9.1 The Musculoskeletal System Pre-learning report.pdf

Report Course NURS514/2402 - Koiora Tangata 1 | Human Science 1 NURS514/2402 Lesson 9.1 The Musculoskeletal System Pre-learning Email [email protected] Skeletal System Overview 1. Identify the components of the axial and appendicular skeleton. Upper Arm...

Report Course NURS514/2402 - Koiora Tangata 1 | Human Science 1 NURS514/2402 Lesson 9.1 The Musculoskeletal System Pre-learning Email [email protected] Skeletal System Overview 1. Identify the components of the axial and appendicular skeleton. Upper Arm Skull Foot Pectoral girdle Forearm Upper Arm Vertebral Thoracic cage column Hand Forearm Leg Pelvic girdle Hand Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Thigh Skull Leg Thigh Foot Thoracic cage Vertebral column © 2. Match the long bone shapes with these examples. As always, remember to read the feedback comments. These are part of your learning too. Flat bone Flat bone Irregular bone Irregular bone Long bone Short bone Sesamoid bone Short bone Long bone Sesamoid bone © Function of Bones Support The bones form the framework that supports the body and cradles its soft organs. E.g. The bones of the lower limbs act as pillars supporting the weight of the torso. Protection Bones protect soft organs. For example, the rib cage helps to protect the thoracic organs such as the heart and lungs and the fused skull bones of the cranium protect the brain. Enable movement Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones. Bones act as levers for muscles. When muscles contract they pull on bones allowing the movement of the body and its parts. Storage Bone tissue stores minerals such as calcium and phosphorus. Calcium concentration in blood is tightly regulated - the level must be at just the right concentration in blood to allow the nervous system to transmit messages, muscle contractions to occur and blood to clot. Bone acts like a calcium bank, accepting deposits of calcium when there is an excess in blood and when concentration of calcium in blood falls too low, calcium is withdrawn from the bone and transferred into blood. Fat is stored in the internal cavity of bones (yellow marrow). It serves as an energy reserve for the body. Blood cell formation Haematopoiesis occurs in the red marrow of bones. 3. Haematopoiesis is blood cell formation stopping of bleeding the protein that binds oxygen 4. What type of cartilage is represented by each of the three colours? hyaline cartilage- blue elastic cartilage- green brocartilage- orange 5. Use the annotate function to draw circles around the ligaments (4) shown in the shoulder joint. Using a di erent colour, highlight the tendon that is shown lying along the humerus bone. Note: You do not need to learn the names of the tissues shown in this diagram. 6. Which structures, formed by dense regular connective tissue, connects bones to other bones? Ligaments Tendons Muscles Cartilages 7. What two things are connected by a tendon? Bone and bone Bone and muscle Bone and ligament Muscle and muscle Just checking... Can you answer these questions now? Can you identify the bones shown on the top diagram above? Which bones form the axial skeleton and which form the appendicular skeleton? Where are the major areas of cartilage on the human skeleton? What are some of the functions of cartilage? C&D Hyaline cartilage: At the articular surfaces of bones, hyaline cartilage functions as a shock absorber and reduces the friction between bones. In locations like the nose, respiratory system, and where the ribs attach to the sternum, hyaline cartilage gives these structures some form while allowing for some exibility. Fibrocartilage: Located in the pubic symphysis and the intervertebral discs, brocartilage provides rigidity and structural support to resist shear forces and compression. Elastic cartilage: Only located within the ear and epiglottis, elastic cartilage maintains the shape of these structures while allowing a lot of exibility. Microscopic Bone Structure 1. Identify the organic and inorganic components of bone. Organic Inorganic Bone cells Proteins Calcium phosphate salts Calcium phosphate salts Collagen bres Collagen bres Bone cells Proteins 2. Match these bone cells with their descriptions. Place the names of the bone cells in the top row of answer slots and their functions in the bottom row. Osteogenic cell Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast Maintains bone Breaksdown bone A stem cell Bone growth matrix tissue Breaksdown bone Maintains bone tissue Bone growth A stem cell matrix Osteoblast Osteoclast Osteocyte Osteogenic cell © 3. Identify the bone cells in this diagram. Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast Osteocyte Osteoclast Osteoblast © 4. Identify the components of this osteon. Lamellae Central canal Lacunae Canaliculi Osteon in lacuna Artery Vein Central canal Artery Lamellae Lacunae Nerve Osteon in lacuna Canaliculi Vein Nerve © 5. Identify these components of bone tissue. Canaliculus Canaliculus Central canal Lacunae Central Lacunae canal Osteocyte Osteon Osteon Osteocyte 6. Identify the components of this articular (hyaline) cartilage. Chondroblast Chondrocyte Lacuna Matrix Perichondrium Chondrocyte Lacuna Matrix Chondroblast Perichondrium © Just checking... Can you answer these questions now? Why are bones considered to be organs? What are the organic and inorganic components of bone tissue? What are the structure and relative locations of compact bone and spongy bone? What are the functions of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts? How would you describe the microscopic structure of cartilage? b. organic- protein, collagen bres, bone cells inorganic- calcium phosphate salts Macroscopic Bone Structure 1. Identify the components of this humerus (long bone). As always, read through the feedback from this exercises. The information in the feedback is part of your learning. Articular Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Epiphyseal line Spongy bone Proximal epiphysis Compact bone Periosteum Medullary cavity Medullary cavity Endosteum Diaphysis Distal epiphysis Periosteum Diaphysis Compact bone Articular Endosteum Distal epiphysis © 2. Identify the components of this at skull bone. Compact Spongy Peristoneum Trabeculae bone bone Compact bone Spongy bone Peristoneum Trabeculae © Just checking... Can you answer these questions now? What is the structure of long bones? What is the structure of at bones? b. Flat bones, short bones and irregular bones all have a similar structure: thin outer layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone. Periosteum covers the outer compact bone and it is lined internally by endosteum. They have no shaft or medullary canal. Red bone marrow is again located between the spongy bone trabeculae. Bone Physiology 1. Which is the last part of a long bone to be ossi ed? epiphyseal plates 2. What type of bone cells will be laying down new bone matrix as is formed or extended during ossi cation? Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts 3. What type of bone cells will be dissolving bone matrix as it is remodelled? Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts 3. What is the normal level of calcium in the blood, when the body is in homeostasis? 5 mg/dL 10 mg/dL 15 mg/dL 10 mg/L 5. The hormone PTH will act on osteoclasts to: Increase their activity, leading to break down of bone and release of Ca2+ Decrease their activity, leading to Ca2+ being stored in the bones Damage them 7. Which hormone prevents the breakdown of bone matrix by osteoclasts? Calcitonin Parathyroid hormone 4. If the blood calcium levels drop below 10 mg/dL, how does the body respond to start the correction back to homeostasis? The thyroid gland secretes calcitonin The parathyroid gland secretes PTH (parathyroid hormone) The pancreas secretes insulin 6. What e ect would increased osteoclast activity have on bone density? It would decrease bone density It would have no e ect on bone density It would increase bone density Just checking... Can you answer these questions now? What are the roles of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts in bone physiology? How do bones grow and change shape? How do calcitonin and parathyroid hormone a ect bone density? c, Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption (breaking down of bone) and promoting calcium deposition in bones, which increases bone density. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, releasing calcium from bones into the bloodstream, which decreases bone density. The Axial Skeleton 1. Identify these skull bones. Frontal bone Parietal bone Frontal bone Nasal bone Maxilla Mandible Zygomatic bone Temporal bone Nasal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Maxilla Occipital bone Temporal bone Zygomatic bone Mandible © 2. Which bones belong to the face and which belong to the cranium? Facial bones Cranial bones temporal bone nasal bone frontal bone maxillary bone mandible parietal bone frontal bone maxillary bone occipital bone mandible zygomatic bone temporal bone occipital bone parietal bone zygomatic bone nasal bone 3. Identify these skull sutures. Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture Coronal suture Coronal suture Squamous suture Squamous suture Sagittal suture Lambdoid suture © 4. Identify the components of a vertebra. Body Spinous process Spinous process Transverse process Transverse process Vertebral foramen Vertebral foramen Body © 5. How many of each type of vertebra are there? Vertebrae type Number Cervical 7 Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5 Sacral (fused) 5 Coccygeal (fused) 4 6. What are the two concave curvatures of the spine? cervical and lumbar 7. What are the two convex curvatures of the spine? thoracic and sacral 8. Identify these features of the thoracic cage. Costal cartilages Clavicle False ribs (8-12) Floating ribs True ribs (1-7) Sternum True ribs (1-7) Costal cartilages Sternum False ribs (8-12) Floating ribs Clavicle © Just checking... Can you answer these questions now? How would you identify the bones of the axial skeleton? The bones of the axial skeleton can be identi ed as those that form the central axis of the body. They include: Skull: Cranial and facial bones. Vertebral column: Cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx. Rib cage: Ribs and sternum. Hyoid bone: A small bone in the neck that supports the tongue. The Appendicular Skeleton 1. Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle and upperm limb. Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Clavicle Radius Scapula Ulna Humerus © 2. Identify the bones of the hands and wrist. You do not need to know the names of the individual carpal bones for this module. Ulna Metacarpals Phalanges Radius Carpals Radius Carpals Phalanges Ulna Metacarpals © 3. Drag and drop these labels to the correct bones of the pelvis. Ilium Ilium Ischium Pubis Acetabulum Sacrum Sacrum Coccyx Acetabulum Coccyx Pubis Ischium © 4. What is the coxal bone? Three fused bones making one of the hip bones- formed from the ilium,ischium,pubis 4. Identify the bones of the leg, ankle and foot. Metatarsals Femur Patella Fibula Phalanges Femur Tarsals Patella Tibia Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges © Just checking... Can you answer these questions now? How would you identify the bones of the appendicular skeleton? The bones of the appendicular skeleton can be identi ed as those involved in movement and limb attachment. They include: Upper limbs: Humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. Lower limbs: Femur, tibia, bula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges. Pectoral girdle: Clavicle and scapula. Pelvic girdle: Hip bones (ilium, ischium, and pubis). Joints 1. Match these functional joint classi cations with their descriptions. Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses Immoveable Immoveable Slightly moveable Freely moveable Skull sutures Skull sutures Pubic symphysis Most limb joints Slightly moveable Freely moveable Most limb joints Pubic symphysis 2. Match these structural joint classi cations with their descriptions. Fibrous joints Cartilaginous joints Synovial joints Immobile Pubic symphysis Knee joint Bone ends covered with articular Bone ends joined by Bone ends joined by Bone ends covered cartilage collagen bres cartilage with articular Bone ends joined by cartilage Skull sutures Slightly moveable cartilage Freely moveable Joints between ribs Bone ends joined by and sternum Space between bone collagen bres ends Enclosed by a uid Enclosed by a uid lled capsule lled capsule Freely moveable Synovial Skull sutures Immobile Joints between ribs and sternum Knee joint Pubic symphysis Slightly moveable Space between bone ends Synovial © © © 3. Identify the components of this synovial joint. Synovial membrane Articular capsule Articular cartilage Bone Bone Synovial membrane Bone Articular Articular Joint cavity cartilage capsule Joint cavity Bone © 4. What other structures join the bones together, reinforcing synovial joints? ligaments 5. Identify each of these movements allowed by synovial joints. Movement Description gliding One at bone surface slips over another exion Movement (usually) along the sagittal plane that decreases the angle of a joint. extension Movement (usually) along the sagittal plane that increases the angle of a joint. dorsi exion Movement of the superior surface of the foot toward the shin. plantar exion Pointing the toes abduction Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane. adduction Movement of a limb toward the midline of the body along the frontal plane. circumduction Moving a limb such that it creates a cone in space. The distal end of the limb creates a circle and the proximal end is fairly stationary rotation Turning a bone around its own long axis supination Rotating the forearm laterally so that the palm faces superiorly or anteriorly pronation Rotating the forearm medially so that the palm faces inferiorly and posteriorly inversion Sole of the foot turns medially eversion Sole of the foot turns laterally Just checking... Can you answer these questions now? How are joints classi ed in terms of their structure and function? What are examples of each type of structural and functional joint classi cation? What is the structure of a synovial joint? How would you describe each of the movements allowed by synovial joints? d. Articular cartilage: Covers the ends of the bones, reducing friction. Synovial membrane: Lines the joint capsule and produces synovial uid. Muscles 1. Use this table to summarise the di erent types of muscle tissue. TYPE CARDIAC MUSCLE SKELETAL MUSCLE SMOOTH MUSCLE Location heart attached to bones in organs Function pumping blood around body body movement, facial expressions movement, forces substances through hollow organs, regulated passage of substances through body openings Control mode automatic or nervous system, nervous system, voluntary nervous and endocrine system. involuntary involuntary Number of nuclei one many one Appearance branched, striated striated spindle-shaped 2. Why is each skeletal muscle considered to be an organ? because it contains two or more tissue types that work together to perform a common function. muscle tissue, nervous tissue- controls muscle contraction and detects pain and changes in muscle length. connective tissue- joins parts of the muscle together and forms tendons Muscle cells all share four functional characteristics that enable movement. 3. Match the muscle cell properties with their de nitions listed in the boxes below. Extensibility Excitability Contractility Elasticity Excitability Contractility Elasticity Extensibility 4. Where is the origin of the gastrocnemius muscle? The back of the foot The femur (thigh) The tibia The bula 5. What name do we give to the tissue attaching a muscle to a bone? Tendon Ligament Cartilage Link 6. Drag the labels to the correct part of the diagram. Blood vessel Blood vessel Epimysium Muscle bre Myo bril Perimysium surrounding fascicle Endomysium Perimysium Endomysium surrounding fascicle Muscle fascicle Epimysium Myo bril Muscle fascicle Muscle bre © 7. What is the name of the connective tissue that covers the fascicles? epimysium endomysium perimysium sarcolemma 6. Label the components of this skeletal muscle bre. Actin Muscle (organ) Muscle fascicle Muscle bre Muscle fascicle Muscle bre Myo bril Muscle (organ) Myosin Myo bril Sarcomere Myosin Actin Sarcomere © 7. The striations on the skeletal muscle bers are created by the arrangement of the actin and myosin laments. true false Just checking... Can you answer these questions now? What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue? What is the functional characteristics of muscle tissue? How could you describe the macro- and microstructure of skeletal muscle? b. The functional characteristics of muscle tissue are: Excitability: The ability to respond to stimuli (usually from nerves). Contractility: The ability to shorten or contract forcefully. Extensibility: The ability to stretch without being damaged. Elasticity: The ability to return to its original shape after contraction or stretching. Muscle contraction 1. The muscles controlling the movements of the ngers and eyes have small motor units under ne motor control. true false 2. The neurons that carry impulses to skeletal muscles are called somatic motor neurons somatic sensory neurons autonomic motor neurons autonomic sensory neurons 3. Which of the following are true for a motor unit? True False In muscles concerned with ne The motor unit is surrounded by It consists of an axon, together motor movements, motor units perimysium with all of the individual muscles have a relatively small number of innervated by that axon The neuromuscular junction is muscle bres the direct contact between In muscles concerned with ne It consists of an axon, together neuron and muscle cell motor movements, motor units have a relatively small number of with all of the individual muscles muscle bres innervated by that axon Most muscles consist of a range Most muscles consist of a range of motor unit sizes of motor unit sizes The neuromuscular junction is the direct contact between neuron and muscle cell The motor unit is surrounded by perimysium 4. Which neurotransmitter causes an action potential in a muscle, causing it to contract? Serotonin Noradrenaline Adrenaline Acetylcholine 4. What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle bre called? actomyosin fascicle myo bril sarcomere 5. The electrolyte necessary to create muscle contraction include Ca Ca2+ Ca- 24Ca 6. Which ion is removed to cause the muscle to relax after contraction? Ca2+ K+ Na+ Cl- 7. When ATP binds to myosin, the myosin protein bends creating muscle contraction extends, preparing to bind with actin 8. Myoglobin is an oxygen binding protein in muscle tissues which is red in color. This is what gives muscle its characteristic red color. true false 9. Categorise the following exercises as being isometric or isotonic. Isometric Isotonic Balancing on tiptoes Holding a bench-press bar in the Running up a hill same position Doing a plank exercise (holding a Doing bicep curls push-up position) Pushing constantly against a Pedalling a bicycle on a at concrete wall Doing bicep curls surface Doing a plank exercise (holding a Holding a bench-press bar in the Swimming freestyle push-up position) same position Balancing on tiptoes Pedalling a bicycle on a at surface Pushing constantly against a concrete wall Running up a hill Swimming freestyle 10. What occurs during an isometric contraction? Muscle shortens Muscle length is unchanged Muscle lengthens Muscle may either lengthen or shorten 11. What occurs during an isotonic contraction? Muscle length is unchanged Muscle may either lengthen or shorten Just checking......... Can you answer this question now? Can you give a brief description of the sliding lament process of muscle contraction? How do isotonic and isometric muscle contractions di er? a. Nerve impulse: A signal from a motor neuron triggers the release of calcium ions (Ca²⁺) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the muscle cell. Calcium binding: Calcium binds to troponin on the actin laments, causing tropomyosin to move, exposing binding sites on actin. Cross-bridge formation: Myosin heads bind to the exposed sites on actin, forming cross-bridges. Power stroke: Myosin heads pivot, pulling the actin laments toward the center of the sarcomere, causing the muscle to shorten. ATP binding: ATP binds to myosin, causing it to release actin and re-cock its head for another cycle. Cycle repeats: As long as calcium and ATP are present, the cycle repeats, allowing the muscle to continue contracting. Naming skeletal muscles 1. Identify the muscles indicated on this anterior diagram of the body. Pectoralis major Masseter Biceps brachii Rectus abdominus Masseter Deltoid Deltoid Serratus anterior Biceps brachii Pectoralis major Serratus anterior Rectus abdominus © 2. Identify the muscle indicated on this posterior view of the body. Gastrocnemius Trapezius Gluteus maximus Latissimus dorsi Deltoid Trapezius Deltoid Triceps brachii Triceps brachii Latissimus dorsi Gluteus maximus Gastrocnemius © 3. The antagonist muscle to the biceps brachii is the deltoid muscle serratus anterior triceps brachii pectoralis major 4. The prime mover for arm exion at the shoulder is caused by the deltoid muscles serratus anterior muscles biceps brachii pectoralis major