Basics of Sustainable Development - PDF

Basics of Sustainable Development Two credit course Semester 1 Mala Narang Reddy SDG Index India Process of Localisation of SDGs https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Institutional-framework-for-SDG-planning-and-localisation-in-India_fig2_370217274  Process of Localisation CENTER...

Basics of Sustainable Development Two credit course Semester 1 Mala Narang Reddy SDG Index India Process of Localisation of SDGs https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Institutional-framework-for-SDG-planning-and-localisation-in-India_fig2_370217274  Process of Localisation CENTER - Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (focal point of SDG data - National Indicator Framework) - NITI Aayog (SDG coordination, policy design, review, monitors progress through DG index) - Line Ministries (design of SDG sectoral policy, formulation of schemes and monitoring) STATE - Directorate of Economics and Statistics - Planning Department - Line Departments DISTRICT - District Planning Committee - Urban Local Bodies and Rural Local Bodies - District Administration National Indicator Framework and State Indicator Framework Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) has developed National Indicator Framework (306 statistical indicators) MoSPI has developed and circulated guidelines for the States/UTs in 2019 for development of State Indicator Framework (SIF) to track the progress on the SDGs. It is also providing technical support to the States, in development of comprehensive and inclusive SDG Monitoring Framework at sub-national level. National Indicator Framework https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/NIF.pdf UN metadata https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/ SDG Index - India It was first launched in December 2018. The SDG India Index has evolved into a major tool for monitoring the progress of the states and UTs on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Index tracks the progress of the states/UTs It helps in identifying crucial gaps related to tracking the SDGs and the need for India to develop its statistical systems. By generating ranks for the states and UTs on various development parameters, the Index has fostered healthy competition among them. SDG Index - India The states/UTs are given scores between 0 and 100 based on their performance. The composite score of a state/UT is derived by assigning each goal the same weight, keeping in mind the indivisible nature of the 2030 Agenda. Based on the composite score, the states/UTs are classified as under: ○ Aspirant: 0 – 49 ○ Performer: 50 – 64 ○ Front-Runner: 65 – 99 ○ Achiever: 100 SDG Index - India https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1723952  SDG Index - India - third edition The third edition of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) India Index and Dashboard 2020–21 was released by NITI Aayog. The SDG India Index 2020–21 is developed in collaboration with the United Nations in India. The Index tracks the progress of all the states and union territories on 115 indicators that include parameters on health, education, gender, climate change, economic growth, environment, etc. The indicators are aligned with the National Indicator Framework (NIF) of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). SDG Index - India - Fourth Edition According to NITI Aayog’s fourth edition, the SDG India Index 2023-24, significant progress has been noted in Goal 1 (No Poverty), Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), Goal 13 (Climate Action), and Goal 15 (Life on Land). The largest increase in score was observed in Climate Action, which rose from 54 in 2020-21 to 67 in 2023-24, followed by No Poverty, which increased from 60 to 72. India’s overall score is below 50 only for Goal 5 (Gender Equality), highlighting the need for targeted efforts to improve gender equality. https://forumias.com/blog/sdg-india-index-and-indias-sustainable-development/ SDG Index and Dashboard https://sdgindiaindex.niti.gov.in/#/  Poverty - A challenge to sustainable development What is Poverty? Income / Consumption Definition World Bank: A person is considered poor if his or her consumption or income level falls below some minimum level necessary to meet basic needs (which vary across time and societies) Poverty lines vary across time and place To estimate global poverty and to compare poverty across countries – World Bank has a new extreme poverty line of $2.15 per person per day (since September 2022). Previously the poverty line was $1.90, based on 2017 PPPs. Income / Consumption Definition Poverty line is based on level of income necessary to subsist in a society i.e. level of household expenditure required to have access to basic necessities of food, clothing and shelter. Poverty Line separates the poor from non-poor Poverty lines are defined by governments and based on surveys, which differ from one country to another Criticism Income & consumption data necessary for measuring poverty However, focus on income does not tell us about the capacity of the poor to achieve basic necessities Capacity is influenced by literacy and health levels, protection of basic rights, etc. Surveys focus on household income – but households vary in size – all family members do not have equal command over resources – for instance women, children and elderly have less access  SDG 1: End Poverty in all its forms everywhere 1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $2.15 a day 1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions 1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable  Goal 1: End Poverty in all its forms everywhere 1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance 1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters  Goal 1: End Poverty in all its forms everywhere 1.A Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions 1.B Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions https://pipmaps.worldbank.org/en/data/datatopics/poverty-portal/home Global poverty map 2022 Poverty is reflected through health indicators GLOBAL MAP OF EXTREME POVERTY: INFANT MORTALITY AND % UNDERWEIGHT Source: UN Millennium Project/CIESIN, 2005 Describe the lives of the poor Class discussion on articles from the book - “Everybody loves a good drought” by P.Sainath Lives of Poor People - Lack access to clean drinking water and clean sources of energy - Live in regions more vulnerable to climate change - Lack access to health care - Less educated / skilled - Live in conflict prone areas Who are the poor in India? Who are the poor in India? Almost 60% of the poor continue to reside in Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. 85% of India's tribespeople and Dalits live in these states. Who are the poor? Over 44.8% of ST and 33.8% of SC populations in rural India were below poverty line in 2011-12 as against 30.8% of Muslims. In urban areas, 27.3% of ST and 21.8% of SC were poor, whereas economically backward Muslims stood at 26.5%. Even decline in poverty among rural ST population was the slowest. Who are the poor in India? Labourers (farm workers in villages, casual workers in cities), tribespeople (STs), Dalits (low caste / SCs/ untouchables) and Muslims remain the poorest Indians. Understanding Poverty Poverty – a multidimensional concept Low income – a major indicator – but only one of several Characteristics of poor people – deprivation & lack of entitlements to food, health, education, environmental protection, social security, political influence Poverty and development – intricately linked to domestic and international politics Social Indicator based definitions Due to difficulties faced in previous definitions, UNDP proposed the use of social indicators while defining poverty Social indicators would capture crucial elements of poverty Life expectancy, IMR, nutrition levels, access to primary education, drinking water and electricity Human Development Index Human Development Index – composite indicator that takes into account: longevity, as measured by life expectancy at birth; educational attainment; standard of living as measured by real GDP per capita Human Poverty Index Defines poverty as ‘denial of choices and opportunities for a tolerable life’ HPI focuses on 5 weighted components: the % of people expected to die before forty years of age the % of adults who are illiterate the % of people with access to health services the % of people with access to safe water the % of children under five years of age who are malnourished Multidimensional Poverty Index Child Mortality Health Nutrition Education Years of schooling School attendance Living Standards Cooking fuel, Toilet Water, Electricity Floor, Assets  Multidimensional poverty - India https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-news-analysis/national-multidimensional-poverty-index-niti-ayog Number of people in poverty 659 million (World Bank, 2022) An increase in the number of people living in absolute poverty, particularly in developing countries. The enormity and complexity of the poverty issue could endanger the social fabric, undermine economic development and the environment, and threaten political stability in many countries. Decline in Poverty World Bank studies say in 2012, 902 million people lived on less than $1.90 a day, i.e. 12.8 percent of the world’s population In 2015, less than 10 per cent of the world’s poor in extreme poverty - 702 million people In 2022 - 659 million However, a very high number of people continue to live in extreme poverty. Decline in poverty https://ourworldin data.org/extreme- poverty Poverty continues to be the biggest problem No actual decline in world poverty since 1987 – in terms of the number of people living in extreme poverty Rise in the number of deaths due to extreme poverty Human Development has proceeded slowly Improvements made in the literacy, child mortality, etc. Poor countries – complex web of poverty and deprivation Poverty in India One third of world’s poor live in India http://worldbank.tumblr.com/ Poverty Line India Based on Suresh Tendulkar Panel’s recommendation in 2011-12, the poverty line in India has been fixed at Rs 27 per day in rural areas and Rs 33 in urban areas. According to this - 270 million poor in India C Rangarajan committee in 2014 suggested Rs 32 a day in rural areas and Rs 47 in urban areas. According to this, 363 million poor New Poverty Line https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/new-poverty-line-rs-32-for-rural-india- rs-47-for-urban-india-45134 Past Poverty Lines in India Different measures, different criteria have been used over the years Need to be adjusted to inflation 1978 - Rs 62 per month per person in rural areas and Rs 71 per person in urban areas (based on calorie / energy requirement) Relevance of Poverty Lines Who is eligible for social benefits? Poverty lines are benchmarks for policymakers and economists to understand how the country is progressing Poverty lines cannot be used for inclusion and exclusion from government programmes Causes of Poverty Inadequate education, health and employment opportunities (Capabilities Approach) Environmental Degradation Government Policies (Areas of specific policy neglect) Unsustainable Development Conflict (Governance failures) Overpopulation Poverty traps Pockets of poverty Ways to reduce poverty Ways to reduce poverty Create and improve access to jobs and income Develop and support entrepreneurial talent. Providing access to basic social services (education, health care, adequate food, sanitation, shelter and clean water). Invest in and implement agricultural development programs  Ways to reduce poverty Empower people living in poverty by involving them in the development and implementation of plans and programs to reduce and eradicate poverty. Their involvement ensures that programs reflect those things that are important to them. Remove barriers to equal access to resources and services. Improve management of water and other natural resources, provide equitable access to resources, as the poor are more dependent on. Indiaś Approach Poverty alleviation programmes Several schemes and programmes launched - (i) self-employment programmes (ii) wage employment programmes (iii) direct cash transfers to the targeted groups (iv) Public distribution system (PDS)  India’s Approach Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY) - 1993 Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP): 1995 Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) - 2000 National Food For Work Programme - 2004 National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) - 2006 Targeted Public Distribution System - 1997 Antyodaya Anna Yojana (Aay) - 2000 (Subsidized Food Grains) Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) Mid Day Meal Scheme - 1975 India’s Approach From trickle-down effect to pro-poor growth Special preferential treatment necessary to enable the poor to participate in economic development Inclusive growth - employment generation for excluded groups  Pro Poor / Inclusive Growth Growth that facilitates the participation of the less well-off (poor / marginalised / vulnerable) in expanding market opportunities Pro poor growth emphasises improving basic services in health, education, and infrastructure. The benefits of growth should go to the less well-off in society Incomes of the poor should increase Pro poor / Inclusive growth strategies - Small and medium enterprises - Skill development for vulnerable groups - Economic diversification - Education - Decent wages - Permanent jobs