nucleosynthesis) of approximately half the atomic nuclei heavier than iron. S- process (slow neutron- capture process)  R- process(rapid neutron-capture process) -responsible for the creation of approximately half of the atomic nuclei heavier than iron; the "heavy elements"