Seb Science Reviewer 1: Musculoskeletal System PDF

## Functions of the Musculoskeletal System - Provides support - Allows body movement - Protects internal organs - Stores minerals like calcium - Produces blood cells - Helps the heart to beat - Aids in digestion and nutrient absorption ## The Structure of the Skeleton - **Axial skeleton** - skull...

## Functions of the Musculoskeletal System - Provides support - Allows body movement - Protects internal organs - Stores minerals like calcium - Produces blood cells - Helps the heart to beat - Aids in digestion and nutrient absorption ## The Structure of the Skeleton - **Axial skeleton** - skull, vertebral column, ribs and chest bone (sternum) - **Appendicular skeleton** - clavicle, scapula, hip bones, and bones of the appendages - **Bones can be classified as:** - Long bones - Short bones - Flat bones - Irregular bones ## Different Structures under Axial and Appendicular Skeletons ### Axial Skeleton - **The skull:** houses and protects the brain and other parts of the head. - **Spinal column and rib cage:** protects the spinal cord and heart and lungs. ### Appendicular Skeleton - **The Appendages:** arms, legs and hips - **Pectoral girdle:** includes collarbone and shoulder bone - **Upper arm:** includes humerus, radius and ulna - **Wrist:** composed of carpal bones - **Palm:** composed of metacarpal bones - **Fingers:** composed of phalangeal bones - **Legs:** includes femur, the longest bone, tibia and fibula - **Foot:** includes ankle bones, metatarsus, and phalangeal bones ## The Structure of the Bones - Composed of collagen fibers embedded in mineral salts. - **Compact bone:** outer layer providing strength and protection - **Spongy bone:** inner layer containing bone marrow. - **Bone marrow:** plays an essential role in hematopoiesis. - **Red bone marrow:** found in humerus, femur, pelvis, and vertebral column. - **Yellow bone marrow:** found in many other bones. ## Joints - Regions where two bones meet. - **Types of joints:** - **Gliding joint:** allows side to side and back and forth movements. - **Pivot joint:** allows rotation movement. - **Immovable joint:** does not allow movement. ## Muscles - Important for movement and locomotion. - Protect several organs in our body. - **Types of muscles:** - **Smooth muscles:** involuntary muscles, found in the walls of the digestive tract, blood vessels, and some reproductive organs. - **Cardiac muscles:** involuntary muscles, found only in the heart; responsible for its rhythmic contraction. - **Skeletal muscles:** voluntary muscles, responsible for our movement; attached to bones and allow for the movement of limbs and other body parts. ## How Are Muscles Attached to Bones? - **Tendons:** connect muscles to bone, made up of tough fibers of protein called collagen. ## How Do Muscles Work? - Muscles can contract and become shorter. - Muscles can relax and return to their original length. - Muscles work in pairs to perform movement, such as the biceps and triceps in the upper arm. ## Keeping the Musculoskeletal System Healthy - Do regular exercise. - Wear proper protective equipment. - Eat food rich in calcium and Vitamin D. - Eat a balanced diet. - Rest. ## 21st Century Skills Booster - Create a 3-minute exercise routine that targets any part of the musculoskeletal system. ## Quick Quiz (Vocabulary) - **Locomotion** - **Carbohydrates** - **Skeleton** - **Calcium** - **Hematopoiesis** - **Muscles** ## What to do? - Construct a concept map showing the types of skeletons and different types of muscles. - Explain how bones and muscles work together to perform their functions. - Explain the difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. - Explain the difference between axial and appendicular skeleton. - Explain how we can make our musculoskeletal system healthier. ## Remember The human musculoskeletal system is composed of bones and muscles of the body, responsible for the framework and support of our body, as well as protection for vital organs and hematopoiesis.