Animal Nutrition Questions PDF

1. What is digestion breaking down process of food to allow absorption 2. What are the three types of digestion? Mechanical chemical and microbial 3. What is chyme? Food after hydrochloric acid breaks it down 4. what does it mean to be a monogastric? One stomach 5. what animal is...

1. What is digestion breaking down process of food to allow absorption 2. What are the three types of digestion? Mechanical chemical and microbial 3. What is chyme? Food after hydrochloric acid breaks it down 4. what does it mean to be a monogastric? One stomach 5. what animal is a monogastric? Swine 6. what does it mean to be a modified monogastric? A single stomach but specialized components that aid in digestion 7. What animal is a modified monogastric? Horses 8. how does mechanical digestion work? Breaking down the cell wall 9. how does chemical digestion work? Enzymatic, enzyme that is released is hydrochloric acid 10. How many days does it take for the Rumen to be functional? Eight to 60 days 11. What is colic? And what animal is it seen in most commonly? When the small intestine is twisted or plugged up, horses 12. what is founder? When the hoof walls curve in 13. what does the mouth secrete? Water, mucin, bicarbonate salts 14. What is mucin? Lubrication aid for swallowing 15. what are bicarbonate salts? Acts as a buffer to regulate stomach pH 16. What are the mouth differences in swine versus ruminants? Swine secrete salivary amylase, ruminants don't secrete any enzymes, but they do provide a source of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium 17. What is acidosis? When the pH drops because of too many readily digestible carbohydrates are ingested 18. what is the function of the esophagus? Ingested material moves with muscular contractions also known as peristaltic waves 19. what are the differences in esophagus functions between horses and ruminants? Horses only have one-way peristaltic waves, ruminants have two way movement that allows for regurgitation and chewing of the cud, young ruminants also have an esophageal groove 20. What are the four compartments of the stomach in ruminants? Reticulum, rumen, omasum, abomasum 21. Why does the reticulum have a honeycomb-like surface? It expands and contracts 22. describe the reticulum. It is not completely separated from the rumen and the walls are lined with mucus membranes 23. Describe the Rumen. A large hollow muscular compartment which extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis and almost fills the entire left side of the abdominal cavity 24. What are the walls of the room and lined with? Papillae 25. What are the functions of the rumen? Storage, soaking, physical mixing and breakdown, bacterial synthesis of water soluble vitamins and vitamin K as well as deamination reactions 26. What does the rumen provide the bacteria? Warm, moist, dark anaerobic conditions, proper pH a 6.8, substrate 27. What do bacteria provide the rumen? Volatile fatty acids, microbial crude protein, vitamin K, B vitamins, and combines nitrogen from dietary protein to a carbon skeleton from carbohydrates to form their own body protein 28. what are the three main energy sources in a ruminant diet? Propionate, acetate, butyrate 29. when is acetate high? In grazing animals 30. when is propionate high? Provides energy, (glucose), higher in grain fed animals 31. How is butyrate changed? Does not change no matter how much or what we feed 32. What is the crude protein percentage in corn? 10 to 12% 33. what is the crude protein in cotton seed meal? 8 to 41% 34. what is the crude protein in urea? 281 percent 35. what is transfaunation? Taking rumen fluid from one healthy animal and putting it into a sick one 36. What can you put in animals water to prevent bloat? Soap 37. What is eructation? Belching of gas 38. If CO2 from the rumen cannot be released, what happens? Bloat 39. What is bloat? When gasses produced by the rumen cannot be released and can result in death for the animal because of compression against the diaphragm 40. What can you do when an animal is bloating? Give mineral oil to break the tension 41. What is the urea cycle? Mechanism that takes nitrogen across the room and wall back to the salivary glands in order to preserve nitrogen in the system 42. what nutrient do you have to have for the urea cycle to work? Carbohydrates, carbon skeleton 43. true or false, monogastric have a urea cycle no monogastrics do not have a urea cycle 44. Good to know, put urea in molasses block and then they get the nitrogen and carbs, and all is good  45. What are the functions of the omasum? Absorption of water, filter 46. what is the function of an esophageal groove? Allows milk consumed by young animal to bypass the Roman and escape bacterial fermentation and go straight to the abomasum and is digested by rennin 47. what is colostrum? Milk produced up until 30 hours after birth that provides nutrients and antibodies needed to develop in the immune system, starts digestion in the abomasum 48. what is the abomasum? The first glandular portion of the ruminant, essentially the same as the stomach non ruminants THE NEXT QUESTIONS ARE OVER SWIME AND HORSE STOMACHS 49. What is the pH of the stomach? 2 to 3 50. what digestive juices does the stomach and abomasum secrete? Gastrin, hydrochloric acid, pepsin, renin 51. what species has a larger stomach than the others? The horse 52. what were the two regions of the horse stomach? Glandular and non glandular  53. what are the two regions of the horse stomach divided by? Margo plicatus 54. What product is used to prevent ulcers in horses? Ulcer guard, the same thing as pepto, takes the pH down in the stomach 55. What is gastrin? A hormone that causes the release of digestive enzymes 56. when is gastrin released? During stomach distension (getting full), the presence of partially digested proteins especially amino acid, hypercalcemia, released when thinking about food/hungry 57. when is gastrin inhibited? When there is presence of acid in the stomach, hydrochloric acid gives negative feedback to gastrin 58. What is hydrochloric acid secreted by? Parietal cells 59. What does Hydrochloric acid activate? Pepsin 60. what does hydrochloric acid do? Dissolves everything, denatures and unwinds food 61. what is pepsin? proteolytic enzyme that begins protein digestion, Degrades food proteins into peptides 62. what is pepsin released by? Chief cells 63. What is renin? A natural complex of enzymes produced in the stomach to digest the mother's milk 64. where would you find brown adipose tissue? The kidney during necropsy 65. what does brown adipose tissue do? Generates heat energy and power 66. if you're doing a necropsy, and you don't see any brown adipose tissue what does that mean? The calf starved to death 67. what are the three sections of the small intestine? Duodenum, jejunum, ileum 68. Where does the duodenum receive secretions from? Brunners gland, Pancreas 69. what does the Brunners gland secrete? Alkaline 70. what does the pancreas secrete? All the digestive enzymes, cannot live without the pancreas 71. What substrate does peptidase come from? Peptides 72. What substrate does lactase come from? Lactose 73. What substrate does sucrase come from? Sucrose 74. What substrate does maltase come from? Maltose 75. What substrate does the chymotrypsin enzyme come from? Protein 76. What substrate does the trypsin enzyme come from? Protein 77. What substrate does the lipase enzyme come from? Triglycerides, (lipids) 78. What substrate does the amylase enzyme come from? Carbohydrates, startch 79. What two parts of the small intestine have the same function, and what are their functions? Jejunum, and the ileum, both are active sites of nutrient absorption 80. what structure is in the jejunum that helps increase absorptive area? Villi, like the papillae in the rumen 81. which section is the longest part of the small intestine? The ileum 82. why is it the Longest? To ensure every nutrient has been absorbed 83. what organ grows with body weight? The liver 84. what are the functions of the liver? Produces bile salts, cholesterol, a large filter, vitamin A is stored there when a sheep has copper toxicity 85. where does the copper stay? The copper stays in the liver and kills the sheep 86. what are bile salts? Emulsify fats, activates lipase 87. what are the three sections of the large intestine? Rectum, colon, cecum 88. what is the largest function of the large Intestine? Absorption of water, synthesis of B vitamins, microbial digestion of vfa phase and microbial crude protein but those are not really utilized 89. what does the sitcom do in a horse? Bacterial fermentation, back there your bacterial breakdown of fibrous ingredients, synthesis of water soluble vitamins and vitamin K 90. what nutrient is considered a limited value to horses? Proteins 91. what is founder? And what is it caused by? When the coffin bone rotates, eating too much 92. what is colic? Twisted gut 93. where is ketosis seen primarily? Seen mostly in dairy cows and pregnant sheep and goats with multiple babies, feed more digestible carbohydrates because 70% of fetal growth occurs in the last 50 days 94. what is milk caused by? Low calcium 95. what is urinary calculi caused by? Calcium phosphorus ratio off 96. where do we see thiamine deficiency in ruminants? Young ruminants on a high grain diet, they use thymine to digest the grain, thymine deficiency occurs when you're not feeding enough fiber 97. what is bloat? Swelling of the rumen, compresses diaphragm and then they can't breathe 98. What is hardware disease? Swallowed a wire or a nail, punctures the rumen, you can use a digestible magnet to take it out 99. What are the two components of animal feed? Water and dry matter 100. what are the two components of dry matter feed? Inorganic matter and organic matter 101. what is inorganic matter? Minerals 102. What is organic matter in dry matter feed? Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, vitamins 103. what are the functions of water? Transportation of nutrients and metabolic waste, chemical reactions, regulation of body temperature. 104. What are the sources of water? Drinking water, water and feed, metabolic water.  105. What is an animal's major source of water? Drinking water. 106. What is one of the most important things when supplying water to an animal? Make sure the water is clean. 107. What species does not sweat? Swine. 108. What are the routes of water loss? Urine, feces, sweat through sweat glands. 109. Why is it very serious to treat newborns with diarrhea? Newborns can die because of how much water they lose in the diarrhea. 110. What are four factors that affect water intake? Temperature, feed type, water type, stage of production. 111. Referring to the question above, how do those things affect water intake? 112. Temperature: the hotter it is the more water they will drink, feed type: with lush green grass they will drink less water, but with dry hay they will drink more water, water type: depends on the salinity of the water, or saltiness, the more salinity the more salty the water will be hence the more water they will drink, stage of production: if lactating they will need to drink more water.  113. Why do we want animals to drink as much as possible? The more they drink the faster the digestive rate and the more efficient the animal will be. 114. What 5 elements does protein contain? Carbon hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen. 115. What builds amino acids that eventually become a protein? Nitrogen. 116. How is protein intake affected by age? The older they get the less protein they need because they aren't developing anymore. 117. What are the 10 essential amino acids that must be supplied in non ruminant diets? Phenylalanine, valine,threonline, Tryptophan, isoleucine, methionine, Histidine, arginine, lysine, leucine. 118. What amino acid is vital in pigs? Lysine. 119. What amino acid is vital in pets? Arginine. 120. What kind of protein is a high quality protein? Animal protein 121. what kind of proteins do cows convert to get nitrogen? Plant protein 122. what protein and ruminants produces amino acids? Microbial crude protein. 123. What is a bypass protein? Can't be broken down by the room and once it hits the abomasum with hydrochloric acid it creates a different amino acid profile making them grow into a complex protein. 124. What is an example of a bypass protein? Fish meal, blood meal. 125. What do undegradable proteins do? Provides a wider array of amino acids, no limiting amino acids, more efficient growth. 126. What are lipids? Provides energy, a molecule containing carbon hydrogen and oxygen, provides flavor, glycerol molecule. 127. What are the three structures of fatty acids? Monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride, all depends on how many fatty acids are connected. 128. What is a Saturated fatty acid? Has no double bonds between carbons. 129. What is an unsaturated fatty acid? A good fat because of the double bonds between carbons.  130. Why would you feed fat in the diet? Increases energy cheaply. 131. What are volatile fatty acids? Three fatty acids are the end products of carbohydrate digestion and the ruminant produced by microbial fermentation. 132. What are the three volatile fatty acids? Acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. 133. What do these VFA's do? Energy source for ruminants, similar to glucose and monogastrics. 134. What are carbohydrates? They contain carbon hydrogen and oxygen, formed by photosynthesis and plants. 135. What are a few examples of carbohydrates? Grass corn wheat oats, grains 136. What are the three different classifications of carbohydrates? Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polycyclic. 137. What is a monosaccharide and what are 4 examples? One sugar molecule, glucose, Galactose, fructose, ribose. 138. What is a disaccharide? And what makes disaccharides? A disaccharide is made of two sugar molecules, and monosaccharides make disaccharides.  139. What is a polysaccharide? Many sugar molecules 140. what is a simple carbohydrate? And two examples? Alpha linkage of glucose molecules, amylose, glycogen. 141. What is amylose and who can break it down? Amylose is a plant starch humans cannot break it down but bacteria can. 142. What is glycogen and who can break it down? It is an animal starch and everyone can break it down. 143. What are complex carbohydrates? Beta linkage of glucose molecules, can't be broken down. 144. What are three examples of complex carbohydrates? Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin. 145. What can breakdown cellulose and hemicellulose? Only bacteria. 146. What can breakdown lignin? Nothing, the older the plant the less digestible, the more lignin, hints why old hay is bad. 147. What is thymine and where is it found? It is vitamin B1 and it is found in whole grains and starchy roots. 148. What are the two classifications of minerals? Macro minerals and micro mineral. 149. What are macro minerals? Need higher amounts of the mineral. 150. What are micro minerals? Only need small amounts of the mineral. 151. What are the seven macro minerals? Calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, sulfur, chlorine. 152. What are the five most important micro minerals? Iron, iodine, copper, Molybendynm, selenium. 153. Why do we need calcium? Bones, muscle contractions. 154. Why do we need potassium? Regulate body fluids. 155. Why do we need phosphorus? Bones. 156. Why do we need sodium and chlorine? Salt, important because of sweating in horses 157. Why is iron important? Carries oxygen in the blood.  158. Why is iodine important? Thyroid gland 159. why is copper important? Hair color and can be deadly if over fed to sheep. 160. Why is selenium important? Goes hand in hand with vitamin E. 161. What happens if there is a lack of calcium? Milk fever 162. What happens when copper is over fed? Copper toxicity in sheep. 163. What happens when you have low iron? Anemia. 164. What happens when the calcium phosphorus ratio is not right? Urinary calculi. 165. What are the four fat soluble vitamins? A, D, E, K. 166. What are the two water soluble vitamins? B&C. 167. What do vitamins do? Vitamins play various roles as regulators of metabolism, antibody synthesis to acquire immunity to disease 168. where is vitamin A found? Found in green leafy forges. 169. Where is vitamin A stored? The liver. 170. What could happen if there is a vitamin A deficiency? Night blindness. 171. What is converted to vitamin A by enzymes? Beta carotene. 172. Where does vitamin D come from? Thought to be provided by the sunlight, Cholecalciferol is an animals. 173. What are the functions of vitamin D? Enhances intestinal absorption, mobilization and retention of calcium and phosphorus into the body 174. what does vitamin D act like? A hormone. 175. What are some problems associated with vitamin D deficiency? Rickets, urinary calculi.  176. Is there a lot of vitamin D stored in the body? No very little is stored in the body. 177. What is vitamin E produced by? tocopherols. 178. What are tocopherols? Free radical scavengers, helps reduce free radicals like cancer 179. what does vitamin E do? Helps reduce free radicals like cancer, associated with selenium, helps protect cells, free radical scavenger. 180. What is associated with vitamin E deficiency? Muscular dystrophy and ruminants, effects nerves and muscles. 181. Why do we need vitamin K? Needed for normal blood clotting. 182. what causes blood thinning? Dicumarol. 183. Where does vitamin K come from? Green leafy plants. 184. What is vitamin B7 and what is its purpose? Biotin, hair and nails.  185. What is vitamin B1? And what is its function? Thymine, brain swells when deficient. 186. Where does vitamin B come from in ruminants? Fiber digesting bacteria, so if you have a deficiency feed more fiber. 187. What is high in calcium in low in phosphorus? Forages. 188. What is low in calcium and high in phosphorus? Grains. 189. What is the most common problem with magnesium? Grass tetany. 190. What does magnesium do? Skeletal maintenance and enzyme systems. 191. What does grass tetany look like? Convulsions, salivation ,frothing at the mouth and was perfectly fine 1 moment then three hours later dead. 192. What does low vitamin K cause? Stiffness. 193. When do we worry about vitamin K deficiency? When there's lots of blood loss, or animals going into shock  194. who needs sulfur the most? Wool producing animals. 195. What are two sulfur containing amino acids? Methionine, cysteine. 196. What forms insoluble complexes with Mo and Cu? Sulfur. 197. What is iodine needed for? Synthesis of thyroid hormones. 198. What is a common sign of deficiency in iodine? Goiter, swelling under jaw, using iodized salt generally eliminates these problems 199. what does copper do? Helps the nervous system and pigmentation of skin and hair. 200. How does copper toxicity work? Hemoglobin molecule is disrupted. 201. Which species can't handle very much copper? Sheep. 202. Why is iron needed? Needed for oxygen carrying capacity in the blood. 203. What can cause a major deficiency? Heavy parasite load. 204. What is the number one species that needs iron the most? Baby pigs. 205. What is the number 2 species that needs iron most? Small ruminants, sheep and goats. 206. Why do we need cobalt? Synthesis of B12. 207. Why do we need zinc? Reproductive performance and immune function. 208. Why do we need selenium? Cardiac and skeletal muscle function. 209. Where would be somewhere with low selenium levels? Old cotton field where arsenic was used. 210. What is the drug name for selenium? Bose. 211. What is an ionophore? Produces more volatile fascia fatty acids, encourages more propionate than glucose which makes them more efficient. 212. What is chlortetracycline used for? It's in females to prevent early embryonic loss due to reproductive disease, in feed lots prevents acidosis. 213. What is lasalocid used for? Coccidia control, encourages more propionate in the Rumen. 214. What is the best way to prevent urinary calculi? Ammonium chloride. 215. What do things should you look for in feed? Percent crude protein and percent fat. 216. What happens when you have too much fat in their diet? Scours. 217. What decides how much percent crude protein should be given? Age, the older the less. 218. What are examples of roughages? Pasture, hey, silage, straw, stover. 219. True or false, roughage is needed in bulk and ruminant diets. True. 220. What does alfalfa lose when processed into pellets? Fiber. 221. Why do we feed refuges to ruminants? Because the Rumen breaks it down with microbes 222. what are two other reasons we feed roughages? Greater and calcium and trace minerals, higher and B vitamins and proteins which provides warmth. 223. What species is ruffage limited or excluded in their diet? Swine. 224. Why is ruffage necessary in lactating dairy cow rations? Fiber digestion creates acetate which is what they need to make milk products. 225. What is a carbonaceous concentrate? high energy and low in fiber, low in protein. 226. What are three examples of a carbonaceous concentrate? Corn, oats, wheat call mom molasses. 227. What are three problems that occur with too much carbonaceous concentrate.? Acidosis, below, urinary calculi. 228. What is a proteinaceous concentrate? A plant or animal protein supplement. 229. How much protein does this carry? Greater than 20% protein 230. Do these concentrates have to be supplemented in monogastrics or ruminants?  231. They only need to be supplemented in monogastrics but not ruminants because they make their own. 232. What are three examples of a bypass protein? blood meal, fish meal, feather meal, meat and bone meal. 233. What proteinaceous concentrate can we not use in pigs? Peanut meal because of PSE. 234. What are two common examples of proteinaceous concentrates? Soybean meal, cotton seed meal 235. how much crude protein does urea have? 281 percent 236. urea only works with what type of ration? High concentrate. 237. What would be a good example of somewhere to use urea? The feed lot. 238. What is the most limiting factor? Energy. 239. What are the four maintenance requirements that nutrients are required to be used for? Repair body tissue, control body temperature, provide energy for vital organs, maintain water balance. 240. What are the two basic categories of nutrition requirements? Maintenance and production. 241. What are the five factors that affect maintenance requirements? Degree of cold stress, degree of heat stress, lactation, exercise, weight, gestation. 242. What percentage of all feed fed to livestock is used for maintenance? Nearly 50%. 243. What requires a completely balanced diet in terms of amino acid? Monogastrics 244. what provides essential amino acids to ruminants? Microbial crude protein. 245. What percent of mature body weight should a female have to reach to start puberty? 75%. 246. What is flushing? Increasing energy levels two to three weeks before breeding to increase the ovulation rate, usually effective in small ruminants. 247. Excessive energy in the last trimester of pregnancy can lead to what? Dystocia. 248. True or false, 63% of households in the US own at least one pet. True. 249. What is a major leading problem in dogs? Obesity leading to bone and joint problems 250. what kind of animals are #1 in genetic problems? Companion animals. 251. What are two amino acids in cat foods that cats need? Taurine and arginine. 252. What is the best source of protein for cats? Animal sourced protein because they can't digest plant source protein. 253. What are the three most important things to look at when looking at pet foods? Percent of crude protein, percent of fat, price. 254. What does it mean to be a higher priced fixed formula diet? They will always keep the formula the same so if there are price changes in the market for a certain ingredient they will just Jack the prices up instead of switching ingredients. 255. What is very important how pet foods? Palatability. 256. Why are additives like dies added to pet foods? Only for the humans opinions. 257. What are common feeding problems in companion animals? Overfeeding or underfeeding, not enough clean water, feeding chocolate to dogs, feeding the wrong food. 258. What can not having enough clean water lead to? Urinary problems. 259. What can cats not metabolize that is in dog food? Propylene glycol. 260. What is antifreeze toxicity? A sweet substance that contains ethylene glycol that destroys the kidneys and kills the animal. 261. What happens when an animal eats rat poison? Inhibits clotting factors and results in animals bleeding to death. 262. What do you give if an animal has eaten rat poison? Vitamin K. 263. Where is plant toxicity most common? In cats. 264. What 3 plants can cause plant toxicity? Easter lilies, tiger lilies, day lilies. 265. What is poisonous to dogs that is in chocolate? Theobromine. 266. Does dark chocolate have more or less theobromine? More. 267. What is the best treatment for fleas? Monthly prevention. 268. What can ticks cause? Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain spotted. 269. What's the best treatment for ticks? Monthly prevention. 270. What is the other name for tapeworms? Monenzia. 271. How do animals get tapeworms? Ingestion of fleas. 272. What are the two parasites we worry about in puppies and young kids? Hookworms and roundworms. 273. What is an over-the-counter treatment for hookworms? Safeguard. 274. How do you treat for hookworms and roundworms? Pyrantel pamoate.  275. What species is the only species that gets whip worms? Dogs 276. how are heartworms transmitted? Mosquitoes. 277. What is the best way to prevent heart worms? Monthly preventative. 278. What is Giardia also known as? Beaver fever. 279. What are the five canine infectious diseases that we vaccinate for? Distemper, hepatitis, parvovirus, coronavirus, rabies. 280. What are 7 zoonotic diseases that these animals can carry? Rabies, salmonella common, Lyme disease, Giardia, Cat scratch fever, ringworm, toxoplasmosis.