Axial Musculoskeletal System PDF

Axial Musculoskeletal System Histology: Interpret micrographs by recognizing important components of cells and tissues to more fully understand how organs and organ systems function.​ ​ Muscular System: Identify the muscles of the body and...

Axial Musculoskeletal System Histology: Interpret micrographs by recognizing important components of cells and tissues to more fully understand how organs and organ systems function.​ ​ Muscular System: Identify the muscles of the body and recall their basic actions to link body mechanics and aid in future diagnoses.​ ​ Skeletal System: Identify bones of the body and their major landmarks by examining 2-D and 3-D representations to understand the functionality of the skeletal system and to build a foundation for terminology used in other organ systems.​ ​ Lecture Learning Objective 1. Visually identify the bones and bony features of the axial skeleton including the bones that make up the Orbit Nasal cavity Oral cavity 2. Identify the openings in the skull from internal and external views 3. Visually identify the muscles of the axial skeleton and their primary actions indicated in red 4. Identify the muscles that create the triangles of the anterior cervical region 5. Link the muscular layers of the back to their general functions Bone and Features of the Skull  LO 1 Frontal Nasal Lacrimal Ethmoid Maxilla Sphenoid Zygomatic Mandible Parietal Temporal Occipital Bone Surface Markings: Depressions and Openings Meatus Foss a Foramen  Anterior View Frontal LO 1 1. Glabella 2. Supra-orbital margin 3. Supraorbital foramen Nasal Maxilla 3 4. Infraorbital foramen 1 5. Alveolar process 1 6. Frontal process 7. Nasal spine 9 2 6 10 7 Zygomatic 10 8. Zygomaticofacial foramen 8 9. Frontal process 5 7 4 10. Temporal process 5 b Mandible a. Body a c b. Ramus c. Mental foramina a d. Mental protuberance d  LO Orbit 1 Lacrimal A. Lacrimal duct Sphenoid 1. Optic canal 2. Superior orbital fissure 3. Inferior orbital fissure 1 A 2 3  Lateral view of nasal LO Nasal Cavity cavity, vomer removed 1 Piriform aperture contents F A. Ethmoid A G A1 1. Superior nasal concha A2 2. Middle nasal concha A B E2 3. Perpendicular plate 2 A3 B. Inferior nasal concha Pirifor B m C. Vomer apertu Sphenoid D. Maxillae re D1 E C 1. Palatine process 1 E. Palatine 1. Horizontal plate C 2. Perpendicular plate F. Nasal What bones G. Lacrimal create the nasal septum?  Pterion Lateral View Frontal LO 1 Sphenoid 2 1. Temporal Parietal a. Mandibular fossa Temporal b. External acoustic meatus c. Mastoid process d. Styloid process e. Squama Tempor al fossa 1 1 Temporal fossa e a 2. Temporal lines 1b 3a 3b (superior/inferior) on frontal and parietal 3 1c 3. Zygomatic arch a. Temporal process of zygomatic 1 d Joints bone Coronal b. Zygomatic process of temporal Sagittal bone Lambdoid Squamosal  LO 1 1a 1. Palatine a. Horizontal plate 2. Mandible a. Body 2e b. Ramus c. Mental foramen 2d d. Mental protuberance e f e. Mandibular condyle f. Coronoid process 1a c b d a a Anterior view of palatine  LO 1. Maxilla a. Alveolar process Inferior View 1 c 1 b. Palatine process 1 1 b 3 c. Incisive foramen 2. Palatine 2 2a a. Horizontal plate Hard palate 5a 6a Horizontal plates of palatine 4 Palatine processes 5b 3. Zygomatic 6b 4. Vomer 6c 5. Sphenoid a. Greater wings 7c 6d b. Pterygoid processes 6. Temporal a. Zygomatic process 7b b. Mandibular fossa c. Styloid process d. Mastoid process 7. Occipital a. External occipital protuberance 7a b. Superior/inferior nuchal lines c. Occipital condyles  LO 2 Cranial Openings 1 – Inferior View 2 1. Incisive foramen 3 2. Palatine foramina 8 4 3. Foramen ovale 5 4. Foramen spinosum 6 7 5. Carotid canal 6. Jugular foramen 7. Foramen magnum 8. Foramen lacerum  LO Cranial 2 Openings- Internal View 1. Superior orbital fissure 4 2. Jugular foramen 1 3 3. Foramen ovale 6 4. Foramen rotundum 8 5. Internal acoustic 5 9 meatus 10 6. Foramen spinosum 2 7 7. Foramen magnum 8. Carotid canal 9. Foramen lacerum 10.Hypoglossal canal Internal base of crania Internal Cranium- Anterior cranial fossa LO 1 1. Frontal 2b 2. Ethmoid 1 1. Cribriform plate 2 2a 2. Crista gali 3 3. Sphenoid 3 a 3 b 1. Body 2. Lesser wing  LO Internal Cranium- Middle cranial fossa 1 1. Sphenoid 1 a. Sella turcica c b. Greater wing 1b c. Lesser wing 1a 2. Temporal a. Petrous portion/part 2a  Internal Cranium- Posterior cranial fossa LO 1 Temporal Occipital a. Internal occipital crest b. Cerebellar fossae c. Internal occipital protuberanc a e b b c a  Pneumatized Bone- Sinuses and air LO 1 cells Gray's Basic Anatomy, Moore et Muscles of the Head  Muscles of the Face and Scalp Unique muscles: Convey mood- muscles of facial expression Within subcutaneous tissue and produce effect by pulling on skin Also aid in mastication Clinically Oriented Anatomy (2018), Moore et Superficial Muscles Occipitofrontalis LO 3 of the Scalp and c Neck a b Occipitofrontalis a. Frontal belly- moves scalp and eyebrows; surprise b. Occipital belly- moves scalp c. Epicranial aponeurosis Platysma Platysma depresses mandible, tenses skin of inferior face and neck Lateral view; superficial  LO Muscles of Facial Corrugator 3 Expression supercilii Eye Orbicularis oculi Procerus Orbicularis oculi close eye; wink Corrugator supercilii Pulls eyebrow inferior and medial; concern Nasalis Nose Procerus moves, wrinkle nose; dislike Nasalis depresses nose, elevates corner of nares= flares nostrils Anterior view  Muscles of the Mouth – Lip elevators LO 3 Anterolateral view- Deep Levator labii superior is alaeque na si Zygomati Levator labii Levator cus minor superioris labii alaeque nasi superioris Levator labii Zygomaticu Zygomati superioris s minor cus major Zygomatic us major Levator anguli Orbicularis oris oris- Orbicularis kiss/purse Risorius- oris lips pulls lip laterally  Muscles of the Mouth – Lip LO 3 depressors Depressor anguli oris Depressor Mentalis anguli oris Depressor Depressor labii labii  LO Muscles of Mastication- Act on mandible 3 Temporalis- elevates/retract s mandible Lateral pterygoid- protracts mandible, side- to-side Buccinator- movement compressed Medial cheeks Masseter- pterygoid- elevates/protr elevate and acts mandible protracts mandible, side- to-side t r a ct Posterior Re inferior view of o tr act oral and nasal Pr Muscles of the Neck Muscles of the Neck A. Help move and stabilize head B. Aid in tongue movement, swallowing, speaking C. Largely responsible for forming regions/triangle of the neck D. Organized with neurovascular structures into compartments by overlying fascia Lateral view; platysma removed  LO Superficial Neck 3 Platysma Muscles 1 2 depresses mandible, tenses skin of inferior face and neck Sternocleidomastoid flex neck, lateral flexion, rotates head to opposite side Trapezius (Actions on head only!) extends neck, lateral flexion Sternocleidomas toid Trapezius Platysma  Anterior Cervical Region Further divided by muscles into smaller triangles Muscles aid in swallowing, speaking, and tongue movement Jugular notch Gray’s Basic Anatomy (2018),  Landmarks Useful terminology for flashcards Hyoid- hyo Tongue- glosso Styloid process- stylo Mandible- mylo Chin- genio Thyroid cartilage- thyro Sternum- sterno  LO Suprahyoid Muscles- Elevate Hyoid 3 Inferolateral view Styloid process Stylohyoid d i to as M Mylohyoid Stylohyoid Mylohyoid Digastric Hyoid Hyoid Digastric Geniohyoid (not visible)  LO Infrahyoid 3 Muscles All depress hyoid/thyroid Named from inferior Thyrohyoid- to superior elevates attachment thyroid Omohyoid Sternothyroid Sternohyoid Anterior view of neck; right superficial, left d  LO 4 Triangles of Anterior Cervical Region Submental triangle Hyoid Digastric bellies Submandibular triangle Mandible Digastric bellies Carotid triangle Omohyoid superior belly Stylohyoid Anterior border of SCM Muscular triangle Superior belly of omohyoid Anterior border of SCM Midline of neck Olek Remesz (wiki-pl: Orem, commons: Orem) Modified by user:madhero88 - Own  Muscles of the Palatoglossu Styloid process LO 3 Tongue s- elevate posterior tongue d i to as M Geniogloss Styloglossus- us- elevates, depresses, retracts protracts Hyoglossus- Geniohyoid depress, retract Deep lateral - elevate Hyoid view hyoid  Muscles of the LO 3 Tongue Geniogloss us- depress, protract Geniohyoid- elevate hyoid Mylohyoid- elevate hyoid, floor of mouth Midsagittal section of head and neck  LO Deep Anterior Temporal Occipital Temporal 3 Neck C1 Longus Attach to crania and/or capitis- flex C2 vertebrae head Scalenes (scalenus) Longus colli- Flex head and neck, aid in flex neck, forced inhalation by elevating Scalenes rotate head ribs Anterior opposite side Middle during unilateral Posterior contraction Anterior view of deep neck- coronal section of crania  Rectus capitis LO Posterior Rectus capitis posterior major 3 Neck posterior minor Occipital Mastoid process Splenius capitis- Turn head to same Obliquus capitis superior side during unilateral contraction; extends Spleni Obliquus capitis inferior head and neck us capitis Rectus- Extends head/neck Deep neck, posterior view Oblique- Turn head to same side during unilateral contraction Posterior LO 3 Neck Rectus capitis posterior major Obliquus capitis superior Obliquus capitis inferior Spleni us capitis Vertebra and Ribs  LO Hyoid 1 Body Lateral horns  Vertebral Column Function: Protects spinal cord and nerves Provides rigid but flexible axis for body Posture and locomotion 24 vertebrae 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar Sacrum (5) (sacral vertebrae) Coccyx (4) (coccygeal vertebrae) Separated by Intervertebral discs Nucleus pulposus Synovial zygapophyseal joints (facets) Gray's Basic Anatomy, Moore et  Typical Superi LO 1 Vertebra e or 1. Vertebral body 1 2. Vertebral arch 2b 3 2b a. Lamina d b. Pedicle 1 d 2a 2a d 3. Vertebral foramen c f c 4. 7 processes Later al c) Spinous process d) Transverse process (2) e) Superior articular process (2) 5 f) Inferior articular process (2) 5. Intervertebral foramen 6. Intervertebral disc 6  LO Superi 1 Cervical or Vertebrae Posterio r 7 vertebra that compose the neck Superior View of Cervical 1 (C1, Anteri atlas atlas) or Cervical 2 (C2, axis) Cervical 7 (vertebra prominens) Transverse foramen Passageway for Anterior vertebral arteries view of Superi and veins that  Thoracic Superi LO 1 Vertebrae or view 1 12 vertebrae Majority of back back 1 Articulates with ribs 1. Costal facets Lateral view 1 Posteri or Lateral  Thoracic LO 1 a 1 Cage b 1. Sternum a. Manubrium c b. Body c. Xiphoid process C B Rib A. Shaft A B. Tubercle C. Head A Ribs 1-7 (true ribs) attach to sternum via cartilage Ribs 8-10 (false ribs) attach to sternum via cartilage from other ribs Ribs 11 and 12 (floating ribs) do not attach to sternum  Lumbar Vertebrae 5 vertebrae Lower back Largest vertebrae  LO 1 Sacrum, Coccyx, and Pelvis Sacrum 5 vertebrae that fuse during maturation Articulates with lumbar vertebrae and ossa coxae Coccyx 4 vertebral segments that fuse during maturation Pelvis (Os Coxa, Innominate) 3 regions Ilium, ischium, pubis Muscles of the Back  LO Muscles of the 5 Back Support much of axial body weight Two groups Extrinsic back muscles Superficial and intermediate layers Control limb and respiratory movements Intrinsic back muscles Deep layer Act on vertebral column, movement and posture maintenance  Extrinsic Back- LO 3 Superficial Trapezius Levator scapulae Produce and control upper limb movements Rhomboid minor Action on scapula Rhomboid major Rotate scapula Latissimus dorsi - adduction, medial rotation, and extension of the arm Latissimus dorsi  Extrinsic Back LO 3 Muscles- Superficial Rotate scapula 1. Trapezius Elevate, retract, rotate superiorly 2. Levator scapulae Elevate, rotate inferiorly 3. Rhomboid minor Retract, rotate inferiorly 4. Rhomboid major Retract, rotate inferiorly Latissimus dorsi Extends, adduct, medially rotate humerus/arm  LO Extrinsic Back - 3 Intermediate Serratus posterior Superficial respiratory superior muscles proprioceptive function Attach from ribs to spinous processes Serratus Serratus posterior superior posterior elevation of ribs during inferior inhalation Serratus posterior inferior depression of ribs during exhalation Posterior view  LO Intrinsic Muscles 5 of the Back Maintain posture and control movement of vertebral column though extension and lateral flexion Extend from cranium to pelvis, enclosed by deep fascia that attaches to Thoracolu Occipital nuchal lines mbar fascia Mastoid process Vertebral processes/Ribs Medial sacrum Thoracolumbar fascia Posterior view  LO 3 Splenius Muscles Unilateral contraction- Laterally flex neck and Splenius rotate head to same side capitis Bilateral contraction- Extend head and neck Splenius capitis Splenius nuchal line to spinous cervicis processes Splenius cervicis C1 transverse process to thoracic spinous processes  LO Erector Spinae 3 Muscles Spinalis Sit in groove created by ribs and vertebral Longissimus column Iliocostalis Iliocostalis group Longissimus group Bilateral contraction- Spinalis extend vertebral column, group head, and neck Unilateral contraction- Posterior view lateral flexion of vertebral  LO Erector Spinae 1 2 3 3 Muscles 1. Iliocostalis group Iliac crest  ribs 2. Longissimus group Sacrum/ilium  ribs, transverse processes, mastoid process 3. Spinalis group Spinous process, external occipital protuberance Posterior view  LO Transversospi 3 nalis Muscles Rotatores Located between transverse and Semispinalis spinous processes Multifidus Semispinalis Rotatores Multifidus Bilateral contraction- extend vertebral column and neck Unilateral contraction- lateral flexion of vertebral column, (most) rotate vertebral column towards opposite side Posterior view Muscles of the Thorax  LO 3 Muscles of the Thorax Thoracic region- between the neck and the abdomen Thoracic wall Thoracic cage (ribs, vertebrae, costal cartilage, and sternum) Many muscles in thoracic wall primarily serve in other regions True muscles of the thoracic wall include Serratus posterior Intercostals Transversus thoracis Levatores costarum Anterior view Subcostals  LO Thorax - Muscle of Respiration 3 1. Serratus posterior superior elevation during inhalation 2. Serratus posterior inferior depression during exhalation 3. Scalenes Elevation during forced inhalation 4. External intercostals elevation during inhalation External 1 5. Internal intercostals intercosta depression during forced exhalation ls Internal Primarily isometric intercosta 2 ls Anterior view  LO 3 Muscles of Respiration 1. Diaphragm contraction causes flattening, moves inferiorly, causing expansion of thoracic cavity 2 2. Transversus thoracis Depress ribs in 1 exhalation Internal view of anterior thoracic wall Muscles of the Abdomen  Abdominal Wall Divided into anteriolateral and posterior abdominal walls Anteriolateral wall- a. Skin b. Superficial fascia (Camper’s fascia and Scarpa’s fascia) c. Medially- superficial rectus sheath, rectus abdominis, deep rectus sheath d. Laterally- 3 layers of muscle with aponeurosis extensions towards pelvis e. Parietal peritoneum  LO Abdominal Wall 3 Superficial Intermediate Deep Linea Rectus alba abdomin is Extern Interna 5 al l Tranvers oblique oblique us abdomin is Posterior view Posterior view  LO 3 Abdominal Wall Main flexors (bilateral contraction) and lateral flexors (unilateral contraction) of the vertebral column 1. Linea alba midline fascia 2. Rectus abdominis – anterior flexion of trunk 3. External oblique Unilateral- Rotation to opposite side 4. Internal oblique Unilateral- Rotation to same side 5. Transversus abdominis Unilateral- Rotation to same side