BGA_&_Azolla.pdf

BIOFERTILIZER APPLICATION IN RICE Azolla Azospirillum BGA Phosphobacteria 1 BGA 2  BGA Fix atmospheric nitrogen Increase rice BLUE Con...

BIOFERTILIZER APPLICATION IN RICE Azolla Azospirillum BGA Phosphobacteria 1 BGA 2  BGA Fix atmospheric nitrogen Increase rice BLUE Contribute yield by GREEN 25- 30 kg N 10-15 % ALGAE /ha /season Secrete Vitamins & hormones  MASS PRODUCTION OF BGA CULTURE Shallow trays (2m x 1m) of galvanized sheet Spread 8-10 kg soil and 200 g SSP Add water (5-15cm) Sprinkle algal culture Expose to sunlight  MASS PRODUCTION OF BGA CULTURE Thick algal mat forms at 15-21 days Allow water to evaporate Collect dry algal flakes Make into powder and pack in polybags  METHOD OF APPLICATION OF BGA Broadcast 10 kg soil based culture/ha. 5-7 days after transplanting of rice seedlings Maintain sufficient water (5 –10 cm) for 15 days A thick algal mat is formed at 15 days Drain off water and allow algal mat to settle  BGA Nitrogen fixing BGA are of three groups:  Heterocystous - aerobic forms,  Aerobic unicellular forms and  Non-heterocystous, filamentous, & micro-aerophilic forms Composite inoculum consisting: Nostoc, Anabaena, Calothrix, Tolypothrix, Plectonema, Aphanothece, Gloeocapasa, Oscillatoria, Cylindrospermum, Aulosira and Scytonema 6/18/2024 7 Azolla 8  Azolla Free-floating water fern Forms symbiotic association with Anabaena azollae Requires standing water for its establishment Floats in water, grows rapidly in moderate weather Excellent green manure/supplies nitrogen, mobilize K Reduces volatilization of top dressed urea, Reduces weed growth, potential rice biofertilizer High biomass content (up to 5.2 t D M) and high protein content. Excretes ammonium nitrogen & adds organic carbon to soil.  MASS MULTIPLICATION OF AZOLLA HOMESTEAD METHOD Prepare pit 2m length,1m width & 20cm depth Spread polythene sheet (2.6mx1.6m) over the pit Add SSP (10g), MOP (10g) , dry cow dung (100g) & Azolla 300 g Mud plastering the surroundings & pour water level (10 cm ) Multiply for 15 days. Harvest and repeat the above procedure Prepare pit 2m length,1m width & 20cm depth Mud plastering the surroundings & pour water level (10 cm ) Add SSP (10g), MOP (10g) , Carbofuran(2 g),cow dung (10kg)slurry & Azolla 200-250 g Multiply for 15 days. FIELD METHOD FOR AZOLLA MULTIPLICATION Prepare and level the field uniformly Divide the field into 20x5m providing suitable bunds & irrigation channel Maintain 10 cm water depth Add 10 kg cowdung+8kg Azolla+100 gm SSP /plot Harvest after 15 days  METHOD OF APPLICATION OF AZOLLA Incorporate as green manure before transplanting of rice ( 500 kg/ha) Dual culture with rice 7 days after transplanting & allow to multiply and incorporate (500 kg/ha)  Site of nitrogen fixation in BGA Heterocysts are the sites of N fixation Fix atmospheric nitrogen about 20-30 kg/ha/season Reduce 25% nitrogen requirement N becomes available by 6/18/2024 death and exudation 6/18/2024  INTRODUCTION Biofertilizers are preparations containing live or latent cells of efficient strains of nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilizing or cellulolyotic micro- organisms Which is used for application to seed or composting areas with the objective of increasing the number of such micro-organisms and accelerating those microbial processes which augment the availability of nutrients that can be easily assimilated by plants.  Biofertilizer Classification 6/18/2024 39  Advantages of Biofertilizers Renewable source of nutrients Sustain soil health Supplement chemical fertilizers. Replace 25-30% chemical fertilizers Increase the grain yields by 10-40%. Decompose plant residues, and stabilize C:N ratio of soil Improve texture, structure and water holding capacity of soil No adverse effect on plant growth and soil fertility. Stimulates plant growth by secreting growth hormones. Secrete fungistatic and antibiotic like substances Solubilize and mobilize nutrients Eco-friendly, non-pollutants and cost effective method  SEED TREATMENT FOR DIRECT SEEDED RICE Keep the seeds required for sowing one acre in a heap on a clean cemented floor or gunny bag. Prepare culture suspension by mixing one packet {200g} each of Azospirillum and PSB biofertilizer in approx. 800 ml water {1:2} Sprinkle the culture suspension on the heap of the seeds and mix by hand so that thin coating is uniformly applied to the seeds. Spread the seeds under shade for sometime for drying and then sow. In place of water, rice glue { Kanji} can also be used for better results 6/18/2024 41 SEEDLING ROOT DIP METHOD FOR TRANSPLANTED RICE Prepare the suspension by mixing l kg {5 packets} each culture of Azospirillum and PSB in 15-20 litres of water. Get the rice seedlings required for one acre and make small bundles of seedlings. Dip the seedlings root in the suspension for 8-10 hrs and transplant immediately. 6/18/2024 42  How bacteria work in soil Biofertilizer applied to seed or seedlings bacteria remain around seeds or seedlings and use organic carbon for their metabolism. When seeds are germinated or seedlings set in soil they leave root exudates which become food of these bacteria. They grow on these substances which include sugar, organic acids, amino acids and fix atmospheric nitrogen most efficiently. Nitrogen so fixed by these bacteria becomes available to plants after dead and degradation of bacteria.  Azolla success story of S E Asia Azolla Collection Azolla Collection Selling at market Collecting on Transportation dykes Biofertlizers: their contribution and recommended dose Biofertlizers Function/contribution Dose BGA 25-30 kg N/ha 1-5 kg/ha Azolla 30 kg N/ha 5q/ha Azospirillum 10 – 40 kg N/ha 2 kg /ha PSB 10-15 kg P/ha 2kg/ha Guar (2006) Effect of bio-fertilizers on the yield and yield attributes of rice in the field Treatments Grain yield Straw yield Test (t/ha (t/ha) weight (g) T1 Control 4.3 3.3 27.5 T2 BGA 4.9 3.5 27.9 T3 NPK(80:30:30) 4.8 3.8 27.7 T4 Azolla 5.2 3.9 28.3 F-test * * * Scientific World, Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2005 Gurung* and Prasad* Effect of bio-fertilizers in the N content in rice in the field Total Nitrogen content (kg/ha) Treatments Soil Grain Straw T1 Control 3.8 22.0 20.2 T2 BGA 4.0 22.6 21.0 T3 NPK(80:30:30) 3.8 21.2 20.4 T4 Azolla 4.6 25.4 22.0 F-test ns * ns Scientific World, Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2005 Gurung* and Prasad Effect of bio-fertilizers on the yield and yield attributes of rice in the pot Treatments Grain Straw Test yield yield weight (g) (g/pot) (g/pot) Control (without P1 biofertilizers) 8.6 10.7 21.8 Rice plant with BGA P2 9.4 11.8 22.3 NPK (80:30:30) P3 11 14.4 22.8 Rice Plant with Azolla inoculation P4 10 12.3 22.4 Rice Plant with Azolla P5 incorporation before 8.9 10.9 22.1 transplantation Rice Plant with Azolla P6 incorporation followed by 10.2 12.9 22.7 inoculation Rice Plant with Azolla double incorporation P7 10.8 12.8 23.2 F test * * * Scientific World, Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2005 Gurung* and Prasad Effect of bio-fertilizers in the N content in rice in the pot Total Nitrogen content (t/ha) Treatments Soil Grain Straw Control (without P1 biofertilizers) 4.2 22.4 20.2 Rice plant with BGA P2 4.4 23.8 20.8 NPK (80:30:30) P3 5.2 28.0 25.8 Rice Plant with Azolla inoculation P4 5.4 27.0 23.0 Rice Plant with Azolla P5 incorporation before 4.4 22.6 20.6 transplantation Rice Plant with Azolla P6 incorporation followed by 5.6 27.0 25.2 inoculation Rice Plant with Azolla double P7 incorporation 6.0 27.6 26.0 F test ns * * Scientific World, Vol. 3, No. 3, July 2005 Gurung* and Prasad Effect of BGA on grain yield of wetland rice Treatment Grain Yield(q/ha) No BGA 40.0 BGA 43.1 CD (P=0.05) 2.92 Prasad et al., 1995 Effect of Azospirillum on grain and straw yields of rainfed transplanted rice Treatment Grain yield Straw yield (kg/ha) (kg/ha) 1997-98 pooled 1997-98 pooled A0, No Azospirillum 4,394 5,565 A1 Azospirillum 4,957 6,289 CD(p=0.05) 167.52 160.47 IJA , 46:645 Manjappa (2001)  Effect of Azospirillum on yield parameters of rainfed transplanted rice Treatment Panicles/m2 Filled Chaffyness Test weight grains/Panicle (%) (g) A0, No Azospirillum 207.3 97.0 21.18 34.08 A1, Azospirillum 219.7 108.0 19.31 34.93 CD(p=0.05) 6.58 4.95 1.460 0.829 IJA , 46:646 Manjappa (2001)  Effect of different treatments on yield attributes in basmati rice Treat- Panicle No of Filled No. of Test ment length (cm) grains/Panicle unfilled weight (g) grains/panicle T1 BGA 24.8 76.0 17.2 24.7 T2 Azolla 22.3 75.5 15.5 26.4 T3 Azotobacter 21.8 73.9 16.8 24.0 T4 PSB 22.1 74.5 14.2 25.7 T5 AM fungi 24.2 75.6 17.2 24.0 T6 BGA + PSB 27.4 77.4 18.3 25.7 T7 Azotobacter + PSB 24.7 75.9 17.2 24.6 T8 Azolla + PSB 27.4 76.5 18.2 25.3 T9 BGA + AM fungi 28.2 77.6 19.2 25.0 T10 Azolla + AM fungi 23.3 76.8 18.0 24.6 T11 Azotobacter + AM fungi 21.4 76.3 17.2 24.7 T12 N120 + P60 + K60 27.8 77.6 19.1 25.0 LSD(p=0.05) 4.1 NS 4.0 NS Ann. Agric. Res.,32:80 Ahmad (2011)  Effect of different treatments on grain and straw yield of basmati rice Treatment Grain yield (t/ha) Straw yield (t/ha) T1 BGA 4.29 16.58 T2 Azolla 4.13 16.06 T3 Azotobacter 3.74 15.91 T4 PSB 4.04 16.25 T5 AM fungi 4.26 16.22 T6 BGA + PSB 4.63 16.74 T7 Azotobacter + PSB 4.31 16.54 T8 Azolla + PSB 4.58 16.72 T9 BGA + AM fungi 4.71 16.75 T10 Azolla + AM fungi 4.59 16.87 Azotobacter + AM fungi T11 4.49 16.44 T12 N120 + P60 + K60 4.75 16.87 LSD(p=0.05) 0.56 0.54 Ann. Agric. Res.,32:81 Ahmad (2011) Effect of different treatments on economics of bio-inoculants and chemical fertilizer in basmati rice cultivation Treatment Gross Net B:C return/ha return/ha Ratio/ha T1 BGA 59453 38771 1.87 T2 Azolla 57337 36595 1.76 T3 Azotobacter 53343 32676 1.58 T4 PSB 56647 35980 1.74 T5 AM fungi 58857 37715 1.78 T6 BGA + PSB 63307 42560 2.05 T7 Azotobacter + PSB 59643 38951 1.88 T8 Azolla + PSB 62553 41786 2.01 T9 BGA + AM fungi 63850 42668 2.01 T10 Azolla + AM fungi 62807 41565 1.96 T11 Azotobacter + AM fungi 61503 40336 1.91 T12 N120 + P60 + K60 64347 43390 2.07 LSD(p=0.05) 2785 5295 0.26 Ann. Agric. Res.,32:81 Ahmad (2011) Effect of organic manures and biofertilizer combinations on protein content and protein yield in rice Treatment Protein content Protein yield Grain yield (%) (kg/ha) (t/ha) 2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008 Organic manures and biofertilizer combinations Control 7.11 7.04 167.9 167.0 2.4 2.4 FYM 7.70 7.80 246.3 271.5 3.2 3.5 Green manure 7.88 8.02 270.2 303.8 3.4 3.8 GM+BGA 7.95 8.10 303.8 324.7 3.8 4.0 GM+ FYM 8.15 8.28 343.5 371.0 4.2 4.5 GM+ FYM +BGA 8.24 8.33 379.1 402.3 4.6 4.8 Control vs others 0.58 0.26 47.6 35.2 0.57 0.35 CD(p=0.05) Between others 0.41 0.18 33.7 24.9 0.40 0.25 CD (p=0.05) Ram (2008)  Production Scenario Share of different biofertilizers to total production (2010-11) Mycorrhiza, Rhizobium, Others, 1700, 4% 2600, 7% 4560, 12% Azotobacter, 4200, 11% PSB, 18800, 50% Azospirillum, 6100, 16% Production Scenario Production of Biofertilizers in different regions of the country (2010-11) North East, 1003, 3% North, 2486, West, 12960, 7% 34% South, 20660, 54% East, 887, 2%  Conclusions  Biofertilizers are low cost inputs and lead to long term sustainability of soil productivity  Biofertilizers are found to be effective in improving both quantity and quality of different crops  The amount of nutrients supplied by them may not be enough to meet the total need of crops for higher yields  A pragmatic approach is needed to develop a rational and effective combination of biofertlizers and sources of nutrients for optimum crop yields. Use Biofertilizers For Healthy and living soil