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BHIC-105(Hindi).pdf

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izks- dfiy dqekj ¼la;kstd½ izks- ekD[ku yky v/;{k] bfrgkl foHkkx] laLFkkid] funs'kd ,oa izk/;kid lkekftd foKku fo|kihB fnYyh dk fojklr vuqla/kku bXu...

izks- dfiy dqekj ¼la;kstd½ izks- ekD[ku yky v/;{k] bfrgkl foHkkx] laLFkkid] funs'kd ,oa izk/;kid lkekftd foKku fo|kihB fnYyh dk fojklr vuqla/kku bXuw] ubZ fnYyh vkSj izca/ku laLFkku] ubZ fnYyh izks- ih- ds- calr MkW- laxhrk ikaMs bfrgkl vkSj laLd`fr foHkkx bfrgkl foHkkx] ekufodh ,oa Hkk"kk foHkkx lkekftd foKku fo|kihB tkfe;k fefYy;k bLykfe;k] ubZ fnYyh bXuw] ubZ fnYyh izks- Mh- xksiky funs'kd] lkekftd foKku fo|kihB bXuw] ubZ fnYyh Áks- uafnuh flUgk diwj MkW- 'kqfp n;ky MkW- vfHk"ksd vkuan 1. MkW- 'kqfp n;ky] 'kS{kf.kd 9. MkW- _pk flag] ih-,p-Mh-] bfrgkl lykgdkj] bfrgkl foHkkx] lkekftd v/;;u dsUnz] tokgjyky usg# foKku fo|kihB] bXuw] ubZ fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyh 2.* MkW- v'kksd 'ksêj 10.****** izks- paidy{eh] bfrgkl v/;;u dukZVd fo'ofo|ky;] /kkjokM+ dsUnz ls lsokfuo`Ùk] tokgjyky usg# fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyh( MkW- oh- ds- tSu] bfrgkl foHkkx] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh( izks- gjcal eqf[k;k] bfrgkl v/;;u dsUnz ls lsokfuo`Ùk] tokgjyky usg# fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyh 3.** MkW- fiaVq dqekj 11.******* Jh izse dqekj] lgk;d izk/;kid] eksrhyky usg# lgk;d izk/;kid] egkfo|ky; ¼la/;kdky½] fnYyh eksrhyky usg# egkfo|ky;] fo'ofo|ky;( ¼la/;kdky½] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; MkW- uSuk nklxqIrk] jk"Vªh; eqDr fo|ky;] dSyk'k dkWyksuh] ubZ fnYyh( MkW- laxhrk ikaMs] bfrgkl foHkkx] lkekftd foKku fo|kihB] bXuw] ubZ fnYyh 4.*** izks- okbZ- lqCckjk;yq] 12- ,oa 13- izks- j.kchj pØorhZ v/;{k Hkkjrh; fo|k foHkkx] ******** bfrgkl v/;;u dsUnz] Ýsap baLVhV;wV vkWQ+ ikWafMpsjh] iqnqpsjh( tokgjyky usg# fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ Mk- laxhrk ikaMs] bfrgkl foHkkx] fnYyh lkekftd foKku fo|kihB] bXuw] ubZ fnYyh 5.**** izks- ds- ,e- Jhekyh] bfrgkl foHkkx] 14.********* izks- vt; MkaMsdj] f'ko ukMj fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] uks,Mk] mRrj izns'k 6.***** MkW- t;k fiz;nf'kZuh 15. MkW- _pk flag] ih-,p-Mh-] bfrgkl v/;;u dsUnz] ih-,p-Mh-] bfrgkl v/;;u dsUnz] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] tokgjyky usg# fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyh ubZ fnYyh 7. MkW- t;k fiz;n'khZuh] 16. MkW- voafrdk 'kekZ ih-,p-Mh-] bfrgkl v/;;u dsUnz] bfrgkl foHkkx] bUnzizLFk efgyk tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky; egkfo|ky;] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh ubZ fnYyh( MkW- [kq'kcq dqekjh] 'kS{kf.kd lykgdkj] ukWu dkWfyT;sV oqesUl ,tqds'ku cksMZ ¼Hkkjrh dkWyst½] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; 8. MkW- voafrdk 'kekZ] 17. MkW- 'kqfp n;ky] 'kS{kf.kd bfrgkl foHkkx] lykgdkj] bUnzizLFk efgyk egkfo|ky;] bfrgkl foHkkx] lkekftd foKku fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh fo|kihB] bXuw] ubZ fnYyh * ;g Hkkx bZ-,p-vkbZ--03 ¼Hkkjr% 8oha lnh ls 15oha lnh rd½] [kaM 3 ¼Hkkjrh; jktuhfr % {ks=h; fofHkUurk,¡% vkBoha lnh ls rsjgoha lnh rd½] bdkbZ 10 ¼if'pe rFkk e/; Hkkjr½ ls xzfgr gSA ** ;g bdkbZ ch-,p-vkbZ-lh--132 ¼Hkkjr dk bfrgkl % yxHkx 300 lh-bZ- ls 1206 rd½] bdkbZ 10 ¼jk"VªdwVksa dk vkfoHkkZo½ ,oa ,e-,p-vkbZ--04 ¼Hkkjr esa jktuSfrd lajpuk,a½] [kaM 2 ¼izkjafHkd e/;dkyhu Hkkjr esa jkT;½] bdkbZ 5 ¼mÙkj Hkkjr esa lkroha ls ckjgoha 'krkCnh bZ- ds nkSjku izkjafHkd e/;dkyhu jktuSfrd i)fr;ka½ ls xzfgr dh xbZ gSA *** ;g bdkbZ ch-,p-vkbZ-lh--132 ¼Hkkjr dk bfrgkl % yxHkx 300 lh-bZ- ls 1206 rd½] bdkbZ 6 ¼dnac] cknkeh ds pkyqD;] pksy vkSj gks;ly jkT;½ ls xzfgr dh xbZ gSA **** ;g bdkbZ bZ-,p-vkbZ--03 ¼ Hkkjr% 8oha lnh ls 15oha lnh rd ½] [kaM 2 ¼lekt vkSj laLÑfr % vkBoha ls rsjgoha lnh rd½] bdkbZ 7 ¼{ks=h; lkaLÑfrd ijaijkvksa dk fodkl½ ls xzfgr gSA ***** ;g bdkbZ ch-,p-vkbZ-lh--132 ¼Hkkjr dk bfrgkl % yxHkx 300 lh-bZ- ls 1206 rd½] bdkbZ 11 ¼vjc % geys ,oa foLrkj½ vkSj bdkbZ 12 ¼egewn x+t+uh vkSj eksgEen x+kSjh % vkØe.k ,oa izfrjks/k½ ls xzfgr gSA ****** ;g bdkbZ bZ-,p-vkbZ--03 ¼ Hkkjr% 8oha lnh ls 15oha lnh rd ½] [kaM 1 ¼izkjafHkd e/;;qxhu vFkZO;oLFkk % vkBoha ls rsjgoha 'krkCnh rd½] bdkbZ 1 ¼Ñf"k vFkZO;oLFkk½] bdkbZ 3 ¼okf.kT; vkSj O;kikj½] ,oa ,e-,p-vkbZ--05 ¼Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk bfrgkl½] [kaM 3 ¼izkjafHkd e/;dkyhu vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj mldh fujUrjrk,¡½] bdkbZ 10 ¼Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa lkearokn % fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.k½ ls xzfgr gSA ******* ;g bdkbZ ch-,p-vkbZ-lh--132 ¼Hkkjr dk bfrgkl % yxHkx 300 lh-bZ- ls 1206 rd½] bdkbZ 14 ¼lkekftd ljapuk vkSj ySafxd laca/k % yxHkx 700-1200 lh-bZ-½ ls xzfgr gSA ******** ;s bdkb;k¡ ,e-,p-vkbZ--05 ¼Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk bfrgkl½] [kaM 3 ¼izkjafHkd e/;dkyhu vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj mldh fujUrjrk,¡½] bdkbZ 14 ¼O;kikj-ra= ,oa 'kgjhdj.k % mÙkj Hkkjr yxHkx 300-1300 bZloha½ ,oa bdkbZ 15 ¼fofue; ra=] O;kikjh laxBu ,oa 'kgjhdj.k % nf{k.k Hkkjr½ ls xzfgr gSA ********* ;g bdkbZ ,e-,p-vkbZ--06 ¼Hkkjr esa fofHkUu ;qxksa ds nkSjku lkekftd lajpuk dk fodkl½] [kaM 4 ¼izkjafHkd e/;dkyhu lekt½] bdkbZ 15 ¼lekt esa /keZ½ ,oa [kaM 6 ¼e/;dkyhu lekt-2½] bdkbZ 22 ¼lkekftd /kkfeZd vkanksyu½ ls xzfgr gSaA Jh fcjsUnz lkg MkW- 'kqfp n;ky Jh jkds'k dqekj MkW- 'kqfp n;ky Jhefr vuhrk pkS/kjh MkW- 'kqfp n;ky MkW- vfHk"ksd vkuan lkekftd foKku fo|kihB] bXuw] ubZ fnYyh Jh- fryd jkt Jh ;'kiky lgk;d dqylfpo ¼izdk'ku½ vuqHkkx vf/kdkjh ¼izdk'ku½ ,e-ih-Mh-Mh-] bXuw] ubZ fnYyh ,e-ih-Mh-Mh-] bXuw] ubZ fnYyh ekpZ] 2021  bfUnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] 2021 ISBN-81-266 lokZf/kdkj lqjf{kr] bl dk;Z dk dksbZ Hkh va'k bfUnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; dh fyf[kr vuqefr fy, fcuk fefe;ksxzkQ vFkok fdlh vU; lk/ku ls iqu% izLrqr djus dh vuqefr ugha gSA bfUnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky; ds fo'ofo|ky; dk;kZy; eSnku x vk ldsA ikB ds chp esa dqN cks/k iz'u iznku fd;s x;s gSA ge vidks lykg nsrs gSa fd tc vki mu rd igqapas rks buds mRrj fy[kus dk iz;kl djasA ;s vkids v/;;u dk vkadyu djus o fo"k; dh viuh le> dk ifj{k.k djus esa vkidh enn djsaxsA lkjka'k ds ckn fn, x, cks/k iz'uksa ds mÙkjksa ds fn'kkfunsZ'kksa ds lkFk vius mÙkjksa dh rqyuk djsaA izeq[k 'kCnksa vkSj vifjfpr 'kCnksa dks 'kCnkoyh ds ek/;e ls le>k;k x;k gSA bdkbZ ds var esa geus lanHkZ xzaFk ds rgr iqLrdksa vkSj ys[kksa dh ,d lwph Hkh iznku dh gSA buesa os lzksr 'kkfey gSa tks lacaf/kr bdkbZ ds fy, iBu lkexzh fodflr djus ds fy, mi;ksxh gSa ;k v/;;u lkexzh ds fuekZ.k ds nkSjku iz;qDr fd, x, gSaA vki mu ij vo'; ut+j MkysaA os fo"k;-oLrq dks lexz :Ik ls le>us vkSj lh[kus esa vkidh lgk;rk djsaxsA bdkbZ 1 ,sfrgkfld lzksr 9 bdkbZ 2 jktuhfrd ifjn`';-I & jktiwr % mn; vkSj lÙkk ds fy, la?k"kZ 29 bdkbZ 3 jktuhfrd ifjn`';-II & jk"VªdwV o iky 44 bdkbZ 4 jktuhfrd ifjn`';-III & pksy o pkyqD; 60 bdkbZ 5 dyk vkSj okLrqdyk % mÙkj Hkkjr ,oa nf{k.k Hkkjr 75 bdkbZ 6 vjcksa dh fla/k ij fot;] rqdhZ vkØe.k] egewn x+t+uh vkSj eksgEen xkSjh 90 bdkbZ 7 vjc vkSj rqdhZ vkØe.kksa dk lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vkSj rduhdh izHkko 123 bdkbZ 8 lekt] vFkZO;oLFkk] jkT;-O;oLFkk vkSj laLÑfr % iwoZ vkSj mÙkj-iwoZ Hkkjr 137 bdkbZ 9 nf{k.k-iwoZ ,f'k;k esa jktuSfrd vkSj lkaLÑfrd foLrkj 145 bdkbZ 10 Ñf"k] Hkw-Lokeh] Ñ"kd vkSj tutkfr % lkearokn fookn 160 bdkbZ 11 tkfr] fyax vkSj O;olk; 181 bdkbZ 12 O;kikj] O;kikj ekxZ vkSj leqnzh O;kikj 200 bdkbZ 13 oSf.kd Jsf.k;k¡ vkSj mÙkj o nf{k.k Hkkjr esa 'kgjhdj.k 223 bdkbZ 14 /keZ dk fodkl 241 bdkbZ 15 f'k{kk] ckSn~f/kd ijaijk,¡] fopkj foe'kZ ,oa n'kZu 256 bdkbZ 16 Hkk"kk,¡ vkSj lkfgR; 269 bdkbZ 17 foKku] izkS|ksfxdh vkSj i;kZoj.k 282 orZeku ikB~;Øe yxHkx 750-1206 lh-bZ- dh vof/k ds Hkkjr ds bfrgkl ls lacaf/kr gSA bl vof/k dks izkjafHkd e/;dky Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl vof/k esa dqN fo'ks"krk,a mHkjus yxha tks bls izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld dky ls vyx cukrh gSaA ;s ifjorZu e/;dkyhu ;qx esa fuf'pr :i ls mHkj dj vk,A gkykafd gesa ;kn j[kuk gksxk fd bfrgkl ds ,d pj.k ls nwljs pj.k esa ifjorZu u dsoy ,d jktoa'k ls nwljs jktoa'k dh vksj ifjorZu ds :i esa fd;k tkrk gS] cfYd LFkkuh; jktoa'kksa ds mn~Hko ds :i esa Hkh ifjorZu dks thou ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ;kfu vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuhfrd] lkaLÑfrd vkfn ds laca/k esa ns[kk vkSj fo'ysf"kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bu lHkh {ks=ksa esa ge bl pj.k ds nkSjku egRoiw.kZ ifjorZu ikrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] lkearh lajpuk lesfdr gks xbZ vkSj bl vof/k ds var esa fnYyh lYrur dh LFkkiuk gqbZA lkearokn dh dqN fo'ks"krk,a xqIrdky ls lkeus vkbZa vkSj os xqIrksÙkj dky esa vkSj vf/kd mtkxj gqbaZA cM+h la[;k esa vuqnku izkIrdrkZvksa dks Hkwfe dk vuqnku fd;k x;kA bu Hkw-Lokfe;ksa us jktuhfrd vf/kdkj Hkh gkfly fd,A fdlkuksa] dkjhxjksa vkSj O;kikfj;ksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa ij izfrca/k yxk;k x;kA Ñ"kdksa dh fLFkfr fcxM+rh xbZ vkSj tcju Je dks izeq[krk feyhA 'kgjhdj.k dh izfØ;k dks ,d >Vdk yxk vkSj okf.kT; vkSj O;kikj esa fxjkoV ns[kh xbZA ge ;gka mYys[k djuk pkgsaxs fd v/;;u ds rgr vof/k dk bfrgkl fofHkUu lzksrksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA ,sfrgkfld lanHkZ esa tkudkjh] fo'ys"k.k vkSj O;k[;k djus ds fy, bfrgkldkj ledkyhu lkfgfR;d xzUFkksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSA f'kykys[k vkSj iqjkrkfRod lzksr bl vof/k ij vko';d tkudkjh iznku djrs gSaA igyh bdkbZ bu lzksrksa ls lacaf/kr gS tks bl vof/k ds iqufuZekZ.k ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA ,sfrgkfld ys[ku dh dqN fo/kk,¡ bl dky esa lkekU; gqbZa tSls pfjr] dkO; vkSj oa'kkofy;k¡A bl vof/k us bLykeh bfrgkl-ys[ku dh 'kq:vkr Hkh ns[kh vkSj dbZ fo}kuksa us ,sls xzUFkksa dks fy[kk ftUgas izÑfr esa okLro esa ,sfrgkfld ekuk tk ldrk gSA bdkb;ka 2] 3 vkSj 4 fofHkUu {ksf=; jktuhfrd 'kfDr;ksa ls lacaf/kr gSa ftUgksaus vius-vius {ks=ksa esa idM+ et+cwr dhA ge ,d lkekU; Lrj ij mudh izÑfr ij ppkZ djsaxs vkSj mudh {ks=h; fo'ks"krkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsaxsA dqN jktuhfrd 'kfDr;ka tSls jktiwr oa'k viuk izHkko fn[kkrh gSaA ge jkT;ksa ds mn; esa oa'kksa vkSj Hkwfe vf/kdkjksa tSls dkjdksa ds egRo dk vkadyu djsaxsA dbZ 'kfDr-Lrjksa ds ,dhdj.k dh izÑfr ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyk tk,xkA nf{k.k Hkkjr dh jktuhfr ls irk pyrk gS fd iYyoksa ¼NBh 'krkCnh½ vkSj pksyksa ¼rsjgoha 'krkCnh½ ds e/; fof'k"V jktuhfrd-lkaLÑfrd fo'ks"krkvksa ds lkFk ,d {ks=h; jkT; ds :i esa rfey o`gr-{ks= dk fodkl gqvkA ikapoh bdkbZ bl vof/k esa okLrqf'kYi ijaijk ds ,d fuf'pr :i /kkj.k djus dh izfØ;k dks le>us dk iz;kl djsxhA nzfoM+] ukxj vkSj oslj uked rhu LFkkiR; 'kSfy;ka mHkjhaA dyk vkSj okLrqdyk esa Hkh {ks=h;rk dh izo`fÙk us tM+s tek yhaA eafnj dh okLrqdyk vkSj vU; dyk,a tSls iRFkj o /kkrq dh ewfrZ;ka] fp=dyk xqIrksÙkj 'krkfCn;ksa esa yksxksa ds HkkSfrd thou esa gks jgs ifjorZuksa dk lwpd gSA izkphu e/;dkyhu vkSj vk/kqfud ;qx ds lanHkZ esa vkof/kdrk ¼Periodization½ iw.kZ :i ls lafnX/k ugha gS] okLro esa ge blls cp ugha ldrsA leL;k rc 'kq: gksrh gS tc ge izkphu Hkkjr dks fgUnw] e/;dkyhu ds lkFk eqfLye vkSj vk/kqfud ds lkFk ^fczfV'k* dky dh igpku djrs gSaA ysfdu lcls dfBu dk;Z mijksDr vof/k ls lacaf/kr frfFk;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk gSA izkphu Hkkjr dc lekIr gqvk vkSj e/;dkyhu Hkkjr dh 'kq:vkr dc gqbZ\ vk/kqfud Hkkjr dh vof/k-lhek D;k gksuh pkfg,\ bl leL;k dk gy djus ds fy, fuf'pr :i ls dksbZ ^^oSKkfud** fuf'pr frfFk;k¡ ugha nh tk ldrhaA vkSj 'kk;n ;gh dkj.k gS fd ge D;ksa bruh vklkuh ls ,d vkof/kdrk dks viukrs gSa tks lpsr :i ls ;k vU;Fkk Hkkjrh; bfrgkl ds fganw] eqfLye vkSj fczfV'k dky ds oxhZdj.k ls 'kk;n gh vyx gSA la;ksx ls] lHkh rhu ^dky* fons'kh vkØe.kksa esa fLFkr gks ldrs gSa & vk;Z] rqdhZ vkSj fczfV'kA bl cgl dks NksM+rs gq, ge dqN lgtrk ds lkFk dg ldrs gSa fd 712 lh-bZ- ¼tc eqgEen fcu d+kfle us fla/k ds jktk ngj dks gjk;k Fkk½ esa Hkkjr esa igyh egRoiw.kZ eqfLye ?kqliSB us ,d u, nkSj dh 'kq:vkr dh ftlus x+t+uk ds egewn ls ysdj 'kgkcqíhu eqgEen xkSjh rd ds vkØe.kksa dh ,d J`a[kyk mRiUu dhA ;fn 1192 lh-bZ- esa rjkbu dh nwljh yM+kbZ us Hkkjr dh vklUu jktuhfrd fu;fr dk ladsr fn;k rks 1206 lh-bZ- Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa ,d izeq[k ?kVuk cu x;h tc dqrqcqíhu ,scd igyk lqYrku cukA 6oha vkSj 7oha bdkb;ka izkjafHkd e/;;qxhu dky esa vjc ls fons'kh vkØe.kksa dks le>us ds fy, mldh i`"BHkwfe ij ppkZ djsaxhaA igys rqdZ vkSj ckn esa x+t+uh vkSj ?kqfjn vkØe.k gq,A bu vkØe.kksa us vkØe.kdkfj;ksa vkSj fuokfl;ksa ds chp lkaLÑfrd laidZ dk ekxZ iz'kLr fd;kA ge bu vkØe.kksa ds lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd vkSj rduhdh izHkkoksa ij Hkh ppkZ djsaxsA Hkkjr dk vf/kdka'k bfrgkl mÙkj vkSj nf{k.k esa mHkjus okyh izeq[k jktuhfr ij dsafnzr gSA 'kk;n gh ge iwohZ Hkkjr ij dksbZ ppkZ djrs gSaA bl {ks= esa D;k jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd izfØ;k,a mÙkj vkSj nf{k.k Hkkjr ls vyx Fkha\ ge bl {ks= dh fo'ks"krkvksa dh tk¡p djsaxs tks Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dks u;k n`f"Vdks.k iznku djsxk vkSj bls izÑfr esa vf/kd lexz cuk nsxhA Hkkjrh; fopkjksa vkSj izFkkvksa dk izlkj leqanj ikj gqvk vkSj os nf{k.k-iwoZ ,f'k;k ds ,sfrgkfld] jktuhfrd vkSj lkaLÑfrd {ks= dk fgLlk cusA gkyk¡fd nf{k.k-iwoZ ,f'k;k dks ^o`gn Hkkjr ¼Greater India½* ds lanHkZ esa ns[kuk vkSj bls Hkkjr ds mifuos'k ds :i esa ns[kuk lgh ugha gSA bdkbZ 9 esa ge tk¡p djsaxs fd ;g Hkkjrh; vkSj ogk¡ dh Lons'kh ijaijkvksa dk ,d lekesyu Fkk ftlus nf{k.k-iwoZ ,f'k;k dh laLÑfr vkSj bfrgkl dh jpuk dhA n'kdksa ls] yxHkx ,d lnh ls] vkSifuosf'kd vkSj lkezkT;oknh /kkj.kk,¡ gesa crkrh gSa fd Hkkjrh; lekt lglzkfCn;ksa ls fLFkj jgk gSA ;g lp ugha gSA vxyh pkj bdkb;ksa esa ge ppkZ djsaxs fd dSls e/;;qxhu dky esa Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj laLÑfr] vFkZO;oLFkk] jktO;oLFkk vkSj lekt ds nk;js esa gks jgs ifjorZuksa ds fy, csgn thoar vkSj mÙkjnk;h FksA vkfFkZd {ks= esa dqN cnykoksa ds dkj.k] fo"ks'k :i ls Hkwfe-vuqnku vFkZO;oLFkk ds mHkjus ls] lkekftd-lkaLÑfrd uk pkgrk gS] rks og èkkÆed] ç'kklfud vkSj vkÆFkd bfrgkl ds bl lzksr dh mis{kk ugÈ dj ldrk gSA vfHktkr oxZ ds ckjs esa tkudkjh dk ,d vkSj lzksr gS tks vkSipkfjd igyw ls vyx gSA ;g ckÆMd ¼dfo@HkkV½ ijaijk gSA gkykafd vc ;g yqIr gksrh tk jgh gS Çdrq fo}kuksa dk ekuuk gS fd ;g vkt Hkh tkjh gSA ;g ml lkfgR; dk izfrfuf/kRo djrh gS tks fuEuinLFk o v/khuLFk utfj, dks n'kkZrk gSA ;g mu yksxksa dk –f"Vdks.k gS] tks ;nk- dnk njckj dh xfrfofèk;ksa esa Hkkx ysrs jgs gksa Çdrq vfuok;Z :i ls nwj gh jgrs FksA lkearksa ;k LFkkuh; Lokfe;ksa us mu [email protected]@dfo dks laj{k.k fn;k tks mudh oa'kkoyh vkSj laifÙk ds vfèkdkjksa dk ys[kk-tks[kk ¼jsdkSMZ½ j[krs FksA njckj ds eqa'kh vkSj czkã.k jktxq#] ftUgksaus f'kykys[k vkSj bfrgkl ¼ftUgsa lcls çHkko'kkyh ,sfrgkfld nLrkost ekuk tkrk Fkk½] dks fy[kk Fkk] oS|rk dk ,d Lo:i iznku djrs gSA HkkVksa dk fooj.k nwljk Lo:i gSA çeq[k tkfr;ksa ds ifjokj iaMksa] iqtkfj;ksa-lg-oa'kkoyh fo'kkjn ds laj{kd Fks] tks rhFkZ LFkkuksa tSls iq"dj] gj}kj ds jgus okys FksA fookg] csVs ds tUe] ;k cqtqxksaZ dh ekSr] ;k tc Hkh dksbZ fo'ks"k laLdkj dk;Z dk volj gksrk Fkk rks lifjokj ;s yksx tkrs FksA f'kykys[kksa ds lkFk HkkVksa ds vk[;ku ,sfrgkfld tkx:drk dks fofoèkrk çnku djrs gSa ¼Fkkij] 2013½A HkkVksa dh dfork,¡ LFkkuh; uk;dksa ij dsafær Fkh¡A ;s dfork,¡ egRoiw.kZ gSa D;ksafd buesa mUgksus fuEu gSfl;r okys lewgksa dh èkkj.kkvksa dks iznf'kZr fd;k gSA ;gk¡ pkancjnkbZ }kjk pkSgku jktiwrksa ij fy[ks x;s egkdkO; i`Fohjktjklks dk mnkgj.k fn;k tk ldrk gSA orZeku Lo:i dk ;g egkdkO; lksygoha ;k l=goha 'krkCnh esa fyf[kr ekuk tkrk gS] gkykafd blesa pkj 'krkCnh iwoZ dh ?kVukvksa dk Hkh mYys[k gSA blesa pkSgkuksa dk ckn ds pansy jktkvksa ds lkFk gq, la?k"kZ ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gSA mYys[kuh; gS fd pansy dky ds f'kykys[kksa esa mRdh.kZ vkfèkdkfjd bfrgkl ls ;g vyx gSA la?k"kZ dh xkFkk u dsoy i`Fohjktjklks esa gS] cfYd bl {ks= dh vU; dkO; jpuk,¡] tSls txfud jko dh vYgkjklks esa Hkh ik tk ldrk gSA Hkwfe vf/kdkj dh izÑfr vkSj fodkl] t+ehu ls tqM+s fofHkUu oxksZa dh ijLij vUrj-fuHkZjrk rFkk mRiknu vkSj forj.k izfØ;k Hkh bldks le>us esa enn djrs gSaA % czkã.kksa dks Hkwfe-vuqnku esa feys [ksr ;k iwjs xk¡o dks czãns; vuqnku dgk tkrk gS ftlls os Hkw-Lokeh ;k Hkw-fu;a=d gks tkrs gSaA bldk eryc [kkyh t+ehu dks [ksrh esa ykuk FkkA ekStwn [ksrksa dks ubZ vFkZO;oLFkk esa ykuk Fkk tks czkã.kkasa ds izHkqRo ds rgr FkhA bu czkã.kksa us] fofHkUu lkekftd-vkfFkZd oxksZa dks inksa ds tfj;s vkSj o.kZ-O;oLFkk ds varxZr tkrh; lewgksa ds tfj;s ubZ vFkZO;oLFkk esa ykus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij] 'kwnzksa dks Ñ"kd oxZ esa ykus ds fy, rRdkyhu czkã.koknh lkekftd O;oLFkk esa rkfdZd :i nsus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZA czãns; ds :i esa Hkwfe-vuqnku ds izpyu dh 'kq:vkr 'kkld oa'kksa }kjk dh xbZ vkSj mlds ckn NksVs jktk vkSj lkear vkfn Hkh bldk vuqlj.k djus yxsA czãns; vuqnkuksa us Ñf"k ds foLrkj esa lgk;rk dSls dh\ yy mUgsa cgqr ls djksa vkSj ns;ksa ls iwjh rjg ;k de ls de izkjafHkd voLFkk esa NwV feyh gqbZ Fkh ¼mnkgj.k ds fy, 12 o"kZ½A yy mUgsa cgqr rjg ds fo'ks"kkf/kdkj ¼ifjgkj½ feyrs FksA 'kkld ifjokj lalk/kuksa ds vk/kkj esa foLrkj ls vkfFkZd ykHk ikrs FksA blds vykok] czãns; vuqnku nsus ls mUgsa viuh jktuhfrd lÙkk ds fy, oSpkfjd vk/kkj feyrk FkkA nf{k.k Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa ,slk ns[kk tkrk gS fd czãns; ds :i esa t+ehu ;k rks ,d czkã.k dks ;k dbZ czkã.k ifjokjksa dks] tks fd dqN ls ysdj dbZ lkS vkSj dHkh- dHkh gt+kj ls T+;knk gksrs Fks] nh tkrh FkhA czãns; vko';d :i ls cM+s flapkbZ ds lk/kuksa tSls rkykc ;k >hy ds fudV gksrs FksA ,slk vDlj ns[kk tkrk Fkk fd tc czãns; vuqnku fn;s tkrs Fks rks ml Hkwfe ds fudV u, flapkbZ ds lk/kuksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk FkkA ;g dk;Z lw[ks vkSj v)Z-lw[ks {ks=ksa esa ;k mu bykdksa esa fo'ks"kdj 162 fd;k tkrk Fkk tks o"kkZ ij fuHkZj FksA unh ?kkVh {ks=ksa esa] tgka vf/kd [ksrh gksrh Fkh] os de mRiknu ds {ks=ksa dks lkFk feyk fy;k djrs FksA dHkh-dHkh nks ;k vf/kd cfLr;ksa dks lkFk tksM+dj ,d czãns; ;k ,d vxzgkj cuk fn;k tkrk FkkA mu xkaoksa ls dj olwyus dk vf/kdkj Hkwfenku ikus okys czkã.kksa dks ns fn;k tkrk Fkk vkSj mUgsa nku esa feyh t+ehu ij [ksrh djus dk vf/kdkj Hkh fey tkrk FkkA nku esa nh xbZ t+ehu ;k xkao dh lhek,a izk;% cM+h lko/kkuh ls r; dh tkrh FkhaA xkao ds vanj Hkh lHkh fdLe dh t+ehu tSls & ue] lw[kh vkSj ckx vkfn dk fooj.k Hkh fn;k tkrk FkkA dHkh-dHkh fo'ks"k Qlyksa vkSj isM+ksa dk mYys[k Hkh gksrk FkkA Hkw-nku dk eryc Hkwfe vf/kdkj ds gLrkarj.k ls T+;knk gksrk Fkk tSls dbZ ekeyksa esa xkao ds jktLo vkSj vkfFkZd lalk/kuksa ds lkFk-lkFk ekuo lalk/ku tSls & fdlku] dkjhxj vkSj nwljs yksxksa dks Hkh nku ikus okys ds uke gLrkarfjr dj fn;k tkrk FkkA ,sls Hkh izek.k feys gSa ftlesa xkao ds yksxksa dh lkeqnkf;d t+ehu ;k rkykc vkSj >hy ij vfrØe.k dj fy;k tkrk FkkA bl rjg czkã.k yksx bu cfLr;ksa esa Ñf"k mRiknu ds izcU/kd gks x, vkSj blds fy, bUgksaus viuh lHkk;sa laxfBr dj yhaA lkroha lnh ds mijkar jktdh; vf/kdkfj;ksa dks Hkh Hkwfe nku ds :i esa osru fn;k tkus yxkA bldk fo'ks"k egRo gS D;ksafd blls ,d nwljs t+ehankj oxZ dk mn; gqvk tks czkã.k ugha FksA iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa dks t+ehu nku nsus dk mYys[k dkQ+h izkjaHk ls 200 lh-bZ- ¼euq ds le; esa½ feyrk gSA ysfdu bldk T+;knk izpyu xqIr dky ds ckn gqvkA e/; Hkkjr] jktLFkku] xqtjkr] fcgkj vkSj caxky ds lkfgfR;d xzaFkksa ls irk pyrk gS fd ea=h] fj'rsnkj vkSj os yksx tks j{kk lsokvksa esa layXu Fks mUgsa nloha ls ckjgoha lnh esa dbZ rjg ds vuqnku fn, x,A iky Hkwfe ?kks"k.kki=ksa esa mYysf[kr jktk] jktiq=] jk.kd vkSj egklkear vkfn yksx eq[;r% t+ehu ls tqM+s tkxhjnkj FksA ,d {ks= ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dks feys vuqnku vyx-vyx gksrs FksA mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij] ge vk/kk ntZu ijekj vf/kdkfj;ksa ds ckjs esa lqurs gSa ijUrq muesa ls dqN dks gh t+ehu vuqnku ds :i esa feyh FkhA xqtjkr ds pkyqD;ksa ds v/khu Åaps vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj lkearksa dks cgqr cM+s Hkw-{ks= vuqnku ds :i esa fn, x,A izkIr izek.k ;g crkrs gSa fd vle] caxky vkSj fcgkj esa dqy feykdj tks vuqnku fn, x,] muls vf/kd flQZ mMh'kk esa fn;s x;sA blds vykok] vf/kdkfj;ksa dks fo'ks"kkf/kdkj feys ftuds varxZr os fo'ks"k olwyh izkIr dj ldrs FksA budh vof/k r; ugha Fkh ijUrq ;s fuf'pr :i ls ,sls fcpkSfy, iSnk djrs Fks ftudh iV~~Vsnkjksa dh t+ehu esa #fp gksrh FkhA vfHkys[kksa ls ;g fo'ks"k izek.k feyrk gS fd czkã.k vkSj xSj-czkã.k /kkfeZd izfr"Bkuksa dks migkj feyrs FksA ;s LFkku Ñf"k cfLr;ksa ds fy, dsUnz-fcUnq dk dke djrs Fks vkSj laLÑfr-laØe.k ds tfj, fdlku cfLr;ksa vkSj tutkrh; cfLr;ksa dks ,dhÑr djrs FksA eafnj dh t+ehu iV~Vs ij iV~Vsnkjksa dks nh tkrh Fkh tks mit dk ,d cM+k fgLlk eafnjksa dks nsrs FksA ,slh t+ehu vxzgkj O;oLFkk ds czãns; ;k egktuksa dh lHkk }kjk lapkfyr dh tkrh FkhA xSj-czkã.k cfLr;ksa esa Hkh eafnj eq[; laLFkku cu x,A eafnj dh t+ehusa xSj-czkã.kksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ eafnj dk;Zdkfj.kh lfefr ls lapkfyr gksrh Fkh tSls rfeyukMq ds osyYyk vkSj dukZVd o vka/kz ds vksDdyw] daiqyq vkfnA tkfr la?k eafnj ds bnZ-fxnZ dke djrk Fkk ftleas fofHkUu oxksZa dks tkfr vkSj deZdk.Mh; Lrj ns fn;k x;k FkkA bl izfØ;k esa os yksx ftUgsa v'kq) vkSj fuEu is'ks okyk le>k tkrk Fkk os vNwr le>s tkus yxsA mUgsa eafnj esa ugha vkus fn;k tkrk Fkk vkSj mUgsa cLrh ds ckgj jgus dks txg nh tkrh FkhA 163 eafnj dh t+ehu dh ns[kjs[k czkã.k vkSj xSj-czkã.k Hkw-ifr vfHktkR; oxZ djrs FksA LFkkuh; bdkb;k¡ ftuesa Hkwfeifr vfHktkR; oxksZa dk opZLo Fkk] flapkbZ ds lk/kuksa dks fu;af=r djrh FkhaA bl rjg czkã.k] eafnj] xSj-czkã.k] t+ehankj] ukSdjh iznku djus okys rFkk Hkwfe ij fo'ks"kkf/kdkj j[kus okys oxZ izkjafHkd e/;;qxhu Ñf"k O;oLFkk esa izeq[k LFkku j[krs FksA u, Hkwfeifr vfHktkR;ksa ds varxZr ifjokjksa ds iz/kku vkSj LFkkuh; fdlkuksa ds izeq[k] ftUgsa dkuwuh vf/kdkj vFkkZr Hkwfe dh ns[kjs[k djus vkSj ml ij LokfeRo dk vf/kdkj Fkk] vkrs FksA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] jktk vkSj okLrfod mRiknd ds chp esa fcpkSfy;ksa dk oxZ mHkjdj vk x;kA Hkwfe-vuqnkuksa dk ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw vuqnku ikus okys dks fn, x, vf/kdkj gSaA fn, tkus okys vf/kdkjksa esa foÙkh; vkSj iz'kklfud vf/kdkj Hkh gSaA djksa esa Hkwfe-dj tks jktLo dk ,d cM+k fgLlk Fkk vkSj ftls jktk ;k ljdkj dks fn;k tkrk Fkk] vc t+ehu izkIr djus okyksa dks lkSai fn;k x;kA ,sls ifjgkj ¼NwV½ ftudk lanHkZ rkezi=ksa vkSj f'kykys[kksa esa feyrk gS ftlesa NwV dh ckr ntZ dh x;h gS vkSj tks okLro esa jktk dks ns; gksrh Fkh] mlesa vnk;xh ikus dk vf/kdkj t+ehu ikus okyksa dks gLrkarfjr dj fn;k x;kA ,slk izrhr gksrk gS fd ;g /keZ'kkL=ksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k tks Hkwfe ij jktk ds vf/kdkj dks LFkkfir djuk pkgrs Fks vkSj ,sls vuqnkuksa dks mfpr Bgjkrs Fks ftlls fcpkSfy;ksa dk mn; gqvA gkykafd bl ckr ds izek.k feys gSa fd izkjafHkd cfLr;kas esa Hkwfe vf/kdkj dk vk/kkj lkewfgd Hkh gksrk Fkk ysfdu futh LokfeRo ;k vf/kdkj dk bl ckr ls irk pyrk gS fd t+ehu ikus okyksa dks t+ehu ns nsus ;k gLrkarfjr djus dk vf/kdkj FkkA mUgsa bu cfLr;ksa eas nwljs oa'kkuqxr ykHk Hkh feyrs FksA Hkwfe migkj vDlj t+ehu [kjhnus ds ckn fn, tkrs FksA laHkor%] /kkfeZd vkSj xSj-/kkfeZd nksuksa izdkj ds oa'kkuqxr LokfeRo dk fodkl ,sls vuqnkuksa ls gqvkA Ñf"k foLrkj ds ckotwn xzkeh.k ifjn`'; le:i ugha FkkA fdlku oxZ Js.khc) FkkA iqjkus le; vkSj iwoZ-dky ds xgifr ds foijhr vc fofHkUu Js.kh ds vf/kdkjh t+ehu ls tqM+s Fks tSls & {ksf=d] d`"kd] gfyu vkSj vf/kdA bu ukeksa esa Hkw-LokfeRo dk dksbZ ladsr ugha feyrk gS ftlls yxrk gS fd ;s fofHkUu Js.kh ds Ñ"kdksa dh ppkZ dj jgs gSaA czãns; dk xSj-czãns; esa ifjorZu ;k xSj-czãns; dk vxzgkj esa ifjorZu xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ruko dk laHkkfor dkj.k FkkA d'ehj esa Mej ¼Damara½ fonzksg] caxky esa jkeiky ds le; esa dSorksZa dk fonzksg] rfeyukMq eas t+ehu vfrØe.k dh fLFkfr esa vkRenkg] ikaM~; {ks= esa 'kwnzksa }kjk nku dh xbZ t+ehu ij dCt+k] fcpkSfy;ksa ds izfr vfo'okl dk ladsr nsrs gSaA ;g rF; fd nku nsus okys izk;% ,slh t+ehu dh ryk'k djrs Fks tgka ij [ksrh fooknkLin ugha gks] mFky-iqFky ds ladsr nsrk gSA vxzgkj-vuqnkuksa ds vkl-ikl ik, x, ohjxyksa ¼hero-stones½ ls Hkh Ñf"k cfLr;kas eas gks jgh vUn:uh mFky-iqFky ij ge izdk'k Mky ldrs gSaA dHkh-dHkh ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd izkjafHkd e/;;qxhu vkfFkZd laxBu] tks fd eq[; 164 rkSj ij Ñf"k ij vk/kkfjr vkSj vkRefuHkZj xzkeh.k vFkZO;oLFkk Fkh] esa mRiknu dk eq[; mn~ns'; thfodksiktZu Fkk vkSj ;g ckt+kj ds fu;eksa ij vk/kkfjr ;k muls tqM+h gqbZ ugha FkhA blfy, vkfFkZd fodkl dh cgqr de lEHkkouk FkhA dkjhxj vkSj nLrdkj xkaoksa ls] vuqnku Hkwfe ls ;k /kkfeZd izfr"Bkuksa ls tqM+s jgrs FksA O;kikfj;kas vkSj fcpkSfy;ksa dh fo'ks"k Hkwfedk ugha FkhA os flQZ xkao ds yksxksa dks yksgs ds vkStkj] rsy] elkys] diM+k vkfn dh vkiwfrZ djrs FksA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ckt+kj O;oLFkk dk cgqr lhfer dk;Z FkkA mi;qZDr rLohj 300 ls 800 lh-bZ- ds fy, dkQ+h lgh gSA gkykafd ckn ds 500 lkyksa esa Ñf"k cfLr;ksa esa dkQ+h rsth ls o`f) gqbZ vkSj LFkkuh; forj.k ds fy, LFkkuh; ckt+kjksa dk fodkl gqvkA ckn esa] ,d {ks= ls nwljs {ks= esa fu;fer forj.k ds dkj.k laxfBr okf.kT; dk mn; gqvkA blls O;kikjh la?kksa ds Hkze.k'khy O;kikj vkSj ukSoha lnh ls vkaf'kd eqnzkdj.k dk fodkl gqvkA ;|fi ,d {ks= ls nwljs {ks= esa bu fo'ks"krkvksa esa lkis{k varj FkkA ysfdu ubZ vFkZO;oLFkk esa Ñf"k dh ck us Hkkjr esa lkeUrokn ds mn; ds dkj.k ds :i esa yach nwjh ds O;kikj ds vHkko ij cgqr vf/kd fuHkZj gksus ds fy, vkj- ,l- 'kekZ dh vkykspuk dhA ijUrq bfrgkldkjksa }kjk bl ckr ij cy] fd ;wjksi ds lekarj gh 1000 lh-bZ- ds vklikl O;kikj dk iqu#RFkku gqvk] okLro esa lkeUrokfn;ksa }kjk bl fu/kkZfjr frfFk ls dkQ+h iwoZ gh Hkkjr ds vusd {ks=ksa esa O;kikj Qy-Qwy jgk FkkA ch- Mh- pV~Vksik/;k; us bls de ls de ,d 'krkCnh iwoZ ?kfVr gqvk n'kkZ;k gSA j.kchj pØorhZ us viuh nks iqLrdksa & VªsM bu vyhZ bafM;k] 2001 vkSj VsªM ,.M VªsMlZ bu vyhZ bafM;u lkslkbVh] 2002 esa lac) dky esa Qyrs-Qwyrs O;kikj ds i;kZIr izek.k lkeus j[ks gSaA eqnzk dh deh-laca/kh vo/kkj.kk ij Hkh] tks Hkkjrh; lkeUrokn dh vo/kkj.kk dk vk/kkj gS] ch- Mh- pV~Vksik/;k; ,oa ch- ,u- eq[kthZ tSls vUos'kdksa }kjk fo'ks"k :i ls izfrokn fd;k x;kA tkWu ,l- 176 Ms;sy ¼John S. Deyell½ us Hkh viuh iqLrd fyfoax fonkmV flYoj] 1990 esa eqnzk dh vHkko-laca/kh /kkj.kk dks xaHkhj :i ls pqukSrh nhA gesa ;g Hkh /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, fd lksuk] pk¡nh ;k rk¡ck tSlh /kkrq,¡ gh e/;dkyhu lektksa esa eqnzk dk ,dek= :i ugha FkhaA ekdZ CykWd us n'kkZ;k gS fd e/;dkyhu ;wjksi esa yxHkx gj pht+ fofue; dk ek/;e] vFkkZr eqnzk dk dke dj ldrh FkhA elkys dh fdlh [kkl fdLe dk ,d fu;r@fuf'pr eki] fdlh [kkl fdLe ds diM+s dk VqdM+k] fdlh fo'ks"k vukt dk ,d eki bR;kfnA Hkkjr eas Hkh fofue;-ek/;e ds :i esa dkSfM+;ksa dh ijEijk us bfrgkldkjksa dk /;ku vkÑ"V fd;k gS vkSj ;g rF; mldh egÙkk dks n'kkZrk gS fd dkSfM+;k¡ izkIr djus esa oLrqr% yach nwjh dk O;kikj 'kkfey Fkk] D;ksafd dkSfM+;k¡ lqnwj ekynho ls vkrh FkhaA dqN vU; i)fr-laca/kh leL;k,¡ Hkh n`f"Vxr gksrh gSaA ;fn yxHkx 300 lh-bZ- vkSj yxHkx 1100 lh-bZ- ds chp dk dky Hkkjrh; lkeUrokn dk dky gS rks mÙkjksÙkj dky] vFkkZr ^e/;dkyhu Hkkjr*] tSlk fd lkekU;r% vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ykxw gksus ds iwoZ ds dky dks dgk tkrk gS] dks fdl izdkj vfHkyf{kr fd;k tk,\ blds vfrfjDr] D;k bruh yach dkykof/k dks bl vLi'V /kkj.kk ds lkFk ,dek= 'kh"kZd ds vUrxZr j[kk tk ldrk gS fd leLr dkykof/k flQZ ,d bdkbZ Fkh ftlesa dksbZ cM+k ifjorZu ugha gqvk\ ekdZ CykWd us] mnkgj.kkFkZ] 1000 lh-bZ- ds vklikl eksVs rkSj ij fd, x, foHkktu ds lkFk ;wjksi esa lkeUrokn ds dky dks ^izFke lkeUrh ;qx* vkSj ^f}rh; lkeUrh ;qx* esa oxhZÑr fd;kA muds n`f"Vdks.k ls ;g ifjorZu bruk rhoz Fkk fd ,d ;qx ls vk;k O;fDr nwljs ;qx esa Lo;a dks vtuch ikrkA lkeUrokn dh lajpuk ds Hkhrj xgu ifjorZu vc ;wjksih; bfrgkl ys[ku dh ijEijkxr /kkj.kk cu pqdh gS] gkykafd fofHkUu bfrgkldkjksa }kjk iz;qDr 'kCn cs'kd fHkUurk fy, gq, gSaA dqN bfrgkldkj ^izFke vkSj f}rh; lkeUrh ;qx* ds ctk; ^fuEu vkSj mPp e/;-;qx* dguk ilan djrs gSaA lkFk gh] bl ckr ij lgefr Hkh Fkh fd ;wjksi esa lkeUrokn ds ckn gh iw¡thokn dk mn; vkSj la?kVu gqvkA mifuos'kokn iw¡thokn ds mn; dk gh ,d igyw FkkA vkB 'krkfCn;ksa dh dkykof/k esa Hkkjrh; lkeUrokn esa mlds vfLrRo-laca/kh fdl izdkj ds ifjorZu ns[ks tk ldrs gSa\ vkSj yxHkx 1100 lh-bZ- ds ckn lkearokn ds mijkar dkSulk ;qx vk;k\ fuf'pr :i ls og iw¡thokn ugha FkkA lkeUrokn ds i{k/kjksa us bu iz'uksa dks xaHkhjrk ls ugha fy;k gSA Mh- Mh- dkslkEch us yxHkx ,d ckSf)d lqLi"V oDrO; ds :i esa lkeUrokn dh fo|ekurk dks 17oha 'krkCnh rd n'kkZ;k( mUgksaus bl dky dks Ng 'krkfCn;ksa rd vkSj cus ds fy, vewY; lzksr gSaA Hkkjr esa vjch vkSj Qkjlh ds HkkSxksfyd vkSj ;k=k laLej.k ¿lqyseku ¼yxHkx 851 lh-bZ-½ bCu[kqnkZnfcg ¼882 lh-bZ-½] vy-elwnh ¼915 lh-bZ-½] cqqtqxZ bCu 'kgfj;kj ¼995 lh-bZ-½] gqnwn-vy vkye dk csuke ys[kd ¼982 lh-bZ-½] vy-c:uh ¼973-1048 lh-bZ-½] vkSj vy-bnjhlh ¼1162 lh-bZ-½À Hkkjrh; mRiknd oLrqvksa ,oa if'pe ,f'k;k ds lkFk Hkkjr ds O;kikj laca/kksa ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh ls Hkjiwj gSa] gkykafd ;s fooj.k dgha-dgha ,d gh lh ckr dgrs gSa] D;ksafd T;knkrj vjch ys[kdksa us Hkkjr dk Hkze.k gh ugha fd;k FkkA bu fooj.kksa esa lhfj;k ds bZlkbZ fHk{kq dkWLekl banhdkWIY;wLrl ds NBh 'krkCnh lh-bZ- ds mÙkjk)Z esa fy[ks fooj.kksa vkSj osful ;k=h ekdksZ iksyks ¼rsjgoha 'krkCnh dk mÙkjk)Z½ ds Hkkjr laca/kh izfl) fooj.kksa dks tksM+k tk ldrk gSA ,d vlk/kkj.k izdkj dk lzksr gS e/;dkyhu ;gwnh O;kikfj;ksa ds i=] tks Hkkjr ds if'peh rV vkSj yky lkxj ds chp fu;fer :i ls O;kikj djrs FksA ;|fi muds lEidksZa ds eq[; fcUnq dukZVd ,oa ekykckj rV Fks] bu vuqie O;kikj-i=ksa esa yach nwjh ds O;kikj esa okLrfod Hkkxhnkjksa ds vuqHkoksa dks fyfic) fd;k x;k gSA ;s xqtjkr rV ij O;kikj laca/kh egRoiw.kZ rF; izLrqr djrs gSaA 600 ch-lh-bZ- ls 300 lh-bZ- esa izpqj ek=k esa izkIr iqjkrRoh; vkadM+ksa dh rqyuk esa ckn dh lglzkfCn ds nkSjku gesa flQZ eqV~BhHkj mR[kfur ,oa vUosf'kr lkefxz;k¡ gh izkIr gksrh gSA izkjafHkd ,sfrgkfld cfLr;ksa ls fHkUu] izkjafHkd e/;dkyhu cfLr;ksa dk ;kstukc) :i ls vUos'k.k ,oa mR[kuu ugha fd;k x;k gS vkSj blh dkj.k O;kikj ,oa 'kgjhdj.k laca/kh iqjkrRoh; vkadM+s furkUr vi;kZIr gSaA xqIrdkyhu 'kkldksa dks mRÑ"V Lo.kZ vkSj jtr flDds tkjh djus dk Js; tkrk gSA xqIr 'kkldksa ds Lo.kZ flDdksa dh udy lkroha 'krkCnh lh-bZ- dh dbZ NksVh jktlÙkkvksa }kjk fd;k x;kA ijUrq cgqewY; /kkrq ¼lksuk vkSj pk¡nh½ ds flDdksa dh la[;k esa izkjafHkd e/;dky esa iwoZ 'krkfCn;ksa ds flDdksa dh la[;k dh rqyuk esa deh vkbZA mRÑ'V flDdksa dh

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