Respiratory System - Basic Physiotherapy 1

RESPIRATOR Y SYSTEM Prof. Dr. Marwa G.A. Hegazy Dr. Heba Afifi Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Tutorial 3)  LEARNING OUTCOMES:  Identify the major components of the respiratory system, including the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lu...

RESPIRATOR Y SYSTEM Prof. Dr. Marwa G.A. Hegazy Dr. Heba Afifi Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Tutorial 3)  LEARNING OUTCOMES:  Identify the major components of the respiratory system, including the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, and describe their unique characteristics and functions.  Understand the structure and function of the respiratory muscles, including the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Lecture2)  Respiratory system 1.Conducting portion: (Nose , Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles).  Conduction of air  Conditioning of air (cleansed, moistened and warmed) 2. Respiratory portion: (Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar duct , alveoli) Basic for physiotherapy 1 (tutorial 3 ) Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Tutorial 3)  Histology of Nasal cavity Floor and walls of nasal cavity The respiratory epithelium(pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells ) covers the floor, medial and lateral walls Additionally, there are seromucous glands dispersed throughout the mucous membranes. Their secretions aid in respiration by moistening the inspired air and trapping unwanted particles. The trapped particles are propelled by the cilia to the pharynx where they can be expelled orally, or swallowed and digested. Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Lecture2)  Roof of nasal cavity covered with pseudostratified columnar epithelium without goblet cells and motile cilia ( olfactory epithelium). Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Lecture2) Pharynx The epithelia of the pharyngeal portion of the conducting zone changes with respect to each pharyngeal segment. In the nasopharynx ,the epithelium is continuous with that of the nasal cavity. The cilia here continues to wharf foreign particles through the pharynx to be swallowed. In the oropharynx and laryngopharynx, the epithelium transitions to non- keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. This durable epithelium is better suited to accommodate friction associated with swallowing food ,Additionally, lymphatic aggregates (distributed throughout the mucosa) act as a first contact point for the immune system Basicto for sort through physiotherapy particles 1 (Lecture2) entering the body  Larynx The larynx is a complex tubular segment of the respiratory system formed by irregularly shaped plates of hyaline and elastic cartilage. The mucosa form two pairs of folds: false true vocal cords The vocal fold comprises five layers (deep to superficial layers as follows): thyroarytenoid muscle deep lamina propria intermediate lamina propria superficial lamina propria the squamous epithelium. Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Lecture2)  Trachea Mucosa : The mucosa represents the innermost layer and it is lined with : Respiratory epithelium: (Pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells) Loose C.T and Elastic membrane: (Elastic fibers). Submucosa: It consists of connective tissue that contains mucus glands, smooth muscle, vessels, nerves and lymphatics. Cartilagenous coat : C shaped rings of cartilage Adventitia: Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Tutorial 3) the most external layer is provided by the fibroelastic adventitia. Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Lecture2)  Intrapulmonary Bronchiole Bronchus Mucosa Respiratory epithelium Simple columnar with clara cells (act as a stem cell or immunity cell and regeneration to itself ) Muscle layer Less developed More developed (smooth muscle) Adventitia o Cartilage plates present Absent o Mucus glands Present Absent o Lymphatic present Absent nodules Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Tutorial 3)  Alveolus Structural and functional unit for gas exchange Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Tutorial 3)  Structure of alveolus They are lined with alveolar epithelium Pneumocytes 1 Pneumocyte II Percentag 95% 5% e LM Flat squamous ells Cuboidal cells Flat nucleus Central rounded nuclei Function Thin membrane for gas Secretion of exchange surfactant Prevent leakage of fluids Stem cells Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Tutorial 3) Interalveolar septa found around el alveoli 1.These are delicate partitions between alveoli 2.Loose C.T containing Richest capillary network Elastic fibers Reticular fibers Alveolar phagocytes Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Tutorial 3)  Muscles of respiration Main muscles of respiration: Diaphragm Intercostal muscles Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Lecture2)  HISTOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLES The respiratory muscles are formed histologically by skeletal muscles : Striated (under LM shows alternate dark and light bands –cross striations) Voluntary muscle. Almost all skeletal muscle are attached to bone. Consists of numerous muscle fibers that run parallel to each other. And packaged in connective tissue which forms their fasciae. Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Tutorial 3)  Histological stracture of skeletal muscle fibers Long cylindrical fibers. Arranged parallel to each other. Contains thousands of contractile thread like stracture called –myofibrils,extends through out the length of the muscle. Skeletal muscle is formed by fusion of multiple myoblasts during embryonic life. Because of this reasons a single muscle fiber contains hundreds of nuclei-oval,flat,oriented along the long axis of fibers. Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Lecture2)  There are two types of myofilaments in skeletal muscle : Myosin nd Actin Myosin –thick 12nm Actin-thin 8nm Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Lecture2)  References Mescher AL (2018): Junqueira’s basic Histology Text and Atlas 14th edition Basic for physiotherapy 1 (Lecture2)