Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry PDF

FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIC Facilitator: James Clyde C. Acedo, LPT CHEMISTRY Cebu Doctors’ University CHEMICAL BONDS FORMATION OF CHEMICAL BONDS Atoms form chemical bonds to achieve stability. FORMATION OF CHEMICA...

FUNDAMENTALS OF ORGANIC Facilitator: James Clyde C. Acedo, LPT CHEMISTRY Cebu Doctors’ University CHEMICAL BONDS FORMATION OF CHEMICAL BONDS Atoms form chemical bonds to achieve stability. FORMATION OF CHEMICAL BONDS The electrons in the outermost shell (valence electrons) are involved in chemical bonding. FORMATION OF CHEMICAL BONDS In principle, an atom becomes stable when its valence shell is already occupied with 8 electrons (Octet rule).  IONIC BOND Electrostatic attraction between “ions” formed when a metal gives off electrons for a non- metal IONIC BOND IONIC BOND Crystalline with high melting point Dissociates into ions when dissolved in water  COVALENT BOND Attraction formed when electrons of non- metals are shared with one another. COVALENT BOND COVALENT BOND Gases, liquids, or solid with low melting point Mostly pliable, such as plastics  Then and Now of ORGANIC CHEMISTRY What can you associate with the word ORGANIC? ORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN THE EARLY DAYS Early chemists believed in Vitalism Theory. Only living things can synthesize organic compounds with the intervention of vital force. THE DEMISE OF VITALISM In 1828, Friedrich Wohler was able to synthesize urea, an compound found in human urine, in his laboratory using ammonium cyanate, an inorganic substance. Which of the following contains ORGANIC COMPOUNDS?  ORGANIC COMPOUNDS MOVING FORWARD: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY TODAY Organic chemistry is the study of organic compounds, those that contain carbon, and other few elements (hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and halogens). DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANIC AND INROGANIC COMPOUNDS Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds Composed of carbon and few Composed of almost all kinds of other elements (H, O, N, S, P, and elements halogens) Composed entirely of covalent Mostly ionic bonds bonds May be gases, liquids, or solids Usually solids with high melting with low melting points point Mostly insoluble in water and Mostly soluble in water and soluble in non-polar solvents insoluble in non-polar solvents DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANIC AND INROGANIC COMPOUNDS Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds When soluble in water, solutions Aqueous solutions conduct do not conduct electricity electricity Combustible and produces Very few are combustible and do carbon (soot) when burned not form carbon when burned Chemicals reactions are usually Chemical reactions are often very very slow fast Important Properties of CARBON PROPERTIES OF CARBON 1. Carbon can form 4 strong covalent bonds (tetravalency). I – C – I PROPERTIES OF CARBON 2. Carbon can form multiple bonds (up until triple bond). PROPERTIES OF CARBON 3. Carbon can catenate with itself to form long linear chains, branched chains, and rings. PROPERTIES OF CARBON 4. A carbon atom in an organic compound can be classified according to its degree of substitution. 1o 4o H 2o  Bonding and Structure of ORGANIC COMPOUNDS DRAWING CORRECT STRUCTURAL FORMULAS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS DRAWING CORRECT STRUCTURAL FORMULAS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Is the structure below correct? DRAWING CORRECT STRUCTURAL FORMULAS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Is the structure below correct? FAMILIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FUNCTIONAL GROUPS These are common and specific arrangement of atoms that impart predictable reactivity and properties to a molecule. Hydrocarbons ALKANES -Single bonds from carbon atoms. -The names for specific compounds have an ”-ane” ending. ALKENES -Contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond -The names for specific compounds have an ”-ene” ending. ALKYNES -Contains at least one carbon-carbon triple bond -The names for specific compounds have an ”-yne” ending. ARENES -A special class of hydrocarbon that contains a special type of ring. (Benzene ring) -Compounds containing these rings are called aromatic hydrocarbons Phenol Hydrocarbon Derivatives HYDROCARBON DERIVATIVES -Contains other elements other than carbon and hydrogen. -The group of atoms containing the other element is considered at the functional group. -H and C that are not part of the functional group at called the alkyl group which is always denoted as “R” ALKYL HALIDES -The halogen replaces a hydrogen. -It has generic formula of R-X where X=Halogen Intermediate solvents for Used as a substitute for aerosols and anesthesia water vapor to maintain vapor pressure ALCOHOLS -These compounds contain the hydroxyl group (-OH) to a saturated carbon. -Generic formula is R-OH Wood alcohol Only consumable alcohol THIOLS -These compounds contain the functional group sulfhydryl group (-SH) -It has the generic formula of R-SH Added together with LPG in order to detect the odorless gas by giving a garlicky smell. ETHERS -Contains an oxygen between an alkyl group or phenyl ring. -It has a general formula of R-O-R’ Used as a solvent to create Used as an extracting agent plastic and dyes for organic solvents AMINE -It contains an amino group (–NH) Most amines are used in pharmaceuticals, insecticides, paint removers, surfactants and rubber chemicals.  ALDEHYDES AND KETONES -Both of these has the carbonyl group (-C=O) Nail polish remover Used as solvent for lacquers, adhesives, and Used as an intermediate for perfumes and dyes cleaning materials CARBOXYLIC ACIDS -Contains the carboxyl group Acid found in vinegar It supports digestive health Food preservative ESTERS -Contains the Ester group Smell of plastic balloons Smell of pineapples AMIDE -The –OH in the carboxyl group is replaced with a amino group. Most amides are found in proteins and plastics FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND DRUG DESIGN -Knowledge of functional groups is very important in research for drug design. -Researchers are studying the incorporation or derivation of different functional groups in a drug to ensure that it is effective.