BAB 7 Koordinasi Badan PDF

TEMA 3 :Tenaga dan Kelestarian Hidup BIDANG PEMBELAJARAN 7 Koordinasi Badan BAB Body Coordination Konse PENTING Konsep IMPORTANT Concepts Sistem endokrin manusia dan fungsinya...

TEMA 3 :Tenaga dan Kelestarian Hidup BIDANG PEMBELAJARAN 7 Koordinasi Badan BAB Body Coordination Konse PENTING Konsep IMPORTANT Concepts Sistem endokrin manusia dan fungsinya The human endocrine system and its functions Jenis dadah Types of drug Punca dan kesan ketidakseimbangan KOORDINASI BADAN hormon BODY COORDINATION Causes and effects of hormonal imbalance Minda yang sihat Healthy mind Kesan penyalahgunaan dadah dan alkohol ke atas koordinasi badan dan kesihatan mental The effects of drug and alcohol abuse on body coordination and mental health APAKAH ITU KOORDINASI BADAN? WHAT IS BODY COORDINATION? Koordinasi badan ialah penyelarasan gerak balas badan kita terhadap sebarang rangsangan di sekeliling kita dan di dalam badan kita seperti perubahan suhu dan pencernaan makanan. Koordinasi memastikan setiap bahagian badan dikawal supaya dapat berfungsi secara harmoni. Body coordination is the adjustment of our body’s reaction towards any stimulus around us and inside our body like change in temperature and digestion of food. Coordination ensures that each part of the body is controlled so that it functions in harmony. 71  NOTA BESTARI Sistem Endokrin dan Fungsinya Endocrine System and Its Functions 1. Kelenjar endokrin ialah kelenjar tanpa duktus yang 1. Endocrine glands are ductless glands that secrete merembeskan hormon terus ke dalam darah. hormones directly into the blood. 2. Sistem endokrin manusia terdiri daripada kelenjar 2. The human endocrine system consists of the following yang berikut. glands. (a) Kelenjar pituitari (a) Pituitary gland Sebagai kelenjar induk yang mengawal kelenjar It is the master gland that controls other endokrin yang lain dan mengawal pertumbuhan endocrine glands and controls the growth of otot dan tulang muscles and bones (b) Kelenjar tiroid (b) Thyroid gland Mengawal kadar metabolisme badan, Controls the rate of body metabolism, mental perkembangan mental dan fizikal and physical development (c) Pankreas (c) Pancreas Hormon insulin yang dirembeskan mengawal Insulin hormone that is secreted controls the aras glukosa di dalam darah glucose level in the blood Kekurangan hormon insulin akan menyebabkan A lack of the insulin hormone will cause diabetes diabetes (d) Kelenjar adrenal (d) Adrenal glands Meningkatkan kadar metabolisme atau Increases the rate of metabolism or respiration respirasi (e) Ovary (e) Ovari Stimulates the production of ova, controls the Merangsang penghasilan ovum, mengawal kitar menstrual cycle and female secondary sexual haid dan ciri-ciri seks sekunder perempuan characteristics Kekurangan hormon seks ini boleh menyebabkan Insufficiency of this sex hormone may cause kemandulan, kitar haid tidak teratur dan sterility, irregular menstrual cycles and BAB keguguran fetus jika mengandung miscarriage in pregnancy (f) Testis (f) Testis 7 Merangsang penghasilan sperma Stimulates the production of sperms Kekurangan hormon seks ini boleh menyebabkan Insufficiency of this sex hormone may cause sperma yang dihasilkan kurang matang dan the production of immature sperms and perkembangan ciri-ciri sekunder seks terencat. stunt the development of secondary sexual characteristics. Jenis-jenis Dadah Types of Drug 1. Dadah ialah bahan kimia yang boleh mengubah fungsi 1. A drug is a chemical substance that can change the dan fisiologi badan. function and physiology of the body. 2. Penenang (depresen) seperti barbiturat dan 2. Depressant such as barbiturates and tranquilizers trankuilizer mengurangkan tekanan jiwa. reduce mental stress. 3. Perangsang (stimulan) seperti amfetamina, nikotina 3. Stimulant such as amphetamine, nicotine and caffeine dan kafeina meningkatkan kadar metabolisme badan. increase the metabolic rate of the body. 4. Inhalan seperti aerosol bahan gas dan pelarut 4. Inhalant such as aerosol, gas substance and solvent merosakkan otak, peparu dan ginjal. damages the brain, lungs and kidneys. 5. Halusinogen seperti marijuana (ganja) dan LSD 5. Hallucinogen such as marijuana and LSD cause menyebabkan khayalan. hallucinations. Minda yang Sihat Healthy Mind 1. Minda adalah keupayaan otak untuk berfikir dan 1. The mind is the ability of the brain to think and judge. menaakul. 2. A healthy mind enables an individual to make rational 2. Minda yang sihat membolehkan seseorang individu decisions before taking action. membuat pertimbangan yang sewajarnya sebelum 3. An unhealthy mind includes lack bertindak. of confidence, constantly worrying and 3. Minda yang kurang sihat termasuklah kurang yakin, short-tempered. sentiasa risau dan cepat marah. Nota Grafik 72  Standard Kandungan 7.1 Sistem endokrin manusia Tarikh: 7.1 AKTIVITI Sistem endokrin manusia PBD PERBINCANGAN Human endocrine system Masteri Buku teks m/s 144 – 148 2002 BHG. B, S1 2005 BHG. B, S5 2015 BHG. B, S4(a), (b) & (d) 1 Lengkapkan ruang tentang kelenjar endokrin. Kemudian, jawab soalan-soalan berikut. TP2 Complete the spaces about endocrine glands in the spaces below. Then, answer the following questions. Kelenjar adrenal Pankreas Otot Testis Ovari Kelenjar pituitari Adrenal glands Pancreas Muscles Testis Ovary Pituitary gland Metabolisme Kitar haid Mental Induk Fizikal Seks sekunder Metabolism Menstrual cycle Mental Master Physical Secondary sexual Kelenjar tiroid Aras glukosa Tulang Sperma Respirasi Denyutan jantung Thyroid gland Glucose level Bones Sperms Respiration Heartbeat P: Kelenjar pituitari/Pituitary gland S: Kelenjar tiroid/Thyroid gland Fungsi/Function: Fungsi/Function: Sebagai kelenjar induk yang fizikal Mengawal perkembangan mengawal kelenjar endokrin yang dan mental serta kadar lain dan mengawal pertumbuhan metabolisme badan otot dan tulang master Controls the physical and As the gland that mental development and the rate controls other endocrine glands and controls the growth of of body metabolism muscles and bones T: Kelenjar adrenal/Adrenal glands Q: Pankreas/Pancreas Fungsi/Function: Fungsi/Function: Meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung ung BAB Mengawal aras glukosa di dalam dan respirasi serta metabolismee darah/Controls the glucose level in the blood badan/Increase the rate of heartbeat and respiration , and d 7 body metabolism R: Testis/Testis Fungsi/Function: U: Ovari/Ovary Merangsang penghasilan sperma Fungsi/Function: dan ciri-ciri seks sekunder Mengawal kitar haid dan ciri- ciri seks sekunder Stimulates the production of sperms and secondary sexual Controls the menstrual cycle and characteristics secondary sexual characteristics 2 Apakah itu kelenjar endokrin? What is an endocrine gland? TP2 Kelenjar tanpa duktus yang merembeskan hormon terus ke dalam aliran darah. A gland without ducts that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream. 3 (a) Namakan garam mineral yang diperlukan oleh kelenjar tiroid untuk berfungsi dengan baik. TP1 Name the mineral salt which is required by the thyroid gland to function well. Iodin/Iodine (b) Nyatakan satu sumber utama garam mineral di 3(a). TP1 State one main sources of the mineral salt in 3(a). Makanan laut/Seafood (c) Nyatakan satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan garam mineral di 3(a) dalam gizi kita. TP1 State one disease that is caused by the lack of the mineral salt in 3(a) in our diet. Goiter/Goitre 73  4 (a) Namakan hormon yang dirembeskan oleh pankreas./Name a hormone secreted by the pancreas. TP1 Insulin/Insulin (b) Nyatakan satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh kekurangan hormon yang dinamakan di 4(a). TP1 State one disease that is caused by the lack of the hormone named in 4(a). Diabetes melitus/Diabetes mellitus 5 Seorang lelaki mempunyai ketinggian yang luar biasa. Berdasarkan sistem endokrin, apakah yang menyebabkan lelaki itu mempunyai ketinggian yang luar biasa?/A man has an abnormal height. Based on the endocrine system, what causes the man to have an abnormal height? Kelenjar pituitari merembes hormon pertumbuhan yang berlebihan. The pituitary gland secretes excessive growth hormones. 6 Apakah kelenjar endokrin yang merembeskan banyak hormon semasa kecemasan, marah atau ketakutan? TP1 What is the endocrine gland which secretes a lot of hormone during an emergency, when feeling anger or fear? Kelenjar adrenal/Adrenal gland 7 Tandakan ( ✓ ) kesan-kesan kekurangan rembesan hormon daripada ovari pada seorang perempuan. Tick ( ✓ ) the effects of the lack of hormonal secretion from the ovaries of a female. TP2 Kitar haid tidak tetap. Perkembangan mental terbantut. ✓ The menstrual cycle is irregular. Mental development is stunted. Keguguran fetus berlaku jika perempuan itu mengandung. ✓ A miscarriage occurs if she is pregnant. 8 Tandakan ( ✓ ) kesan-kesan kekurangan rembesan hormon daripada kelenjar tiroid. TP2 Tick ( ✓ ) the effects of the lack of the hormonal secretion from the thyroid gland. Kadar metabolisme menurun. Perkembangan mental dan fizikal terbantut. ✓ ✓ The metabolic rate decreases. Mental and physical development are stunted. Perkembangan ciri-ciri seks sekunder terbantut. The development of secondary sexual characteristics becomes stunted. BAB Pa 9 Padankan jenis hormon dan kelenjar endokrin dengan fungsinya. TP2 7 Praktis Match the types of hormone and endocrine glands with their functions. M Kendiri Hormon Kelenjar endokrin Fungsi Hormone Endocrine gland Function A Adrenalina Ovari Mengawal kadar metabolisme, Adrenaline Ovary pertumbuhan dan perkembangan fizikal dan mental pada kanak-kanak./Control the rate of metabolism, growth, physical and mental development in children Hormon Pankreas Menyediakan badan untuk bertindak antidiuresis Pancreas dalam keadaan kecemasan Antidiuretic Preparing the body to respond to hormone (ADH) emergencies Estrogen Kelenjar adrenal Mengawal perkembangan ciri-ciri seks Oestrogen Adrenal gland sekunder perempuan dan menyediakan dinding uterus untuk penempelan embrio. Controls the development of secondary sexual characteristics of female and prepares the uterus wall for the implantation of embryo Insulin Kelenjar tiroid Mengawal aras glukosa di dalam darah Insulin Thyroid gland To control the glucose level in the blood Tiroksina Kelenjar pituitari Mengelakkan kehilangan air daripada Thyroxine Pituitary gland badan dengan mengurangkan pengeluaran air kencing/To prevent water loss from the body by reducing urine output 74  Tarikh: 7.2 AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN Kesan gangguan kepada sistem endokrin The effect of interference to the endocrine system PBD Masteri Buku teks m/s 149 – 151 Berdasarkan penerangan yang diberikan, nyatakan jenis penyakit atau keadaan yang dihadapi akibat kesan gangguan kepada sistem endokrin./Based on the given explanation, state the types of illness or condition faced as a result of interference to the endocrine system. TP2 Hipoglisemia Diabetis melitus Diabetis insipidus Edema Goiter Kreatinisme Hypoglycaemia Diabetes mellitus Diabetis insipidus Edema Goitre Cretinism Hipotiroidisme Hipertiroidisme Akromegali (Kegergasian) Kekerdilan Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism Acromegaly (gigantism) Dwarfism Kesan rembesan hormon/Effects of hormone secretion 1 Hormon antidiuresis 2 Hormon insulin Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Insulin hormone Berlebihan Kekurangan Berlebihan Kekurangan Excess Insufficient Excess Insufficient Hipoglisemia Diabetes melitus Edema Diabetes insipidus Hypoglycaemia Diabetes mellitus Air berkumpul Air kurang diserap Aras glukosa rendah, Aras glukosa darah tinggi, di bahagian semula, kerap kencing letih, sukar tidur, kerap kencing, berasa tertentu badan dan dan berasa dahaga. mudah pengsan, sakit haus, kabur penglihatan, membengkak, sakit Less water is kepala, berasa dahaga letih, luka lambat sembuh. kepala dan pening reabsorbed, frequent Low glucose level, High blood glucose level, BAB Water accumulates in urination and feeling fatigue, insomnia, faint frequent urination, feeling certain parts of the thirsty easily, headache, feeling thirsty, blurred vision, body and they swell, headache, and dizziness thirsty tiredness, slow healing of wounds. 7 3 Hormon pertumbuhan (kelenjar pituitari) 4 Hormon tiroksina Growth hormone (pituitary gland) Thyroxine hormone Berlebihan Kekurangan Berlebihan Kekurangan Excess Insufficient Excess Insufficient Akromegali Hipertiroidisme (Kegergasian) Kekerdilan/Dwarfism Hyperthyroidism Goiter/Goitre Acromegaly (gigantism) Kadar pertumbuhan Kadar metabolisme 4 (a) Kelenjar tiroid Kadar pertumbuhan yang terlalu rendah, dan denyutan jantung bengkak, sukar yang terlalu tinggi tulang kurang kuat dan tinggi, kurus, cepat menelan, sukar pada tengkorak, kemerosotan jisim otot marah/High rate bernafas/Swollen tangan dan kaki. The rate of growth is of metabolism and thyroid glands, Growth rate of the too low, the bone is less hearbeat, skinny, difficulty in skull, hands and feet is strong and the muscle irritates easily swallowing, difficulty too high. mass decline in breathing. 4 (b) Hipotiroidisme/Hypothyroidism 4 (c) Kreatinisme/Cretinism Kadar metabolisme dan denyutan jantung Perkembangan mental dan fizikal terbantut rendah, kecergasan mental dan fizikal pada kanak-kanak lemah, berat badan menurun./The low rate Mental and physical development are of metabolism and heartbeat, mental and stunted in children physical fitness are weak, weight loss. 75  Standard Kandungan 7.2 Gangguan kepada koordinasi badan Tarikh: 7.3 AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN Dadah, alkohol dan kesannya Drugs, alcohol and their effects PBD Kontekstual Buku teks m/s 152 – 157 1 Apakah itu dadah? TP2 What are drug? Bahan kimia yang boleh mengubah fungsi dan fisiologi badan. A chemical substance that can change the function and physiology of the body. Praktis Kendiri 2 Nyatakan jenis dadah berdasarkan contoh-contoh dan ciri-cirinya. TP2 State the types of drugs based on their examples and characteristics. Perangsang/Stimulant Halusinogen/Hallucinogen Inhalan/Inhalant Penenang/Depressant Jenis dadah Ciri-ciri Contoh Types of drugs Characteristics Examples (a) Penenang Melambatkan pergerakan impuls dalam Morfina, heroin, barbiturat, Depressant koordinasi badan. kanabis, alkohol, candu Slow down the movement of impulses in Morphine, heroine, barbiturates, body coordination. cannabis, alcohol, opium (b) Perangsang Mempercepat pergerakan impuls dalam Amfetamina, nikotina, kafeina Stimulant koordinasi badan. Amphetamine, nicotine, caffeine Speeds up movement of impulses in body coordination. (c) Inhalan Disedut melalui nafas dan menyebabkan Aerosol, pelarut, bahan gas Inhalant halusinasi Aerosols, solvents, gas Inhale through breathing and cause substance hallucinations BAB (d) ( Halusinogen Menyebabkan khayalan Marijuana, LSD, ketamin Hallucinogen Cause hallucinations Marijuana, LSD, ketamine 7 3 Tandakan Ta ( ✓ ) kesan-kesan penyalahgunaan dadah dan alkohol kepada koordinasi badan dan kesihatan fizikal serta mental. TP1 Tick ( ✓ ) the effects of drugs and alcohol abuse on body coordination and physical and mental health. ✓ Merosakkan sel-sel hati dan menyebabkan sirosis hati (berparut dan mengeras). Damages liver cells and causes liver cirrhosis (scarred and hardened). ✓ Penglihatan menjadi kabur, pendengaran menjadi kurang peka, pertuturan tidak jelas, halusinasi, tidak waras, perlakuan ganas./Vision becomes blurred, hearing sensitivity is reduced, unclear speech, hallucination, insane, violent behaviour. ✓ Mengakis dinding dalam perut dan menyebabkan gastrik atau ulser. Irritates the inner stomach walls and causes gastritis or ulcers. Menyebabkan mata dan hidung berair. Causes eyes and nose to water. MESTI BACA! Tindakan refleks yang lambat dan hilang Sifat ingin tahu, pengaruh rakan sebaya, mencari ✓ keseimbangan badan. keseronokan dan ingin mengatasi kesedihan menyebabkan penyalahgunaan dadah. Slow reflex action and loss of body balance. Curiosity, peer influence, pleasure seeking and Menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan hormon. coping with sadness lead to drug abuse. ✓ Causes hormonal imbalance. ✓ Menyebabkan tekanan darah tinggi dan penyakit jantung. Causes high blood pressure and heart disease. 76  Standard Kandungan 7.3 Minda yang sihat Tarikh: 7.4 AKTIVITI PERBINCANGAN Minda yang sihat Healthy mind PBD Kontekstual Buku teks m/s 158 – 160 Minda ialah keupayaan otak untuk berfikir dan menaakul. The mind is the ability of the brain to think and reason. 1 Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, kelaskan ciri-ciri minda yang sihat dan yang kurang sihat dalam peta pokok di bawah./Based on the above statement, classify mind into healthy mind and unhealthy mind in the tree map below. TP1 Berdikari Kurang yakin Sentiasa risau Berkasih sayang Bersikap positif Independent Lacks confidence Worries constantly Caring Positive attitude Cepat marah Bertanggungjawab Bersikap sabar Tidak boleh mengawal perasaan diri Short-tempered Responsible Being patient Lacks self-control Minda/Mind Minda yang sihat/Healthy mind Minda yang kurang sihat/Unhealthy mind Berdikari/Independent Kurang yakin/Lacks confidence Berkasih sayang/Caring Sentiasa risau/Worries constantly Bersikap positif/Positive attitude Cepat marah/Short-tempered Bertanggungjawab/Responsible Tidak boleh mengawal perasaan diri Bersikap sabar/Being patient Lacks self-control 2 Tandakan ( ✓ ) faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan minda menjadi kurang sihat. TP1 Tick ( ✓ ) the factors that cause the mind to become unhealthy. BAB Tekanan mental Menghidap suatu penyakit ✓ ✓ Mental stress Suffering from a disease ✓ Penyalahgunaan dadah Drug abuse ✓ Ketidakseimbangan hormon Hormonal imbalance 7 Sentiasa bersenam Pengambilan alkohol berlebihan an ✓ Regular exercise Excessive consumption of alcohol hol ✓ Kecederaan otak Penuaan ✓ Brain injury Aging Keadaan persekitaran seperti kualiti udara Pengambilan pil vitamin ✓ Environmental conditions such as the quality of air Consumption of vitamin pills 3 Minda seseorang individu dipengaruhi oleh faktor luaran dan faktor dalaman. Daripada jawapan di 2, kelaskan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan minda menjadi kurang sihat kepada faktor luaran dan faktor dalaman dalam peta dakap di bawah./The mind of an individual is influenced by external and internal factors. From the answer in 2, classify the factors that cause the mind to become unhealthy into external and internal factors in the brace map below. TP1 Tekanan mental/Mental stress Faktor luaran Keadaan persekitaran seperti kualiti udara External factors Environmental conditions such as the quality of air Faktor-faktor Penyalahgunaan dadah/Drug abuse Factors Kecederaan otak/Brain injury Penuaan/Aging Faktor dalaman Internal factors Ketidakseimbangan hormon/Hormonal imbalance Pengambilan berlebihan alkohol/Excessive consumption of alcohol Menghidapi suatu penyakit/Suffering from a disease 77  SPM PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN 7 Kertas 1 Arahan: Setiap soalan diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik. Instructions: Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer. 1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan kelenjar 4 Apakah kesan kekurangan A Akromegali/Acromegaly endokrin bagi manusia. rembesan hormon daripada B Edema/Edema Diagram 1 shows the human kelenjar tiroid? C Diabetes melitus endocrine glands. What are the effects of the Diabetes mellitus deficiency of the secretion of D Diabetes insipidus hormone from thyroid gland? Diabetes insipidus A I Kadar metabolisme diper- lahankan./Metabolic rate is 7 Maklumat di bawah menun- slowed down. jukkan fungsi hormon yang B C II Pertumbuhan fizikal kanak- dirembeskan oleh kelenjar X. D kanak terbantut./Physical The information below shows growth in children is stunted. the functions of the hormone Rajah 1/Diagram 1 III Perkembangan otak pada secreted by gland X. kanak-kanak terencat. Antara kelenjar A, B, C dan D, Development of the brain in Meningkatkan kadar yang manakah tidak berfungsi children is retarded. denyutan jantung dengan baik jika seseorang IV Aras glukosa dalam darah Increase the rate of heartbeat menghidap goiter? meningkat/Glucose level in Meningkatkan kadar Which of the glands, A, B, C or W blood increases pernafasan/Increases the D D, does not function well if a A I dan II/I and II rate of breathing pe person suffers from goitre? B II dan III/II and III KLON SPM 2009/2016 Apakah kelenjar X? BAB C I, II dan III/I, II and III What is gland X? 2 Pe Pernyataan yang manakah D II, III dan IV/II, III and IV A Kelenjar adrenal 7 be benar tentang hormon?/Which Adrenal gland sta statement about hormones is true? 5 Antara yang berikut, yang B Kelenjar pituitari A Mengawal tindakan refleks manakah kesan alkohol Pituitary gland Control reflex actions terhadap kesihatan manusia? C Kelenjar tiroid B Dihasilkan di dalam otak Which of the following are the Thyroid gland sahaja effects of alcohol on human health? D Pankreas/Pancreas Produced only in the brain A Mengaktifkan otak KLON SPM 2018 C Dihasilkan pada orang Activate the brain dewasa sahaja B Merosakkan sel-sel ginjal 8 Antara pernyataan berikut, Produced only in adults Damages kidney cells yang manakah benar tentang D Dirembeskan oleh kelenjar C Mengganggu koordinasi hormon yang dirembeskan tanpa duktus badan oleh pankreas? Secreted by ductless glands Disrupts body coordination Which of the following statements KLON SPM 2014 D Membuat pertimbangan are true about the hormone 3 Kelenjar endokrin yang mana- yang wajar secreted by the pancreas? kah terlibat dalam keadaan Make reasonable judgments A Dapat dikesan dalam darah kecemasan? It can be detected in the blood. Which endocrine gland is involved 6 Seorang lelaki kerap kencing, B Kekurangan hormon ini in an emergency condition? berasa haus, kabur penglihatan menyebabkan goiter A Pankreas dan luka pada badannya lambat Deficiency of this hormone Pancreas sembuh. Apakah penyakit causes goitre. B Pituitari yang mungkin dihidapinya? C Bertindak pada kawasan Pituitary A man often urinates, feels perut sahaja/It acts only in C Adrenal thirsty, has blurred vision and the stomach region. Adrenal wounds on his body heal slowly. D Meningkatkan kadar respirasi D Tiroid What diseasess might he be It increases the rate of Thyroid suffering from? respiration 78  Kertas 2 Arahan: Jawab semua soalan. Instructions: Answer all the questions. Bahagian B/Section B 1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan sistem endokrin bagi seorang remaja perempuan. Diagram 1 shows the endocrine system of an adolescent girl. Tiroid/Thyroid (a) (i) Namakan kelenjar X./Name gland X. TP1 Adrenal/Adrenal [1 markah/1 mark] X (ii) Nyatakan satu fungsi hormon yang dirembeskan oleh kelenjar X./State one function of the hormone secreted by gland X. TP2 Ovari/Ovary Y Meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung/kadar metabolisme Increases the rate of heartbeat/the rate of metabolism Rajah 1/Diagram 1 [1 markah/1 mark] (b) (i) Namakan kelenjar Y./Name gland Y. TP1 Pankreas/Pancreas [1 markah/1 mark] (ii) Apakah yang akan berlaku jika kelenjar Y merembeskan kurang hormon? TP3/KBAT What will happen if gland Y secretes less hormone? Menghidap diabetes melitus/Suffer from diabetes mellitus [1 markah/1 mark] (c) Nyatakan penyakit yang dihidapi jika kelenjar tiroid tidak berfungsi dengan baik kerana kekurangan iodin. State the disease that occurs if a thyroid gland is not fully functioning due to lack of iodine. TP1 Goiter/Goitre BAB [1 markah/1 mark] 7 (d) Seorang remaja perempuan mengalami kitar haid yang tidak teratur. Namakan kelenjar endokrin yang tidak berfungsi dengan baik. TP1 A girl suffers from an irregular menstrual cycle. Name the endocrine gland that is not functioning properly. perly. Ovari/Ovary [1 markah/1 mark] Bahagian C/Section C 2 (a) Berikan penerangan kepada punca gangguan terhadap sistem endokrin yang menyebabkan kesan yang berikut: TP2 Give an explanation about the source of the interference to the endocrine system which causes the following effects. (i) Diabetes insipidus/Diabetes insipidus (ii) Diabetes melitus/Diabetes mellitus (iii) Akromegali/Acromegaly (iv) Kadar metabolisme rendah/Low rate of metabolism [4 markah/4 marks] (b) Seorang lelaki dewasa mendapati air kencingnya mengandungi gula. Terangkan bagaimana lelaki dewasa itu dapat mengatasi masalah kesihatannya. Penerangan anda hendaklah mengandungi aspek-aspek berikut:/A man found that his urine contained sugar. Explain how he can overcome his health problem. Your explanation should include the following aspects: TP4/KBAT (i) Mengenal pasti masalah/Identify the problem (ii) Terangkan punca masalah tersebut./Explain the cause of the problem. (iii) Jelaskan kaedah penyelesaian./Explain the method to solve the problem. (iv) Cadangkan satu perubahan yang harus dilakukan pada gizi hariannya. Praktis Suggest a change needs to be done to his daily diet. SPM [6 markah/6 marks] 79