Beginning of Life PDF

**BEGINNING OF LIFE** 1. **Ovulation- when your ovary releases an egg for fertilization. Fimbriae help guide the egg through your fallopian tubes towards your uterus. An egg can be fertilized by sperm.** 2. **Fertilization- the process where a sperm cell penetrates an egg in the fall...

**BEGINNING OF LIFE** 1. **Ovulation- when your ovary releases an egg for fertilization. Fimbriae help guide the egg through your fallopian tubes towards your uterus. An egg can be fertilized by sperm.** 2. **Fertilization- the process where a sperm cell penetrates an egg in the fallopian tube.** 3. **Zygote- a single cell that is formed when an egg and a sperm cell combine.** 4. **Blastocyst- a hollow ball of cells. The cells form two layers.** - **[Endoderm:] digestive and respiratory system** - **[Ectoderm:] skin and nervous system** - **[Mesoderm:] muscle and skeletal system** **PRE NATAL STAGE- period of development from conception to birth. Typically calculated as [40 weeks.]** **Pre- term: born before 37 weeks** **Post- term: born after 42 weeks** **STAGES OF PRE-NATAL DEVELOPMENT** 1. **Germinal (fertilization to 2 weeks)- zygote travels along the fallopian tube and eventually implant itself in the uterus wall. Also functions as protective in this stage.** 2. **Embryonic (2 weeks to 8 weeks)- formation of major organs that form the biological system.** 3. **Fetal (8 weeks to birth)- longest and final stage of pregnancy lasting until giving birth. Organs are highly developing and senses are becoming more functional.** **FACTORS AFFECTING PRE-NATAL DEVELOPMENT** - **Prenatal development- is the process of a baby growing in the mother's womb, from the time it's conceived until birth.** - **Pregnancy- period when a woman is carrying a developing baby inside her womb, typically lasting about nine months from conception to birth.** - **Pre-natal- The care and events that occur before the baby is born, during the pregnancy.** - **Threats to Pregnancy- things that can cause serious problems during pregnancy.** - **Miscarriage- loss of a baby before the 20th week of pregnancy.** - **Ectopic pregnancy- the fertilized egg (zygote) implants outside the uterus.** - **Complications associated with pregnancy- the body undergoes rapid hormonal and biological changes.** - **Bleeding- more significant and heavier** - **Spotting- usually involving small amounts of blood** - **Maternal Context- The characteristics and the readiness of the mother's biological system.** - **Medical Related Concerns- The kinds of medication the mother has taken before and during pregnancy can possibly cause deformities, delayed development, and fatality.** - **Environmental Factors- amount of social support by the immediate environment can affect the quality** **of pregnancy experienced by the mother.** - **Other factors- quality of sperm** **The Body Systems** - **Endocrine System- affects the under secretion or over secretion of certain hormones that can have an immediate, long-term, and short-term effect on the person. In charge of the production of different hormones in the body.** **4 MAJOR GLANDS** **1. Pituitary Glands- growth hormones; somatotropin (natural), somatropin (injection)** **2. Thyroid Gland- thyroxine (brain development)** **3. Adrenal Gland- aldosterone (keeps the salt and water balance), cortisol (essential for growth of an unborn baby), adrenaline (fight or flight response)** **4. Gonads- testosterone, estrogen and progesterone** - **Nervous System- controls the full functioning of the other body system. Affects a person\'s behavior depending on the trajectory of brain development.** **2 MAJOR SYSTEMS** - **Central Nervous System- Brain and spinal cord, responsible for controlling major activities and responses.** - **Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Connects the CNS to the rest of the body, receiving and sending signals.** **1. Somatic Nervous System- transmits sensory and motor signals to and from the central nervous system. Things you can consciously send and do.** **2. Autonomic Nervous System- controls the function of our organs and glands. Regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure.** - **Sympathetic- responding to dangerous or stressful situation.** - **Parasympathetic- normal functioning under relaxed conditions.** - **Brain Development** - **Synaptogenesis: Increase in neural connections facilitating sensory information (conception to infancy.** - **Lateralization: Specialization of the hemispheres---left (language) and right (spatial/creative).** - **Adolescent Brain Development** - **Prefrontal lobe- which is responsible for critical and reflective thinking. Full prefrontal lobe development leads to better impulse control and decision-making.** - **Brain Changes in Late Adulthood- Decrease in brain cells affects:** - **Mental processing** - **Motor coordination** - **Memory and recall** - **Physiological functions, potentially leading to illnesses.** **Physical Development Across Stages** 1. **Infancy- demonstrate their early communication through reflexes, which are automatic responses to stimuli that ensure survival.** - **Sucking reflex** - **Grasping reflex** - **Babinski reflex- foot sole** - **Moro reflex- startled** - **Rooting- locate a food source** 2. **Childhood** - **gain more control over motor functions, such as balance.** - **muscular coordination improves** - **sensory systems also become more advanced.** 3. **Adolescent** - **Boys: starts at 12, peaking 14** - **Girls: starts at 10, peaking at 12** - **characterized by a growth spurt, and boys and girls develop at different times.** - **hormones trigger physical changes, including maturation of sexual organs and increased muscle mass and height.** - **Grapple with psychological challenges, such as concerns about body image and identity.** 4. **Adulthood** - **individuals reach their peak physical capabilities, typically in their early 20s.** - **Strength, endurance, and agility are at their highest** - **in the 60s, as the body loses the ability to engage in prolonged physical activities.** - **middle adulthood, women experience menopause** - **sperm production decreases with age, affecting fertility** **Parental Contributions** A. **Parental Attitude and Knowledge** B. **Parental Cultural Influences** C. **Socioeconomic Barriers** D. **Pedagogical Implications** **Psychosocial Opportunities** - **Social Interaction- Positive relationships can promote confidence** - **Emotional Well-being- Positive social interactions and emotional support can foster feelings of security, self-worth, and motivation.** - **Motivation and Encouragement** - **Managing Stress** **Physical Environment** - **non-social aspects of one\'s environment, such as but not limited to, the place where one lives and the accompanying materials within it.** **Nutritional Knowledge and Practices** - **Health- the overall physical and mental well-being of an individual. It encompasses the absence of disease, illness, or injury, as well as the ability to function and adapt to various situations.** - **Nutrition- the process by which the body uses food to build, maintain, and repair tissues.** - **Go- carbohydrates like rice, bread, potatoes** - **Grow- protein like meat, eggs, beans** - **Glow- minerals and vitamins found in foods like milk** **Research Integration** - **Effect of yoga or physical exercise on physical, cognitive and emotional measures in children: a randomized controlled trial** - **Balkrishna, A. et. al.** - **Physical exercise- higher social self-esteem. Increase in body mass.** - **Yoga- cognitive and emotional**