BI2113 Ecology and Evolution PDF

B 213 EcolosY AND EvouTION opic 0 INTRODUCON 01- 05 O:18bs Mqnahow Luvas o Oaa...

B 213 EcolosY AND EvouTION opic 0 INTRODUCON 01- 05 O:18bs Mqnahow Luvas o Oaauisakon 02 05 25 OPvLATIOoN DYNAMIeS Swvivoasip wwe wati x Pyaid 03Unstuhusd -o Populahon wtw ale 12 13 models wo d es Popuahion 20 Stabiliaing biokogical Popuuaiou 26 33 COMPETTION 24 Lotka- Volema wodel 32 Niche 33 38 05 REDATION 38A PAudeo avoida 38 43 EUTROPHICA11ON A0 Ravesal 50H 50L CONSERVA11ON BioLoGy 04 43 50 09 EvoLvTION 45 Biostaiuam vg Mendinas A6 MES s EES 50A 506 SELECTON 51 55 1-W EQvILIBRIUM 10 55 51 uhs souhiow 11 Populalio 60 66 12 Agi Mechaui she v Evo uhioua o  tcoLoGy ANTDLVOLUTION BI 2113 Semeales 3 JA WEldenbest mgrahon t acaiam one as o look ide lo uwdestand Wildebast wwde eiiy-62 ous geh and mabe amol pduhow mehaiam -hend bt Mauh) toquhhis Jau 2-3 weke 807. calves i 400k outa 2 illow i qive b peakiviN W do qaabe plaans aa 500klkm wgae Tkoh Sasenqheh cam qe po w fhey k mqaale wieh pNowi tollowing depends the plaus hains thplaiwset wy Mowspon maks e mouhen 650 aAi.Twy hagion tatk tw 3ane So tom 80 -100 kwe) ihain two advaaa. aks igaaho Addi Konal s ood he topulahon hich advautaqu am fswave allows to fm tum beuond beypnd hn upAadu aae lud by Cam' can olow follous oidi oiding PAdatos PAudahus te loi u Ody 25 lted wi 45. Rai de vonlasss populahow N5000 PAdaos o Miqiatov 3 Rasidewts ilo, w :0. i Tlowtyipaut the cuosyskm die by ohowia and th ahums daa wtaiuts ot hwn. Tain deahi Scaenge t t amospha uds alot frads bid, aoes bonu uobes b on down Yowg tAs allow wwwldbun R toeyAL amd Easliun, was hapidy deuini wwe nduid dy gA Butaswildahe and ea a ot tw teu, iusoA Aead weh InaaRRo wweh wowd populahon udwied oacoe whieh ti has ed Led wildebest iutat tAu Love is binda, euphauts, habivou in in populahow iwweae aud oteh Speue  Diswso (02 ohas ttow aud mow do calvas exaty do uoarise tw ti ollow ou Jpinh1 3 Sle otue idlilyNlo Lechwe 0 Shual 0aazahion wese udpmg win om biomain ndivdl ous t bosp s st bitoms PPpwlahiou, eosyalem Qnd biosphar w ADnnment. individua ande aeed i wn vionna mpoaal Agaizahion Shost timeAcalu 3nabonal timascaAa sahon An idividual PAodpodu gamles wh thuoa Pod PAoduu ke (t) widh tan deelope (ss -gao4 AaRm) in a, nddnal, Twe Can be te by an t eftuled Lovgu tinmeAtalu Aevesal, quakone hme Lova qanuie lu aopslahion. is callud tai ove al geneshione) toh hamge sedhion veyye Muoo in t) Vo ubon. amd nhimud Mauordwhiow imusal. t cas spenaion Tws happens v oye *ahual An is ti, nikonu is dainging cohinuous e wantaneous aa iiosibe So, expimts ahudses Sapodue Aaw yskm xauty can te stAuthuaigansaion, te kow eel eaaily w biooayAmal t psles, a Lecaune cascadle. tettat hae fenda Mage a poblum,tik abo iin Londex nhinking wwole pichu.  Biespn Bio ChaChag Etosyalem in pulatiou Chages hatvau Miuoeyoho wdiidua Speuiahon Mauovoohuhion OAgams ase Tiss ue Col Biowmouuu Diswon a thO/knswldge at a hnalle Atole be (hage in foe ighe led ak lage aReshng Aiae owes lave o bng Not fose always. e hosun ove anste, enohon ecosyakm Jsthaw bea has cing vowhon2 Ait f so, wheis naua ols SwLumow be callud seuton onana hom Lo Askeme. avohom Stakoiuby saltahon Mausenohon a tau -DaAwin) Spedes whals tw deli.kow Band o Moxphelog fuite spi Basis whawhas uahe t daata ndividuals oNa wit R that nahual nahual seleuhou sekuhou opesks  eatwus t be obsew (oy) h is a lot diveushy and euonwdedna witin lee amd auoss evels Stochashu tha Cakulahng au ato t ohous i Phobabihy an Ayskm. weut iy (epeially oves ove hand i Auales isvevem wha * t wu on eAa tahws is que depaudat we t eole weob om Aana same oiwt, dont take t pah * "Mo than ewm ds tas ttw, haduuhowiem ls. Tlena Mahwaital ouulaion ic vedii opos Con dus a sslem is owpowsws) and expeuewta vaiabu aa h husufs i hwwceits difiuf et siil tohoal Conlihowal an stahishtal flema is wlaiow wit aihy De tw tahow, wehae two apPoauas to hgww outbldwhats t odes desuuphue b xplan towuph audl 2 npu Posds Disslow A wwhols Ausihdes wdii Afuduig euologialmams ) on te qshow we askig Padah depends naue sleadyiuuas, sigmoid, bell, eee) he tAajeues shdid qali'taive tahases t hudy wn we wove om ww What chamg ts i l to nahue awothe Muo leuas to collaa)? owe ponahay No. ikalaks aauhios nusases That ineed oud a pA 1q60s Tey Cows. Ao s po his popwahon wildebes exploded. Tve and plais i a ea akhs lakh Sinu.5maa e exisked baxahg ona hma 05 (05 wwk f Aws explais tu populaion qhowtw uuky. wAahon pattun explains populahonM Awtainand. Mole uat ltamad behaiou benaviowm 13 msfi tal *Miasto is ho geatic. a wa auouhg Jis Aen waga that pAoleomas behaiow is Tnlooiua bet o ctain qu ama- zobsas jazelles (2) fho au follow hogh we uAut at, to erade ulp ta potheu Tat t PAukatons ecrua 04 Enu tloeitel Eoloay Shudis Of kos ouse /hi on Populahion ehvdy is Si la inoiduat Populahon inaoih defind pa at 2ie towsewahon evdanged Speus econouca twpoAant Mausseniss ically Maaea Pess esiou hndamuutal wwt wha is stuclied Distibuhon ove SPau) spau sivoruip, kih Aal AGE DiSTRIBUTIONDemoasapiee (age-stAuuws, Dynaicsko th umbe chauae ovt ti spau waion dyawcs shdtes e o amd w t sIzL ehang popwlahon wlpx dumwondi a wab -es obou a xau bohnat me di 9avm idwals that an omosen timewthout cowida na 2 to shud P hoduud) Sane alluel a eohont Kale tw Cohot Ge -1abla ad sho swvivnna No ivdinduals Swnving PAo pO deua wwohowealy o hin individual? (0, 362 days swie Upho 299 days all99G indiuduas inewal dwng hat dwua hhat inkwal avg D suds also et pe tabulaled ndiidual s indiidual can be Mx Av o Pdfam PAiugs poduund y indiuidual is Net pe capta Rapheduh ale e  I Eoda udividual wi is desi apaina outime s 06 R Topulahiow ) Expaudiv opulakon. wves mvivoh ewp idiiduals swiiviua tw /poposhion shows edkses speu s vs No gndi Jndinduuls ogsul me lsa lot I Montalihy hales a Vow whl lale iu W 1 wmaw P. duwwowdii ivdii duals tuowgow owst. poposhon o e th bis, yd (ommon mud Ea.ds, tuntle Jue l motalihy ic v igh tolu, iwelrs Eg is deset plan -leome Nole Seale liwas salu l0ga o00 INEAR SCALE doo Lo 500 00 CALE Hoo 13 3 3 Wurwbus ploHed a lo-ae, Stala won be wwt On +n oo0 Ca 604 individua a dina bekween12 ond and 3 n Su appeas as hohtadiy ak is wghe SeLoud a lo Aal allows w t Se that a owuf Osi pAopohou individuals aw Awivonshp Cumus amt exauty ollow byM hahwal topahows obett PPkimahows ixtus O Drsio Vo ii u populshio t wa pes Aanndal u Populaio. ad wot duhion u apte SuHimad Jn bauksia awd on aud No easl tudi viduals olteaks podd Arabe tdors (ohasts ouk wo toadesd wwwbdgivg vkupuio iuewaio ech 05 Duly deuia towides a CooAt, indnde tu prulahov Aae abahuad uaies e ivdiidua C ,Orr i No. eash oqt do () Pfrako swinve )0 F (h, h, (t) n t) n,(t+) (t4) n4).F F F 0 4) 4 0 Fn,t) 0P F Sini 0 F lans F,t) ft) Rapoduibi n,4) hs n) t) Vhy Staxs with 200 iduals laus Gnd wolve it200 tiu Akps Ae ) 0.5 iat tis 03 2 Plot ) Totalpopulaion whau ,2,3 1 0.1 O N/N  DiSwAOn u most al a F 0. disuule fims Model Usin Sip tiug. tlviug F a unthow avd wowld be ww owhwuow i mo del po owpiold o Sexual hproduuion woi ddlliua ,F is wally jut Cowsidead fo enalasauid Lowi daud ralige)e Rehw 06 Soluhion t task 0 6-5 2 1 X O0.2 41 i Ses Jwihilly tw Sow os lahons, tobal populakon bu then inouas pouuhally Rahie x So m damp osallahons md iwi beo mes Cowstadt becomas towstau Stalle Aze Distbukion SAD) Given cotoan P and F, SAD raw. also becoms cowatat Shown in cnpu is oh Tis behamowh Leste Matx e biokogiall aishc amd F;ispoifve SAD the doruuad eiqenvae Mahu maha geneuDA owpowdi  PFtahow u Loeahead twt CaAsHa cta Endomqud 01 hae AG to walk o Lowa waloline ao pokt t t halcings wauh tw shone watdh osML whi eh aJond ad pina sile sil by putina t Sea d See hs cohoat eive, 100 Cg9s d Suentist sud follosad e Staae cayd DescApho n Nalaix P Fs Fu F 1 rg/haldi Small uvuile P2 O O O 3 Laqe ieiu 4 Subadult G P Oo 5 Aawt ww Swiv aqe and dauus umain bu ahhe i w e Lame staqs Soe stage tw obabiChy i iv P das pro babith ha woves fo wxtstaae da P is paobahilihy dutLuhow ta su maiws'n p, Same shage wkat is fu towsunahou tfots should on wich be did i i hale o au) Arolysis D, S0. 0 tmphoemau vauows staaes -adult hales woAta weweuhon ww was thakowu ws Sigicaty iwwai/POpMlaho wohta ae mill er tut ? twtu? Ho phoe adulE swump Awna hasns thm catdh hsh duualblu by-cah 1ps and qiskes Squskes' utn This Pysiall  wwlass wd widel, wen't Ppdekin yends M M qpeduhe peduhn P eduhyet 9Jat popuuhon Dediwaa hpadng populako opulahov be, CaModa Japa wio Nigeoa Un doeleping townies an Mpo dnhow hoke iah watalh dolopd Cow wwes updu saho, le ostaly well- deyolopd towutie l upcu 1uks, lea votdih LRcuk Deaet Lowls wi Dwt ty'e Thy've amd D0 - 3 owwmd kath www tovdiious whae, wo is is Th food eauh thy at. ok tovawns viabl wwiyut infood wind lst n Lom ww ng.So hy 1w ovt wi www wind wwts haan ame tuu's Move ngos wattahon 3500 BC Cia. ocsrs ox boue iw wuhon Maleli omd Moddng Palahons lahousip Mow arwal Suaem is woskiug, e tae igwu o amd owtu a al Wo suskm DA nodelua dellia Owh ewodinq on eteding how)b wahhe mahal aquahans wwoseeatws whose wwun m b vubal hAason  Deodun B A ctaish Nahul FOal šysem A A t Enuodi hels ow Fomaltuskm Lopao a Nobunal syokmpimau staishu) amd fw Rolayt Koren to wwded tuat s locul to NS. is aupkd, wha we wawr out wmedel,old, tu wa Bawa ewode wil dilta- we Mehanishe odel to wdestaud qahon t pAo es o s. model wildubeast aq ) Holdo Phenoenologiual et.al. model a we poesble3, Lot waw tu data to RLodia uts eutalieh to wiiwolve iuvove 90R Maseeaing. udug ulahons AA aud wodels wed el ohh al tna e PAdiionis was done oOA Iboraul yLovado BovatFhovau. xplaulaiu kou Hst modelling- wi tu seses b tte Cams b.oha Populahiow these haes Assuua man owsta Low opulakiow Dynanics b-binh N (b-d +i-e d deaw N41N N, AN N4 N AN, N, AN. NA+) N, N N,isiwpon nthahows i e deeops immionaho manaho. i sults tau laus shdyi a llla sl fa,e t Subjauk on-ovalappig diseule tfim wodel. depastu ww amuphoue Ts TWs s is oa populahon when what happens la tlls exemal auhs ineuaudeuaus wo Xpoeh oal ww Ovelappiug (ouhiwows N i Onaloq N a 9)- ). 4Nahos AN (LANN -o) N, e Copa lompaung iehal e"tu e disuul dis&ule qtpwtu Hm odol is eqal o ttw expodha Wih A 3 30 hae N 10 qeneahiows eul ehal ow Lowhuows Tw B doen tis o oplabou s happaw uotu ualiche. 25 000 ie. waw wahwu in mding toplle xpo Lxpo wkan vaiahion is oddsd, populahon wil wost 5 Maan 00 eomatie Leur wot aiunaie wia awas lasu Popahon iwuuaus tw pe capita de ca amdtCou maiutain is ou hak. Dei N ) allud Depdam model In a dei indpindut pe sak nca a ntaintie 6ppwh Fale Maxi mu auhai veol Onviaonmmtal by capita Apuies ondihions he b.d,i, mduy e conut ideal ne Lowathaiuks on whw alotowhemaxiu com adn, ww ts no Lowpehhon wnpophlahn is O -twoutaly. attainad Aale aali zd GAow www popwlakou Oma husass, stabiices bauso ow he MX c down auows) tis is hualised hale at wich sizK) N popakiou RR is ZUo is K uoliad N dN N dt Topdahon Siz  1 Nd d a. owhwuows she E NasulePeass t disuse tim vodal, Y-oxie àetor pla qowtn N N hale N N Cowi Bw is din we is N tw alo. icuule logshe populaho allud N tDise k, N0 owh iS N ako a ho oqish w No irdividuo aho i bioloqy. So ti oAm okm qahou bo at tp ows e N4 N -) Also calud Dicusle lonishe unh ) dN Ot fovnulahons hae Ale exponhallB Empi ulu, owh owh sw Sa axis, med fn taks Cww. e N, N e) alld hu Qkawth Legichic Exrouuhal Hale N Ato hix callud Disaule eqyahon tw Logishe Rickes wodal Model a aud  k(ah hs tapaah laaest. tdinduals wtonaul tw Cam be hodel gdwhw Logihe tu's (n hehwean onhwwows cuange ael in owh tg ale ho Omd Popation instautameona). la qnahou N) A NY1 N-2) k whw e itodue f km, e extablich t iwho laa cowtne di duAab poiu Populahon wow ot alwaye. typitall, dN N Cowhimow Mode dt lagicke d deusAUS N hwases ) d puahiow N No Tis ime N HL Duumdiug FT LH thar model caphus tw dynauLal aw shomedshowed boh qaitakivey aHtahvey dota epital o Rqimes Owu all we wo h tu wodal woks wduutaudi ng appe, t mehaniche Modedxplokahon hOhat hape Sew hviy..to t tFTwan alult pasaku Siz) a vaed values hal ma haldhebily, A adult-denihy Obsmahions ropakow atilth dilHeuhady akud e-actos pamuw i) Nwhowal hagms wkad wi eW taaak ii) Pudidhion FI isaus wi iwusakin wonotou y in al 4 Aaiwes) vafdae odel wodel PAdchom PAudichon hults Expinutal Smalaho wedel dda data boxu HL wwle wowd Cotp L ad LL, HH (Aada t) oluo walth PAt w  lecha 13 Chape O (26) h nd Speeswduadion Paadoion Syaiois onpeh ow a hu Eah Eau ulabkahad taled Apeues thuough wwt", has otuams a its TW long wiih oww wane a wwqua PAos uanacuitha calld th phi wl Auloi Suwion. i waey wiADwew tu sam we o Notwo Awtainad peiestta peiool tim. AthovRh iu ca had to compehhon amd this ovelap opet fon a rols in Dowws played big Ealy expeinns awses Painip opeletive Exdwion. Difout speue Pasamsi um Pop 18 No two Speis Pos ugostey Cam otupy t son Seme Pogahas Lales xpeias Tilom e al (18 hae cal walls diatos diabons whih wiw le woskad owe ould wive o nalia Suadsa Sumdsa dapve ywdra Asleio wu, alua Ackiouek in 25-50 days exhnthon R ul in ploitahve tompehhion iol Tilnan) by Mar) t sam uou, t wwn peus that speues owet owu waiwtain d a will poihve exduda o us pe capitaoh  Wkat a is topelihon iiled AeowA wete a wtO o, fo, to hon Gnikd hee.ad wot be iudividu w o laing ko o ow vdiduwal A 0 aAoww by hat heduus deenue tu b OwailaiUh o tha onu ndiidual" h oups ofues we f same Alow, 0 Aeowu DuL OA boh Mak tuo uowu debiu invelus ainat Ialentenm lompekkan indii duals inlehhens o obst oovio Ma owu ouw in Vodahon wkiads toehkows topeiho Jubaaupeufi Peah depeudut w wales -wou on dihow U-tinw s deusas iw popudoho Compehhow O Plaund dundh an bla biornass 2 tnuuaa Ppwahon Co wpeihon Iwespeue hama AUowku w Popwlaiow di pee cope. Featws hon tAope iesaho w o eqibium numbt (k) uult in uduuhon wh Aak (a) in o bofu populaho Lopehhon. Lowtiwwows Modelli Ynod el two Speus i logicheyou Cowides Now, s wa nappens wsn we in , ad 1 indiidual Speue tw P°wlaio Meawe how h tonper Ou uill induuu individual Jpeufe topeihon Coeiuet d uahowM beiom N,K -N-,) dN feums o h,N, |K2 Na N, idividuals N EavATONS LoTKA VoLTERRA OMPENTiON  Relaion bhwean nd N juwr degudas 1e) 9ow Lowwmphou bu ois Aalysis: dN A tw cauiibaum vaus, we iud ohon owhon fnd h, O N,0 os iviod ooskios Z dt N k-N -,, 0 d-y o n 6al WR deuu d ve aes tie to poiu is A)N, what o otw dewih depevdut akov Populahion N,hubau Ond #So tw ne dN outaiwall h abls poius d woul t we elue, w ha Poiu N a A, N wowd So sy desase wuRa a a deasa 6, N,would h Speues 2, dN0 N, - LN callud isodlis n ow N-N, plans Kaso-quowm we hae botw is wu plote togehue, N 4 posibiCh 'N Ev whe olong T s, populahion gowh is slopped  Letwe 1 solis Cave 1 N N0 n tw widdu agon, 1uw poulohio duan oes eown o N diagovallu, d i X-axis e. Speus 2 dn o 1 aiwio Speut Cave Seu 2 iw Ca wiN Jw t iukuetion wo wo es, eties a hau pciu,t to-exis bu wwabu equkbaww ven wit pebahow, Small wins beaw exion wll dve to exkuhio K skm t Apuues (at is a Ata poiu N t, iwkhon poik Cowyeqe and u qhammuswillwil exis staby eu soiwes ovealap,t Apeus O as ona as uo oehone Speuts sokicies aculaae exhwtiom he dqwan ts dAvn Apeus d soble Poiws,f towa as two Speues bt dqaics deuloale aa fmion Bu in is #Tis auwahon wode, a &deuluahon Owy cowideing 1u dynanu valme pophlaion onspeisis tonApeuis is inied mobytompeiton wmo Eauh Speues fhan intspei ft  0 Apeuts te dve hheu, dvb k iuuA valus K-sesdioM (1) ueninn imuuauw tompekiveu s kasua Apuoh hon-iwas wwd isocles. L-v wodd ed mode O i iM 3 Speues ou would t t ot pt ovdi hows, Adieoowahons.ohu ahion oxwhion i aques wi t puymeutal Lectue How doos 15 te wodel tompae t ual e soms Jnveue peus uaodd tn a hon-nohve hou-nahve Th aw. pecies hae unvvonnu whee te kala Lataa, Cogus ghas specie Apacie ou-o Apaima ahves Agak and d qe desroying w onafa divesi iwvaue Aun a Apeaes peues, aunohes owtsolliua adule w and s warae PAoaun 300 womn Pasankads) Eickhoa ale, aiuu) 4 maks mals sas eloyd Tsia s ch)Asian; Cage Caulpa  wahue, pees witu Co-exe. a wu? Rt Wat Etologiual i ean dinuiowal -di Thownas Suhotueoo) onal peAo spa whe Qa ais owaides Condi konMa ema, pH. idiha. avae t tauh o 4wem, 's hau fall oA CAAN wluih Apeies TilienEtologiul wpemome Niuha a qauhtai dasiphon Cowdoios th allow t Aauge nvikonmutnl a to peist osie qewhh ale) ppulahion ouon OHGzahow wche do KAww Fvcws o whal t Apeus atualu MeAuhus Levius whlze u tuy Apeùallyhow Nite a tlalital miuoaiat,wauoheilat) Food bype ood siz, nads) Aanal adiiu) i daik auhy , Soe ecdonista beleive i diisie Niclu is a ve ofue topic belive sts w wodes. kuwishe Wkn is Lo-eitenu pocsibu, wieu i few teAws 1 husowu epeahon/paatkow pahliovqu Tis duus tw inkupe t inkApeewpahhon. c 04 SPA1IAL PARTITIONING and Pbuuaua ?bwasia jawe's ptihu as caudatwn uds on tp laues ultus Pcaudatum bo o-exis te bottom wwu lattes ds u o a bow bwa PCaudahuw bo Cowwlls Bamaulus idhs epeuhon #2 tuy atauh hv tu hull wasie, ile Spahal Qatopod. ue cow Baalus Ahip bauneuy and cawe a a dng, nuohle, whun inuaa o phon. Ontualamug Te laas Banaulaaetu, alwaqs t DD Blanus /DDn peut in a estam distabuhon. - Low qAow hde>  ad lea BAlms ov (uthalaum beRu Balasous edonpe (hhafkalns omd va ide dan w leel u chara leual, Balaus tA Ae twal eo a luel ih fide Awvive wk So, fudatuted we Moual tuktowatraiuad oakou i oh wdu Nich Rabned Balowa iebiyes d lcoprhva Cuomaus hol Avu) aales txDplu alsshon Thi 02 Tenponal pimy paktiowng9 mowe and pld i ow Lommon to-exici oveap IM dus habitat wwAock sal e ood ems(aheoda) Ataowss iepoduhue tis Cowwo C Ss Ty a u tinaas auhve dung difenh Dnis diwua wechuuad tw Lomo wwl goldeu wow giow ano a w Amoved d tua olden Spi wow2 bcea echunal 6 wotws we twa Sowa obwe Apeuts shans ouu. T hau Peo dduine id to Cowehtou, 16 epeahon haskessplauma 03 Mosahowgiul whwh hanaues tAs tuo a mo hewawton woh wWi nlabd Aeutsd wc, fu oew in aaas han wwn dieuw qeoqaap tal pqehnas Fy: Dawin' w alapaos idad  Lowdi foval Nie Supexalion homas Paak (114) oM wo ow ( woxkd uhos Hte puies beRtkus owu dpendd O Tepeb twwwidih wo Speus ium CowwwM d) uool, itoum Castameum wam, ud) Pyriud LodiowM ta