Bureaucracies PPT PDF

Intro INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE POLITICS BUREAUCRACIES Presented by Joreina Kim Macasiray Joanne Crishna B. Miguel Intro CONTENTS Bureaucracies: an overview How bureaucracies are organized...

Intro INTRODUCTION TO COMPARATIVE POLITICS BUREAUCRACIES Presented by Joreina Kim Macasiray Joanne Crishna B. Miguel Intro CONTENTS Bureaucracies: an overview How bureaucracies are organized Origins and evolution How bureaucrats are recruited E-government Bureaucracies in authoritarian states Intro Intro  Overview UNDERSTANDING BUREAUCRACIES Public bureaucracy supports the political executive. It provides advice and implements policy. Bureaucracies exist beyond government: universities, corporations, etc. Growing focus on semi-independent agencies and private outsourcing. Structural theory helps in understanding bureaucracy dynamics.  Origins and Evolution ANCIENT EXAMPLES China’s meritocratic system based on Confucianism. MEDIEVAL EUROPE Clerical servants as agents of the monarch KARL MARX Bureaucracy as counterpart to private corporations. MAX WEBER Bureaucracies are hierarchical, rational, and rule-driven. 20TH-CENTURY Wars and welfare states increased bureaucracy size. EXPANSION  Model of Bureaucracy MAX WEBER’S MODEL OF BUREAUCRACY Hierarchical Structure Division of Labor Formal Selection Rule-based Conduct Impersonal Relationships MAX WEBER April 21, 1864- June 14, 1920. Career Orientation  NPM NEW PUBLIC Emerged in the 1980s (Reagan, Thatcher). MANAGEMENT AND NPM gained prominence in the 1980s, primarily in Western countries, advocating for the adoption of private sector practices within public OUTSOURCING administration. Focus on private-sector practices in public services. By applying market principles, NPM aimed to improve efficiency and responsiveness in the public sector. Outsourcing to private contractors to reduce costs. Governments increasingly outsourced services to private contractors, believing that competition would lead to better services at lower costs. NPM emphasizes competition, customer satisfaction, and cost-cutting. The NPM framework promotes a customer-oriented approach, encouraging public agencies to view citizens as clients. Downsides: Quality concerns, loss of government control, accountability issues. While NPM has led to some efficiencies, it raises concerns regarding the quality of services, loss of governmental oversight, and diminished accountability.  E-Government Technology transforms citizen-government interactions. THE RISE OF Four stages: Information, interaction, transaction, and E-GOVERNMENT integration. Benefits: Easier access to services, cost reduction, transparency. Risks: Cybersecurity, privacy concerns, potential surveillance. E-government's role in driving bureaucracy modernization.  Bureaucracy in Democracies Networks of government departments and agencies. Often decentralized, with local authorities holding more roles. Civil service recruitment is based on merit and accountability. BUREAUCRACY IN DEMOCRACIES Examples from Scandinavian countries with large public sectors.  Bureaucracy in Authoritarian Regimes Dictators rely on bureaucracies to enforce control. Similarities with democratic systems: structure and hierarchical organization. Differences: Bureaucracies serve as tools for maintaining power. Accountability to the regime rather than the public. BUREAUCRACY IN AUTHORITARIAN REGIMES  HOW BUREAUCRACIES ARE ORGANIZED 3 MAIN KINDS AND LEVELS OF INSTITUTION 11.. Departments 2.2. Divisions 3.3. Non-departmental public bodies  Departments An administrative unit over which a DEPARTMENTS secretary or minister exercises direct management control. Usually structured as a formal hierarchy, often established by statute, and usually having cabinet-level OR MINISTRIES status.  Departments Foreign Affairs: Handles diplomatic relations with other countries. Core Economy: Oversees economic policies, including trade, finance, and industry. Departments Justice: Enforces laws and maintains the judicial system. Healthcare: Manages public health services and healthcare systems. Environment: Protects the environment and natural resources. Departments Figure 10.4 Government departments in selected countries Source: Government websites of the six countries. Note: Arrangements as of mid- 2018 (names, number, and distribution of departments change over time). Excludes divisions, agencies, and regulatory bodies. The hierarchical structure of government departments, as envisioned by Weber.  Divisions Divisions An operating unit of a department, responsible to the secretary but often with considerable independence. Also known as sections or bureaus, or (confusingly) as departments in countries where the larger unit is a ministry. Divisions  Non-departmental Public Bodies Operates at one or more removes from the government, Non-departmental providing management flexibility and political independence. public bodies  Non-departmental Public Bodies REGULATORY AGENCY An independent government One type of body created to set and impose standards in a focused area of Non-Departmental activity. Public Body  Non-Departmental Public Bodies Several reasons behind the creation and continued existence of Non-departmental Public Bodies To operate with more flexibility (and at lower cost) than would be acceptable for a department. To acknowledge the professional status and autonomy of their staff. As a response to short-term pressures to do something about a problem. To allow departments to focus on policy-making To provide protection from political interference in day-to-day operations.  HOW BUREAUCRATS ARE RECRUITED  How Bureaucrats are Recruited 3 Types of Recruitment 11.. Unified Recruitment 2.2. Departmental Recruitment 3.3. Affirmative Action  Unified Recruitment An approach based on recruitment to the civil service as a whole, not to a specific job within it, and in which administrative work is conceived as requiring intelligence and education, rather than technical knowledge.  Departmental Recruitment An approach based on recruiting people with technical backgrounds to a specific department or job.  Affirmative Action Policies designed to overcome the legacy of past discrimination by emphasizing the recruitment of women, ethnic minorities, and other groups under-represented in the bureaucracy. BUREAUCRACIES IN AUTHORITARIAN STATES THE CASE OF NIGERIA KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF NIGERIAN BUREAUCRACIES Persistence Dual Governance Patronage and Clientelism Corruption THE CASE OF NIGERIA BUREAUCRACIES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA Obstacles to Growth- Bureaucratic inefficiency, corruption, and political instability have been major obstacles to Nigeria's economic development. THE CASE OF NIGERIA BUREAUCRACIES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA Developmental State Potential: Despite these challenges, Nigeria has the potential to become a developmental state, with a strong and effective bureaucracy driving economic growth. THE CASE OF NIGERIA BUREAUCRACIES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA Reform Efforts: There have been various attempts to reform the Nigerian bureaucracy, including efforts to improve efficiency, reduce corruption, and promote merit-based appointments. THE CASE OF RUSSIA KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF RUSSIAN BUREAUCRACIES Centralization Political Patronage Clientelism Administrative Inefficiency THE CASE OF RUSSIA BUREAUCRACIES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA Obstacles to Growth: Bureaucratic inefficiency, corruption, and political interference have been major obstacles to Russia's economic development. THE CASE OF RUSSIA BUREAUCRACIES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA Resource Curse: Russia's reliance on natural resources has made it vulnerable to the "resource curse," where abundant natural resources can hinder economic diversification and development. THE CASE OF RUSSIA BUREAUCRACIES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA Authoritarian Capitalism: Russia's economic system can be characterized as "authoritarian capitalism," where the state plays a dominant role and economic opportunities are often concentrated in the hands of politically connected elites.  End of the Presentation Thank You  End of the Presentation REFERENCES https://www.thoughtco.com/max-weber-3026495 https://practicalpie.com/bureaucratic-theory-of-max-weber/ https://reader.z-library.rs/? source=3925e240bfc4d2fece9f18124466dea3742b4c84c5ac07773f2729bf1ff4cedc&downloa d_location=https%3A%2F%2Fsinglelogin.re%2Fdl%2F5436673%2F9ed798