Zoology 1st Stage - AL MUSTAQBAL UNIVERSITY - PDF

Zoology 1st stage Prof. Dr. Raad Abbas Kadhim College of Science, Department of biology Zoology Frist stage By...

Zoology 1st stage Prof. Dr. Raad Abbas Kadhim College of Science, Department of biology Zoology Frist stage By Prof. Dr. Raad Abbas Kadhim 1 Zoology 1st stage Prof. Dr. Raad Abbas Kadhim Lecture 1. Zoology Zoology, a branch of biology that studies the members of the animal kingdom and animal life in general. Our planet, earth, is occupied by diverse kinds of living organisms. They live in various environments. The world is estimated to have 5 to 30 million species of living organisms. At present about 2.5 million species of living organisms have been given scientific names. Over 1.5 million of them are animal species and out of which 750,000 belong to insect species alone..َ‫خ ثشىً ػب‬١ٔ‫ا‬ٛ١‫بح اٌؾ‬١‫اٌؾ‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ا‬ٛ١‫ذسط أػؼبء اٌٍّّىخ اٌؾ‬٠ ‫بء‬١‫ فشع ِٓ ػٍُ األؽ‬،ْ‫ا‬ٛ١‫ػٍُ اٌؾ‬ ‫ش‬١‫ رش‬.‫ئبد ِخزٍفخ‬١‫ ث‬ٟ‫ْ ف‬ٛ‫ش‬١‫ؼ‬٠ ُٙٔ‫ إ‬.‫خ‬١‫اع ِخزٍفخ ِٓ اٌىبئٕبد اٌؾ‬ٛٔ‫ي ثأ‬ٛ‫ ِشغ‬،‫ األسع‬،‫وجٕب‬ٛ‫و‬ ُ‫ ر‬،‫لذ اٌؾبػش‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٟ‫ ف‬.‫خ‬١‫ع ِٓ اٌىبئٕبد اٌؾ‬ٛٔ ْٛ١ٍِ 03 ٌٝ‫ إ‬5 ٓ١‫ؼُ ِب ث‬٠ ٌُ‫ أْ اٌؼب‬ٌٝ‫شاد إ‬٠‫اٌزمذ‬ ‫اع‬ٛٔ‫ أ‬ٟ٘ ‫ب‬ِٕٙ ْٛ١ٍِ 5.5 ِٓ ‫ أوضش‬.‫خ‬١ٍّ‫خ ثأعّبء ػ‬١‫ع ِٓ اٌىبئٕبد اٌؾ‬ٛٔ ْٛ١ٍِ 5.5 ٌٟ‫ا‬ٛ‫خ ؽ‬١ّ‫رغ‬.‫ؽذ٘ب‬ٚ ‫اع اٌؾششاد‬ٛٔ‫ أ‬ٌٝ‫ إ‬ّٟ‫ رٕز‬053.333 ‫ب‬ِٕٙ ،‫خ‬١ٔ‫ا‬ٛ١‫ؽ‬ Branches of Zoology: Zoology is divided into several branches, the most important of which are the following: Morphology, Histology, Physiology, Parasitology, Cytology, Entomology, Embryology, Genetics, Taxonomy, Ecology, Endocrinology, Comparative anatomy, Paleontology ‫ش‬ٙ‫ ػٍُ اٌزشىً (اٌّظ‬:ٍٟ٠ ‫ب ِب‬ّٙ٘‫ع أ‬ٚ‫ ػذح فش‬ٌٝ‫اْ إ‬ٛ١‫ٕمغُ ػٍُ اٌؾ‬٠ :ْ‫ا‬ٛ١‫ع ػٍُ اٌؾ‬ٚ‫فش‬ ٍُ‫ ػ‬،‫ ػٍُ اٌؾششاد‬،‫خ‬١ٍ‫ ػٍُ اٌخ‬،‫بد‬١ٍ١‫ ػٍُ اٌطف‬،‫ظبئف األػؼبء‬ٚ ٍُ‫ ػ‬،‫ ػٍُ األٔغغخ‬،)ٟ‫اٌخبسع‬ ٍُ‫ ػ‬،ْ‫ؼ اٌّمبس‬٠‫ ػٍُ اٌزشش‬،‫ ػٍُ اٌغذد اٌظّبء‬،‫ئخ‬١‫ ػٍُ اٌج‬،‫ف‬١ٕ‫ ػٍُ اٌزظ‬،‫ساصخ‬ٌٛ‫ ػٍُ ا‬،‫األعٕخ‬.)‫أبد إٌّمشػخ‬ٛ١‫بد (اٌؾ‬٠‫اٌؾفش‬ Taxonomic systems ‫النظم التصنيفية‬ The initiation for evolving taxonomic systems was provided by Aristotle (384-322 BC). He emphasized that animals can be classified according to their way of living, actions, habits and body parts. Due to his contributions, he is considered as the „father of biological classification‟. ٓ‫ّى‬٠ ٗٔ‫أوذ أ‬ٚ.)‫الد‬١ٌّ‫ لجً ا‬055-083( ٛ‫ف ِٓ لجً أسعط‬١ٕ‫ش أٔظّخ اٌزظ‬٠ٛ‫ رط‬ٟ‫رُ اٌجذء ف‬ ،ٗ‫ٔظشًا ٌّغبّ٘بر‬ٚ.‫ب‬ّٙ‫أػؼبء عغ‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٙ‫ػبدار‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٙ‫رظشفبر‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٙ‫شز‬١‫مخ ِؼ‬٠‫أبد ؽغت ؽش‬ٛ١‫ف اٌؾ‬١ٕ‫رظ‬."ٟ‫ع‬ٌٛٛ١‫ف اٌج‬١ٕ‫ اٌزظ‬ٛ‫ُؼزجش "أث‬٠ The great Swedish naturalist Linnaeus (1707 - 1778) had an important influence on taxonomy. Hence, he was called the father of taxonomy. In 1758 he published his famous Systema Naturae. He introduced for the first time the hierarchical system in both the animal and plant kingdoms. He formulated four categories namely class, order, genus and species for the animal world. His greatest contribution to taxonomy was the use of binomial nomenclature for all species of animals and plants..‫ف‬١ٕ‫ ػٍُ اٌزظ‬ٍٝ‫ُ ػ‬ِٙ ‫ش‬١‫) رأص‬5008 - 5030( ‫ط‬ٛ١ٕ١ٌ ُ١‫ اٌؼظ‬ٞ‫ذ‬٠ٛ‫ؼخ اٌغ‬١‫وبْ ٌؼبٌُ اٌطج‬ َ‫ ٌمذ لذ‬Systema Naturae. ‫ش‬١ٙ‫ ٔشش وزبثٗ اٌش‬5058 َ‫ ػب‬ٟ‫ ف‬.‫ف‬١ٕ‫ ػٍُ اٌزظ‬ٟ‫ِٓ ٕ٘ب ٌمت ثأث‬ٚ 2 Zoology 1st stage Prof. Dr. Raad Abbas Kadhim ‫بغخ أسثغ فئبد (ِشارت‬١‫ لبَ ثظ‬.‫خ‬١‫إٌجبر‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ا‬ٛ١‫ٓ اٌؾ‬١‫ وً ِٓ اٌٍّّىز‬ٟ‫ ف‬ِٟ‫ش‬ٌٙ‫ي ِشح إٌظبَ ا‬ٚ‫أل‬ ٍُ‫ ػ‬ٟ‫ وبٔذ أػظُ ِغبّ٘برٗ ف‬.ْ‫ا‬ٛ١‫ع ٌؼبٌُ اٌؾ‬ٌٕٛ‫ا‬ٚ ‫اٌغٕظ‬ٚ ‫اٌشرجخ‬ٚ ‫ اٌظٕف‬ٟ٘ٚ )‫خ‬١‫ف‬١ٕ‫رظ‬.‫إٌجبربد‬ٚ ‫أبد‬ٛ١‫اع اٌؾ‬ٛٔ‫غ أ‬١ّ‫خ ٌغ‬١‫خ اٌضٕبئ‬١ٌّ‫خ اٌؼب‬١ّ‫ اعزخذاَ اٌزغ‬ٟ٘ ‫ف‬١ٕ‫اٌزظ‬ Introduction to taxa and species ‫مقدمة للمراتب التصنيفية والنىع‬ While grouping or arranging the organisms, a biologist faces three scientific ideas, namely taxonomy, systematics and classification. These disciplines though appear similar have slight deviations in their meaning. The term taxonomy is a Greek word. Its components are taxis and nomos. While taxis means arrangement, nomos means law. Thus taxonomy is defined as the “theory and practice of classifying organisms” ‫خ (ِظطٍؾبد‬١ٍّ‫بء صالس أفىبس ػ‬١‫اعٗ ػبٌُ األؽ‬ٛ٠ ،‫ب‬ٙ‫ج‬١‫ رشر‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١‫غ اٌىبئٕبد اٌؾ‬١ّ‫أصٕبء رغ‬ ٖ‫ اٌشغُ ِٓ أْ ٘ز‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬.classification ٚ systematics ٚ taxonomy ٟ٘ٚ ،)‫خ‬١ٍّ‫ػ‬ taxonomy ‫ ِظطٍؼ‬.‫ ِؼٕب٘ب‬ٟ‫فخ ف‬١‫ اخزالفبد ؽف‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٞٛ‫ب رؾز‬ٙٔ‫ إال أ‬،‫خ‬ٙ‫ ِزشبث‬ٚ‫اٌزخظظبد رجذ‬ ٟٕ‫ رؼ‬nomosْ‫ فئ‬، ‫ت‬١‫ اٌزشر‬ٟٕ‫ رؼ‬taxis ْ‫ّٕب أ‬١‫ ث‬.nomos ٚ taxis ٟ٘ ٗ‫ٔبر‬ٛ‫ ِى‬.‫خ‬١ٔ‫ٔب‬ٛ٠ ‫ وٍّخ‬ٛ٘ ‫خ‬١ٍّ‫اٌؼ‬ٚ ‫خ‬٠‫ أٔٗ "اٌّّبسعخ إٌظش‬ٍٝ‫ف ػ‬١ٕ‫ف اٌزظ‬٠‫زُ رؼش‬٠ ُ‫ِٓ ص‬ٚ.)‫ت‬١‫ْ اٌزشر‬ٛٔ‫ (لب‬ٛ٘ ‫ْ ٌزا‬ٛٔ‫اٌمب‬ "‫خ‬١‫ف اٌىبئٕبد اٌؾ‬١ٕ‫ٌزظ‬ The term systematics originates from the Greek word systema. It means „placing together‟. Thus systematics means classification of living things in accordance with their natural relationships. Simpson (1961) defines systematics as follows “Systematics is the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and any relationships among them”. ْ‫ِٓ صُ فئ‬ٚ."‫ػغ ِؼب‬ٚ" ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ ‫٘زا‬ٚ.systema ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ٔب‬ٛ١ٌ‫ٕشأ ِٓ اٌىٍّخ ا‬٠ ُ‫ِظطٍؼ ػٍُ إٌظ‬ ٍُ‫) ػ‬5695( ْٛ‫ّجغ‬١‫ؼشف ع‬٠.‫خ‬١‫ؼ‬١‫ب اٌطج‬ٙ‫فمًب ٌؼاللبر‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ف اٌىبئٕبد اٌؾ‬١ٕ‫ رظ‬ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ ُ‫ػٍُ ػٍُ إٌظ‬ ٞ‫أ‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ع اٌىبئٕبد اٌؾ‬ٕٛ‫ر‬ٚ ‫اع‬ٛٔ‫خ أل‬١ٍّ‫ اٌذساعخ اٌؼ‬ٛ٘ ُ‫ "ػٍُ إٌظ‬:ٌٟ‫ اٌزب‬ٛ‫ إٌؾ‬ٍٝ‫ػٍُ إٌظُ ػ‬."‫ب‬ٕٙ١‫ّب ث‬١‫ػاللبد ف‬ The term classification in meaning partly overlaps with taxonomy. However it simply means the activity of classifying. Thus according to Simpson “Zoological classification is the ordering of animals into groups on the basis of their relationships”. ‫ِغ رٌه‬ٚ.taxonomy ‫ًب ِغ ِظطٍؼ‬١‫ ِؼٕبٖ عضئ‬ٟ‫ ف‬classification ‫ف‬١ٕ‫زذاخً ِظطٍؼ اٌزظ‬٠ ٛ٘ ٟٔ‫ا‬ٛ١‫ف اٌؾ‬١ٕ‫ أٗ "اٌزظ‬ٍٝ‫ؼشف ػ‬٠ ،ْٛ‫ّجغ‬١‫فمًب ٌغ‬ٚ ،‫٘ىزا‬ٚ.‫ف‬١ٕ‫خ اٌزظ‬١ٌ‫ ثجغبؽخ فؼب‬ٟٕ‫ؼ‬٠ ٛٙ‫ف‬."‫ب‬ٕٙ١‫ّب ث‬١‫ أعبط اٌؼاللبد ف‬ٍٝ‫ػبد ػ‬ّٛ‫ ِغ‬ٌٝ‫أبد إ‬ٛ١‫ت اٌؾ‬١‫رشر‬ Taxon )‫األصنىفة (المرتبة التصنيفية‬ Based on specific characteristics, animals are grouped into various categories. These categories are called taxa (singular: taxon). “A taxon is a taxonomic group of any rank that is sufficiently distinct to be worthy of being assigned to a definite category”. The several taxa in animal taxonomy are the Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species. This 3 Zoology 1st stage Prof. Dr. Raad Abbas Kadhim arrangement from Phylum to Species is designated as the hierarchic system of classification. In this system each taxon is based on specific characters of a group of organisms. ‫ ٘زٖ اٌفئبد اٌّشارت‬ّٝ‫ رغ‬.‫ فئبد ِخزٍفخ‬ٟ‫أبد ف‬ٛ١‫غ اٌؾ‬١ّ‫زُ رغ‬٠ ،‫ خظبئض ِؾذدح‬ٍٝ‫ثٕب ًء ػ‬ ْٛ‫) رى‬ٜٛ‫ ِشرجخ (ِغز‬ٞ‫خ ِٓ أ‬١‫ف‬١ٕ‫ػخ رظ‬ّٛ‫ ِغ‬ٟ٘ٚ ".)‫خ‬١‫ف‬١ٕ‫ اٌّشرجخ اٌزظ‬:‫خ (اٌّفشد‬١‫ف‬١ٕ‫اٌزظ‬ ‫ف‬١ٕ‫ رظ‬ٟ‫خ اٌّزؼذدح ف‬١‫ف‬١ٕ‫ اٌّشارت اٌزظ‬."‫ب ٌفئخ ِؾذدح‬ٕٙ١١‫زُ رؼ‬٠ ْ‫خ ٌزغزؾك أ‬٠‫ٗ اٌىفب‬١‫ضح ثّب ف‬١ّ‫ِز‬ ‫ت ِٓ اٌشؼجخ‬١‫ذ ٘زا اٌزشر‬٠‫ رُ رؾذ‬.‫ع‬ٌٕٛ‫ا‬ٚ ‫اٌغٕظ‬ٚ ‫اٌؼبئٍخ‬ٚ ‫اٌشرجخ‬ٚ ‫اٌظٕف‬ٚ ‫ اٌشؼجخ‬:ٟ٘ ‫أبد‬ٛ١‫اٌؾ‬ ‫ خظبئض ِؾذدح‬ٍٝ‫ف ػ‬١ٕ‫ؼزّذ وً رظ‬٠ َ‫ ٘زا إٌظب‬ٟ‫ ف‬.‫ف‬١ٕ‫ ٌٍزظ‬ِٟ‫ش‬ٌٙ‫ أٔٗ إٌظبَ ا‬ٍٝ‫ع ػ‬ٌٕٛ‫ ا‬ٌٝ‫إ‬.‫خ‬١‫ػخ ِٓ اٌىبئٕبد اٌؾ‬ّٛ‫ٌّغ‬ The taxon, „Phylum‟ is the largest group. There are several such Phyla constituting the animal kingdom. Members of a Phylum are recognized by certain distinctive features as shown below. ‫ذ ِٓ ٘زٖ اٌشؼت‬٠‫ ٕ٘بن اٌؼذ‬.‫ػخ‬ّٛ‫" أوجش ِغ‬Phylum" )‫خ (اٌشؼجخ‬١‫ف‬١ٕ‫رؼزجش اٌّشرجخ اٌزظ‬ ٛ٘ ‫ضح وّب‬١ٌّّ‫ أػؼبء اٌشؼجخ ِٓ خالي ثؼغ اٌغّبد ا‬ٍٝ‫زُ اٌزؼشف ػ‬٠.ْ‫ا‬ٛ١‫ رشىً ٍِّىخ اٌؾ‬ٟ‫اٌز‬.ٖ‫ػؼ أدٔب‬ِٛ Characters )‫(الصفة‬ Phylum )‫(الشؼبة‬ Single celled animals ‫خ‬١ٍ‫أبد ِفشدح اٌخ‬ٛ١‫ؽ‬ - Protozoa ‫بد‬١‫االثزذائ‬ Pore bearers )‫س‬ٛ‫ؽبِالد اٌّغبِبد (اٌضغ‬ - Porifera ‫بد‬١ِ‫اٌّغب‬ Common body cavity and digestive ّٟ‫ؼ‬ٌٙ‫بص ا‬ٙ‫اٌغ‬ٚ ‫ف اٌغغُ اٌّشزشن‬٠ٛ‫ رغ‬- Coelenterata ‫ف‬ٛ‫خ اٌغ‬١‫اِؼبئ‬ Flatworms )ٟٕ‫اٌجط‬ٚ ٞ‫ش‬ٙ‫ؽخ ِٓ اٌغبٔت اٌظ‬ٛ‫ذاْ ِغطؾخ(ِؼغ‬٠‫ د‬- Platyhelminthes ‫ذاْ اٌّغطؾخ‬٠‫اٌذ‬ Thread-like worms ‫ؾ‬١‫خ ثبٌخ‬ٙ١‫ذاْ اٌشج‬٠‫اٌذ‬ - Nematoda ‫خ‬١‫ط‬١‫ذاْ اٌخ‬٠‫اٌذ‬ Metamerically segmented animal َ‫ً اٌزب‬١‫ اٌزؼم‬ٚ‫اْ ر‬ٛ١‫ اٌؾ‬- Annelida ‫خ‬١‫ذاْ اٌؾٍم‬٠‫اٌذ‬ Having jointed legs ‫خ‬١ٍ‫د أسعً ِفظ‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ - Arthropoda ‫بد‬١ٍ‫اٌّفظ‬ Soft-bodied ُ‫ٔبػّخ اٌغغ‬ - Mollusca ُ‫اػ‬ٌٕٛ‫ا‬ Spiny skinned ٟ‫و‬ٛ‫ عٍذ ش‬ٚ‫ر‬ - Echinodermata ‫خ اٌغٍذ‬١‫و‬ٛ‫ش‬ Having notochord ٞ‫ش‬ٙ‫د اٌؾجً اٌظ‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ - Chordata ‫بد‬١ٍ‫اٌؾج‬ Apart from one specific character, the members of the Phylum may also show other common characters. Since a Phylum comprises enormous varieties of animals, it is further subdivided as given below: ‫ ٔظشًا‬.ٜ‫بد ِشزشوخ أخش‬١‫ؼًب شخظ‬٠‫ش أػؼبء اٌشؼجخ أ‬ٙ‫ظ‬٠ ‫ لذ‬،‫خ ِؾذدح‬١‫ثظشف إٌظش ػٓ شخظ‬ٚ :ٖ‫ػؼ أدٔب‬ِٛ ٛ٘ ‫خ وّب‬١‫ ألغبَ فشػ‬ٌٝ‫ؼًب إ‬٠‫ب رٕمغُ أ‬ٙٔ‫ فئ‬،‫أبد‬ٛ١‫اػًب ٘بئٍخ ِٓ اٌؾ‬ٛٔ‫ألْ اٌشؼجخ رؼُ أ‬ Phylum Phylum Phylum Subphylum)‫خ‬٠ٛٔ‫(شؼجخ صب‬ Superclass)ُ‫(طٕف اػظ‬ Classes Classes Classes A Class is the next level in the hierarchy. There are only few Classes in a Phylum. The members of each Class are identified by some specific character. Each Class may further be divided into Superorders or Orders An Order is another level in the taxonomic hierarchy. It is marked by some specific feature. A Class may have several Orders. For example, the Class : Insecta is subdivided into nearly 29 Orders. Each Order is identified by a 4 Zoology 1st stage Prof. Dr. Raad Abbas Kadhim specific character. The Order is subdivided into Families Each Family will contain several Genera (singular : Genus). Each Genus again is subdivided into Species..‫ اٌشؼجخ‬ٟ‫ً ِٓ االطٕبف ف‬١ٍ‫ ػذد ل‬ٜٛ‫عذ ع‬ٛ٠ ‫ ال‬.ِٟ‫ش‬ٌٙ‫ اٌزغٍغً ا‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٌٟ‫ اٌزب‬ٜٛ‫ اٌّغز‬ٛ٘ ‫اٌظٕف‬ ‫ سرت‬ٌٝ‫ُ وً طٕف إ‬١‫ؼًب رمغ‬٠‫ّىٓ أ‬٠.‫ذ أػؼبء وً طٕف ِٓ خالي ثؼغ اٌظفبد اٌّؾذدح‬٠‫زُ رؾذ‬٠ ‫ضاد‬١ٌّ‫ضٖ ثجؼغ ا‬١١ّ‫زُ ر‬٠.ٟ‫ف‬١ٕ‫ اٌزظ‬ِٟ‫ش‬ٌٙ‫ اٌزغٍغً ا‬ٟ‫ آخش ف‬ٜٛ‫ ِغز‬ٟ٘ ‫اٌشرجخ‬ٚ ،‫ سرت‬ٚ‫ أ‬ّٝ‫ػظ‬ ‫ ِب‬ٌٝ‫ إ‬Insecta :‫ٕمغُ طٕف اٌؾششاد‬٠ ،‫ً اٌّضبي‬١‫ عج‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬.‫ْ ٌٍظٕف ػذح سرت‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ لذ‬.‫اٌّؾذدح‬ ‫ وً ػبئٍخ‬ٞٛ‫عزؾز‬ٚ ،‫ ػبئالد‬ٌٝ‫ رٕمغُ اٌشرجخ إ‬.‫ٕخ‬١‫ذ وً سرجخ ثظفخ ِؼ‬٠‫زُ رؾذ‬٠.‫ سرجخ‬56 ِٓ ‫مشة‬٠.‫اع‬ٛٔ‫ أ‬ٌٝ‫ إ‬ٜ‫ٕمغُ وً عٕظ ِشح أخش‬٠ٚ.)‫ عٕظ‬:‫ ػذح أعٕبط (اٌّفشد‬ٍٝ‫ػ‬ the Species is considered as the most important taxon. A Species represents a natural unit..‫خ‬١‫ؼ‬١‫ؽذح ؽج‬ٚ ‫ع‬ٌٕٛ‫ّضً ا‬٠. ‫خ‬١‫ف‬١ٕ‫ع أُ٘ سرجخ رظ‬ٌٕٛ‫ؼزجش ا‬٠ Biological Species concept - According to this concept, “Species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups”. This concept is mostly accepted by present day taxonomists. ٟ‫خ اٌز‬١‫ؼ‬١‫ػبد ِٓ اٌّغزّؼبد اٌطج‬ّٛ‫ ِغ‬ٟ٘ ‫اع‬ٛٔ‫ "األ‬،َٛٙ‫زا اٌّف‬ٌٙ ‫فمب‬ٚ - ‫ع‬ٌٍٕٛ ٟ‫ع‬ٌٛٛ١‫َ اٌج‬ٛٙ‫اٌّف‬ ‫ي‬ٛ‫َ ِمج‬ٛٙ‫ ٘زا اٌّف‬."ٜ‫ػبد اٌّّبصٍخ األخش‬ّٛ‫ب ػٓ اٌّغ‬٠‫ٌخ رىبصش‬ٚ‫ْ ِؼض‬ٛ‫ رى‬ٟ‫اٌز‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٕٙ١‫ّب ث‬١‫ط ف‬ٚ‫رزضا‬.‫لذ اٌؾبػش‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٟ‫ف ف‬١ٕ‫ اٌغبٌت ِٓ لجً خجشاء اٌزظ‬ٟ‫ف‬ Nomenclature methods ‫طرق التسمية الؼلمية‬ Nomenclature forms the basis by which scientists can name and cross refer to organisms. It is an integral part of taxonomy. In fact, modern taxonomy started in 1753 with the publication of first part of Systema by Linnaeus. According to Linnaeus a Species is specified by the combination of both its specific and generic names. Since it requires two names, it is referred to as the binomial system. This system is now firmly established in Biology..‫ب‬ٙ١ٌ‫اإلشبسح إ‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫خ اٌىبئٕبد اٌؾ‬١ّ‫ّىٓ ٌٍؼٍّبء ِٓ خالٌٗ رغ‬٠ ٞ‫بد األعبط اٌز‬١ّ‫رشىً اٌزغ‬ ‫ ِغ ٔشش‬5050 َ‫ ػب‬ٟ‫ش ف‬٠‫ف اٌؾذ‬١ٕ‫ ثذأ ػٍُ اٌزظ‬،‫الغ‬ٌٛ‫ ا‬ٟ‫ ف‬.‫ف‬١ٕ‫زغضأ ِٓ ػٍُ اٌزظ‬٠ ‫إٔٗ عضء ال‬ ‫ع ِٓ خالي اٌغّغ‬ٌٕٛ‫ذ ا‬٠‫زُ رؾذ‬٠ ،‫ط‬ٛ١ٕ١ٌٍ ‫فمًب‬ٚ.‫ط‬ٛ١ٕ١ٌ ‫اعطخ‬ٛ‫ ث‬Systema ‫ي ِٓ وزبة‬ٚ‫اٌغضء األ‬ ‫خ‬١ّ‫ اٌزغ‬ٚ‫ٓ ا‬٠‫ اٌؾذ‬ٞ‫ٗ ثبعُ إٌظبَ ر‬١ٌ‫شبس إ‬٠ ٗٔ‫ فئ‬،ٓ١ّ‫زطٍت اع‬٠ ٗٔ‫ثّب أ‬ٚ.‫اٌؼبِخ‬ٚ ‫ٓ أعّبئٗ اٌّؾذدح‬١‫ث‬.‫بء‬١‫ ػٍُ األؽ‬ٟ‫ْ ساع ًخب ف‬٢‫لذ أطجؼ ٘زا إٌظبَ ا‬ٚ.‫خ‬١‫اٌضٕبئ‬ Basic principles of nomenclature ‫المبادئ األساسية للتسمية‬ 1. Providing stability in the naming and classification of organisms is emphasized. Any taxon must have only one correct name. ْٛ‫ى‬٠ ْ‫غت أ‬٠.‫خ‬١‫ف اٌىبئٕبد اٌؾ‬١ٕ‫رظ‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ّ‫ رغ‬ٟ‫خ) ف‬١‫ض االعزمشاس (اٌضبثز‬١ٙ‫ رغ‬ٍٝ‫ذ ػ‬١‫زُ اٌزأو‬٠.‫ؼ فمؾ‬١‫اؽذ طؾ‬ٚ ُ‫خ اع‬١‫ف‬١ٕ‫ ِشرجخ رظ‬ٞ‫أل‬ 5 Zoology 1st stage Prof. Dr. Raad Abbas Kadhim 2. If two or more names are already in use the correct name will be the one that was published earlier. This system is referred to as the law of priority. ُ‫ ر‬ٞ‫ االعُ اٌز‬ٛ٘ ‫ؼ‬١‫ْ االعُ اٌظؾ‬ٛ‫ى‬١‫ فغ‬،ً‫ذ االعزخذاَ ثبٌفؼ‬١‫ أوضش ل‬ٚ‫إرا وبْ ٕ٘بن اعّبْ أ‬.‫خ‬٠ٌٛٚ‫ْ األ‬ٛٔ‫ ٘زا إٌظبَ ثمب‬ٌٝ‫شبس إ‬٠ٚ.)‫ االعجك‬: ‫ال‬ٚ‫ٔششٖ ِغجمًب (ا‬ 3. If two or more workers at one particular time describe the same organism using different names, it results in synonyms. However only one name will be held as a valid name. The validity is provided to the senior synonym.(law of priority) ٞ‫ؤد‬٠ ٗٔ‫ فئ‬،‫ ثبعزخذاَ أعّبء ِخزٍفخ‬ٟ‫ْ ٔفظ اٌىبئٓ اٌؾ‬ٛ‫ظف‬٠ ٓ١‫لذ ِؼ‬ٚ ٟ‫ أوضش ف‬ٚ‫إرا وبْ ػبِالْ أ‬ ‫ؼ؛‬١‫اؽذ فمؾ وبعُ طبٌؼ (طؾ‬ٚ ُ‫زُ االؽزفبظ ثبع‬١‫ ع‬،‫ِغ رٌه‬ٚ.)‫ٓ اعُ ِشادف‬٠ٛ‫ اٌّشادفبد (رى‬ٌٝ‫إ‬ )‫خ‬٠ٌٛٚ‫ْ األ‬ٛٔ‫ (ؽغت لب‬.َ‫خ ٌالعُ اٌّشادف األلذ‬١‫رّٕؼ اٌظالؽ‬ٚ.)‫ي‬ٛ‫ِمج‬ 4. When names referring to two separate taxa of the same nomenclatural level are spelled the same, the two names are called homonyms. This situation arises when two separate authors used the same name to refer to two different taxa. This condition is called homonymy. In this situation the junior name is invalid and a new replacement has to be proposed. ‫خ ثٕفظ‬١ّ‫ اٌزغ‬ٜٛ‫ٓ ِٓ ٔفظ ِغز‬١ٍ‫ٓ ِٕفظ‬١‫ٓ رظٕف‬١٠ٛ‫ ِغز‬ٌٝ‫ش إ‬١‫ رش‬ٟ‫زُ وزبثخ األعّبء اٌز‬٠ ‫ػٕذِب‬ ْ‫غزخذَ ِؤٌفب‬٠ ‫ٕشأ ػٕذِب‬٠ ‫ ٘زٖ اٌؾبٌخ‬.)‫ اٌّزّبصالد‬ٚ‫ٓ اعُ اٌّزغبٔغبد (ا‬١ّ‫ االع‬ٍٝ‫طٍك ػ‬٠ ،‫مخ‬٠‫اٌطش‬ ٖ‫ ٘ز‬ٟ‫ ف‬.‫ اٌٍفع اٌّزغبٔظ‬ٝ‫ ٘زٖ اٌؾبٌخ رذػ‬.ٓ١‫ٓ ِخزٍف‬١‫ف‬١ٕ‫ رظ‬ٌٝ‫ِٕفظالْ ٔفظ االعُ ٌإلشبسح إ‬.‫ذ‬٠‫ً عذ‬٠‫غت الزشاػ ثذ‬٠ٚ ‫ش طبٌؼ‬١‫ْ االعُ األطغش غ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ،‫اٌؾبٌخ‬ 5. A material on which an original description is based, gets a special status. It will form the basis for any future identity of a taxon. This idea is called the type concept. Thus the concept of a genus and species are fixed by their type genus or type species. ‫خ‬٠ٛ٘ ٞ‫ف رشىً األعبط أل‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ.‫ػغ خبص‬ٚ ٍٝ‫ رؾظً ػ‬،ٍٟ‫طف األط‬ٌٛ‫ب ا‬ٙ١ٌ‫غزٕذ إ‬٠ ٟ‫اٌّبدح اٌز‬ ‫ع‬ٌٕٛ‫ا‬ٚ ‫َ اٌغٕظ‬ٛٙ‫ذ ِف‬٠‫زُ رؾذ‬٠ ٌٟ‫ثبٌزب‬ٚ.‫َ إٌّؾ‬ٛٙ‫ ِف‬ّٝ‫ ٘زٖ اٌفىشح رغ‬.‫خ‬١‫ف‬١ٕ‫خ ٌٍّشرجخ اٌزظ‬١ٍ‫ِغزمج‬.‫ع‬ٌٕٛ‫ ّٔؾ ا‬ٚ‫ؽغت ّٔؾ اٌغٕظ أ‬ 6. Names that were used before those included by Linnaeus in the “Systema Naturae”, tenth edition, 1758 are not recognized. ‫ اٌطجؼخ‬Systema Naturae" ‫ ;وزبة‬ٟ‫ط ف‬ٛ١ٕ١ٌ ‫ب‬ٙ‫ أدسع‬ٟ‫ب لجً رٍه اٌز‬ِٙ‫ رُ اعزخذا‬ٟ‫األعّبء اٌز‬.‫ب‬ٙ‫ش ِؼزشف ث‬١‫ غ‬5058 َ‫اٌؼبششح ػب‬ 7. Scientific names must be either Latin or latinized. The name should be mentioned in italics..ً‫زوش االعُ ثبٌخؾ اٌّبئ‬٠ ْ‫غت أ‬٠.‫خ‬١ٕ١‫ الر‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١ٕ١‫خ إِب الر‬١ٍّ‫ْ األعّبء اٌؼ‬ٛ‫غت أْ رى‬٠ 8. The genus name should be a single word beginning with a capital letter..‫ش‬١‫اؽذح رجذأ ثؾشف وج‬ٚ ‫ْ اعُ اٌغٕظ وٍّخ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ْ‫غت أ‬٠ 9. The species name should be a single or compound word beginning with a small letter. 6 Zoology 1st stage Prof. Dr. Raad Abbas Kadhim ‫ش‬١‫ ِشوجخ رجذأ ثؾشف طغ‬ٚ‫ع وٍّخ ِفشدح أ‬ٌٕٛ‫ْ اعُ ا‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ْ‫غت أ‬٠ Animal groups ‫مجاميغ الحيىانات‬ Methods of grouping animals ‫طرق تجميغ (ضمها الى مجمىػات) الحيىانات‬ There are several ways of grouping animals. In all these methods the basic Taxon remains without any change. However the taxa are rearranged in different groups. ‫ِغ‬ٚ.‫ش‬١١‫ رغ‬ٞ‫ْ أ‬ٚ‫خ د‬١‫ف‬١ٕ‫ اٌّشرجخ اٌزظ‬ٝ‫ وً ٘زٖ اٌطشق رجم‬ٟ‫ف‬ٚ.‫أبد‬ٛ١‫غ اٌؾ‬١ّ‫ٕ٘بن ػذح ؽشق ٌزغ‬.‫ػبد ِخزٍفخ‬ّٛ‫ ِغ‬ٟ‫خ ف‬١‫ف‬١ٕ‫ت اٌّشارت اٌزظ‬١‫زُ إػبدح رشر‬٠ ‫رٌه‬ I. One of the earliest method of grouping the animals could be dividing the Animal kingdom into two assemblages called Invertebrata and Vertebrata. ‫بد‬٠‫ اٌالفمبس‬ّٝ‫ٓ رغ‬١‫ػز‬ّٛ‫ ِغ‬ٌٝ‫خ إ‬١ٔ‫ا‬ٛ١‫أبد رٕمغُ اٌٍّّىخ اٌؾ‬ٛ١‫غ اٌؾ‬١ّ‫اؽذح ِٓ ألذَ اٌطشق ٌزغ‬ٚ.‫بد‬٠‫اٌفمبس‬ٚ II. Animals can also be grouped as single celled and multicellular. The single celled organisms are called the Protozoans. The multicellular could be called the Metazoans. ‫خ‬١ٍ‫ذح اٌخ‬١‫ؽ‬ٚ ‫ اٌىبئٕبد‬ّٝ‫ رغ‬.‫ب‬٠‫ِزؼذدح اٌخال‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٍ‫ذح اٌخ‬١‫ؽ‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٙٔ‫ أ‬ٍٝ‫أبد ػ‬ٛ١‫ف اٌؾ‬١ٕ‫ؼًب رظ‬٠‫ّىٓ أ‬٠.Metazoans ُ‫ب اع‬٠‫ اٌىبئٕبد ِزؼذدح اٌخال‬ٍٝ‫طٍك ػ‬٠ ْ‫ّىٓ أ‬٠.Protozoans ‫ا‬ٚ‫ص‬ٛ‫ر‬ٚ‫ثبٌجش‬ III. In yet another method the animals are grouped under following three assemblages. :‫خ‬١ٌ‫غ اٌضالصخ اٌزب‬١ِ‫أبد رؾذ اٌّغب‬ٛ١‫غ اٌؾ‬١ّ‫زُ رغ‬٠ ٜ‫مخ أخش‬٠‫ ؽش‬ٟ‫ف‬ٚ 1. Protozoa - single celled animals ‫خ‬١ٍ‫ذح اٌخ‬١‫ؽ‬ٚ ‫أبد‬ٛ١‫ ؽ‬- )‫بد‬١‫ا(االثزذائ‬ٚ‫ص‬ٛ‫ر‬ٚ‫اٌجش‬ 2. Parazoa - Multicellular without tissue grade (sponges)..)‫بد‬١ِ‫ اٌّغب‬ٚ‫بد ا‬١‫ظ (اإلعفٕغ‬١‫ٓ إٌغ‬٠ٛ‫ْ دسعخ رى‬ٚ‫ب ثذ‬٠‫ ِزؼذد اٌخال‬- )‫أبد‬ٛ١‫ا (اشجبٖ اٌؾ‬ٚ‫ثبساص‬ 3. Eumetazoa - Multicellular with tissue grade..)‫ظ‬١‫ب ٔغ‬ٙ٠‫ب ثذسعخ األٔغغخ (ٌذ‬٠‫ ِزؼذد اٌخال‬- Eumetazoa ‫خ‬١‫م‬١‫ب اٌؾم‬٠‫ِزؼذد اٌخال‬ Eumetazoa is a large group including most of the multicellular animals. Hence it is subdivided further into two groups. ‫ب‬ّٙ١‫زُ رمغ‬٠ ُ‫ِٓ ص‬ٚ.‫ب‬٠‫أبد ِزؼذدح اٌخال‬ٛ١‫شح رؼُ ِؼظُ اٌؾ‬١‫ػخ وج‬ّٛ‫ ِغ‬ٟ٘ :‫مخ‬١‫ب اٌؾم‬٠‫ِزؼذدح اٌخال‬.ٓ١‫ػز‬ّٛ‫ ِغ‬ٌٝ‫إ‬ 1. Diploblastic animals - having ectoderm and endoderm as two layers in the body wall. Ex : Coelenterata..‫ب‬ّٙ‫ عغ‬ٟ‫ٓ ف‬١‫شَ وطجمز‬٠‫د‬ٚ‫االٔذ‬ٚ َ‫ش‬٠‫د‬ٛ‫ رّزٍه االوز‬:‫خ اٌطجمخ‬١‫أبد صٕبئ‬ٛ١‫ؽ‬ 2.Triploblastic animals - having ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm as three layers in the body wall..‫ب‬ّٙ‫ عغ‬ٟ‫شَ وضالس ؽجمبد ف‬٠‫د‬ٚ‫االٔذ‬ٚ َ‫ش‬٠‫د‬ٚ‫ض‬١ٌّ‫ا‬ٚ َ‫ش‬٠‫د‬ٛ‫ رّزٍه االوز‬:‫خ اٌطجمبد‬١‫أبد صالص‬ٛ١‫ؽ‬ 7 Zoology 1st stage Prof. Dr. Raad Abbas Kadhim The Triploblastic animals are further divided into three groups based on the presence or absence of an embryonic body cavity called coelom. ّٟ‫ف اٌغغ‬٠ٛ‫د رغ‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ َ‫ ػذ‬ٚ‫د أ‬ٛ‫ع‬ٚ ‫ أعبط‬ٍٝ‫ػبد ػ‬ّٛ‫ صالس ِغ‬ٌٝ‫خ إ‬١‫أبد اٌضالص‬ٛ١‫رمغُ اٌؾ‬.َ‫ف اٌؼب‬ٛ‫ اٌغ‬ّٝ‫ اٌّغ‬ٟٕ١ٕ‫اٌغ‬ 1. Acoelomata-no coelom Ex : Platyhelminthes )‫ذاْ اٌّغطؾخ‬٠‫ف (اٌذ‬ٛ‫عذ ع‬ٛ٠ ‫ ال‬:‫ف‬ٛ‫ّخ اٌغ‬٠‫ػذ‬ 2. Pseudocoelomata - with a false coelom Ex : Nematoda ْ‫ذا‬٠‫ف وبرة (اٌذ‬ٛ‫ ع‬:ّٟ‫ف اٌغغ‬ٛ‫وبرثخ اٌغ‬ )‫خ‬١‫ط‬١‫اٌخ‬ 3. Coelomata - with a true coelom Ex: Annelida )‫خ‬١‫ذاْ اٌؾٍم‬٠‫ (اٌذ‬ٟ‫م‬١‫ف ؽم‬ٛ‫ ع‬:ّٟ‫ف اٌغغ‬ٛ‫مخ اٌغ‬١‫ؽم‬ Coelomates types)‫ف‬٠ٚ‫اع اٌزغب‬ٛٔ‫(ا‬ IV. In a recent system, the entire living world is subdivided into 5 kingdoms. This system is much more broader including algae, fungi, and plants. It is known as the Five kingdom concept. ‫ رٌه‬ٟ‫ش ثّب ف‬١‫عغ ثىض‬ٚ‫ ٘زا إٌظبَ أ‬.‫ ِّبٌه‬5 ٌٝ‫ ثأوٍّٗ إ‬ٟ‫ٕمغُ اٌؼبٌُ اٌؾ‬٠ ،‫ش‬٠‫ إٌظبَ اٌؾذ‬ٟ‫ف‬.‫َ اٌّّبٌه اٌخّظ‬ٛٙ‫ف ثبعُ ِف‬ٚ‫ِٓ اٌّؼش‬ٚ.‫إٌجبربد‬ٚ ‫بد‬٠‫اٌفطش‬ٚ ‫اٌطؾبٌت‬ 1. Kingdom : Monera - It includes all bacteria and the cyanobacteria. A circular DNA occurs in the cytoplasm. The cell wall is a rigid structure. ‫ب اٌضسلبء(اٌطؾبٌت اٌخؼش‬٠‫ش‬١‫اٌجىز‬ٚ ‫ب‬٠‫ش‬١‫غ اٌجىز‬١ّ‫رشًّ ع‬ٚ - )‫بد‬١‫ (اٌجذائ‬Monera : ‫اٌٍّّىخ‬.‫ىً طٍت‬١٘ ٓ‫خ ػجبسح ػ‬١ٍ‫ عذاس اٌخ‬.َ‫ثالص‬ٛ‫ز‬١‫ اٌغ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٞ‫ اٌذائش‬ٌٕٞٚٛ‫عذ اٌؾّغ ا‬ٛ٠.)‫اٌّضسلخ‬ a) Phylum :Cyanobacteria b) Phylum : Bacteria. 2. Kingdom : Protoctista or Protista - It includes single celled eukaryotes. It has two subkingdoms, namely Protozoa and Algae. ٓ١ٕ‫ب اص‬ٙ٠‫ ٌذ‬.‫خ‬١ٍ‫ذح اٌخ‬١‫ؽ‬ٚ ٌٜٕٛ‫بد ا‬١‫م‬١‫رشًّ ؽم‬ٚ -)‫بد‬١ٌٚ‫ (اال‬Protista ٚ‫ أ‬Protoctista :‫اٌٍّّىخ‬.‫اٌطؾبٌت‬ٚ )‫بد‬١‫ؼ‬١ٍ‫ اٌط‬ٚ‫بد ا‬١‫ا (االثزذائ‬ٚ‫ص‬ٛ‫ر‬ٚ‫ّ٘ب اٌجش‬ٚ ،‫خ‬١‫ِٓ اٌّّبٌه اٌفشػ‬ 8 Zoology 1st stage Prof. Dr. Raad Abbas Kadhim 3. Kingdom : Fungi )‫(الفطريات‬ 4. Kingdom : Plantae (green plants) )‫خ (إٌجبربد اٌخؼشاء‬١‫إٌجبر‬ 5. Kingdom : Animalia : multicellular, eukaryotic animals. ‫خ ِزؼذدح‬١ٔ‫ا‬ٛ١‫اٌؾ‬ ٌٜٕٛ‫خ ا‬١‫م‬١‫ؽم‬ٚ ‫ب‬٠‫اٌخال‬ 9