AVT 4234-PPT -PRELIM MODULE 1.pdf

Good Afternoon !!!! AVT 4324- DATA COMMUNICATION ST 1 SEMESTER 2024-2025 DATA COMMUNICATION Data Comm is an FAA technology that is revolutionizing communications between air traffic controllers and pilots. Controllers traditionally have used radio voice communications to give clearance...

Good Afternoon !!!! AVT 4324- DATA COMMUNICATION ST 1 SEMESTER 2024-2025 DATA COMMUNICATION Data Comm is an FAA technology that is revolutionizing communications between air traffic controllers and pilots. Controllers traditionally have used radio voice communications to give clearances and other flight information to pilots. Voice communications are time consuming and labor intensive, slow operations and can lead to miscommunications between controllers and pilots known as “talk back, read back” errors. Data Comm, by contrast, gives air taffic controllers and pilots the ability to transmit flight plans, clearances, instructions, advisories, flight crew requests, reports and other essential messages with the touch of a button. The switch from voice to data message doesn't just speed things up, it also enhances safety which reduces the chance of a read-back error while relaying information. In addition, it allows controllers to send data message instructions to several aircraft at once–a much more accurate and efficient process than having numerous conversations. Data Comm also cuts down on travel delays. For example: Two planes are in line for takeoff when a storm requires air traffic controllers to re-route them. The plane using voice has to wait for its new instructions and has to use existing two-way voice communications. This process can take 15 to 30 minutes or longer, depending on how many aircraft are in line for departure. However, the flight crew on the plane using Data Comm receives its new flight plan via a data message that an air traffic controller sends directly to the flight crew. The crew reviews the new clearance and accepts the updated instructions with the push of a button. The plane keeps its spot in the takeoff line or may even be taken out of line and sent directly to the runway ahead of other non-equipped aircraft. The plane departs on time; saving countless minutes of delay over the non-Data Comm equipped aircraft. Data Comm helps airlines stay on schedule, helps deliver packages on time, and helps passengers get off the tarmac, into the air, and to their destinations more quickly. Data Comm is now operational at the 65 air traffic control towers. Its rollout of tower services at the original 55 airports was under budget and more than two-and-a-half years ahead of schedule. Those budget savings enabled the FAA to deploy Data Comm at seven more airports than originally planned at no additional cost. Data Comm has declared Initial Operational Capability (IOC) at four Air Route Traffic Control Centers ARTCCs (Kansas City, Indianapolis, Minneapolis, and Atlanta). Eight additional sites are operational 24/7 pending IOC declaration (ZDC, ZOA, ZMA, ZAU, ZSE, ZDV, ZLC, and ZHU). The program is working with the final 8 ARTCCs on their site implementation plans. STANDARD ORGANIZATION FOR DATA COMMUNICATION Data Communication refer as the exchange of data between two devices via some form of Transmission media such as cable ,wire or it can be air or vacuum. 1) International Standard Organization (ISO) ISO is the International Organization for Standardization. It creates set of rules and standards for graphics , document exchange , data communication etc. An international federation of national standards bodies is called ISO (International Organization for Standardization). One standards body from each of the more than 160 member nations that make up ISO, a voluntary organization, is represented in the organization. International standards guarantee the safety, dependability, and superior quality of the goods and services you use on a daily basis. They also assist companies in implementing ethical and sustainable practices, paving the way for a time when the products you buy will protect the environment in addition to performing flawlessly. Fundamentally, standards improve your daily experiences and decisions by skillfully fusing conscience with quality.. The stages include the following: 1.Proposal stage. The first step in developing a new standard starts when industry associations or consumer groups make a request. The relevant ISO committee determines whether a new standard is indeed required. 2.Preparatory stage. A working group is set up to prepare a working draft of the new standard. The working group is composed of subject matter experts and industry stakeholders; when the draft is deemed satisfactory, the working group's parent committee decides which stage occurs next. 3.Committee stage. This is an optional stage during which members of the parent committee review and comment on the draft standard. When the committee reaches consensus on the technical content of the draft, it can move to the next stage. 4.Enquiry stage. The draft standard at this stage is called a Draft International Standard (DIS). It is distributed to ISO members for comments and, ultimately, a vote. If the DIS is approved at this stage without any technical changes, ISO publishes it as a standard. If not, it moves to the approval stage. 5..Approval stage. The draft standard is submitted as a Final Draft International Standard (FDIS) to ISO members. They vote to approve the new standard. 6.Publication stage. If ISO members approve the new standard, the FDIS is published as an official international standard. ISO participating members vote on standards approvals. A standard must receive affirmative votes from at least two-thirds of participating members and negative votes from no more than one fourth of participating members. WHAT IS AN ISO CERTIFICATION? As it relates to ISO standards, certification is a certifying body's assurance that a service, product or system meets the requirements of the standard. While ISO develops the standards, third-party certification bodies certify conformity with those standards. According to the ISO, the phrase "ISO certification" should never be used to indicate that a product or system has been certified by a certification body as conforming to an ISO standard. Instead, ISO suggests referring to certified products or systems using the full identification of the ISO standard. 2) Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy (CCITT) – CCITT is now standard organization for the United States. CCITT developer’s recommended set of rules and standards for telephone and telegraph communication. 4. INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING (IEEE) It is US based professional organization of electronic, computer and communication engineering. It provides various set of rules and standard in communication and networking field. IEEE nurtures, develops, and advances the building of global technologies. As a leading developer of industry standards in a broad range of technologies, IEEE SA drives the functionality, capabilities, safety, and interoperability of products and services, transforming how people live, work, and communicate. IEEE standards provide the bricks and mortar for a globally level playing field for innovation; protect public safety, health, and wellbeing; and contribute to a more sustainable future. IEEE is the trusted voice for engineering, computing, and technology information around the globe. ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION (EIA) This organization establish and recommends industrial standards. EIA has developed the RS(Recommended Standards) series of Standards for data and telecommunication. Over the decades, the EIA expanded its reach and influence, establishing numerous standards that facilitated the growth of the electronics industry. It played a crucial role during key technological advancements, including the transition from vacuum tubes to semiconductors, the rise of the personal computer, and the expansion of global telecommunications. The EIA’s efforts in standardization not only supported technological innovation but also ensured consumer safety and product reliability across the electronics landscape. Is it relevant until today ? Yes, EIA standards remain relevant and widely used in modern electronics design and manufacturing. Many EIA standards, especially those related to connectors, cables, and electronic components, have been maintained and updated by the successor organizations. They serve as foundational elements in the design and manufacturing of a wide range of electronic products, ensuring compatibility and reliability across the industry. STANDARD COUNCIL OF CANADA (SSC) It is an official Standard Agency for Canada. It has Similar responsibilities as ANSI has. Standards are documents established by consensus and approved by a recognized body. Standards are powerful tools that: ensure products, services and systems are reliable, consistent and safe provide for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results aim to achieve optimum order or performance in a given context make life more prosperous and sustainable for people, communities and businesses in Canada and around the world WHAT ARE STANDARDS / A standard is a document that provides guidelines, characteristics or requirements for products, processes or services. It is developed by a committee or group of stakeholders and approved by a recognized body. Standards establish accepted practices, technical requirements and terminologies for many different fields. Most standards aim to achieve optimum order or performance in a given context. They are easy to recognize and reference, so organizations can ensure their products or services can be manufactured, implemented and sold around the world. STANDARDS CAN BE ? Mandatory when they are enforced by laws or regulations, often for health and safety reasons or in an industry setting to follow a contract voluntary when organizations are not legally required to follow them (they may choose to follow them to meet customer or industry demands) They can be distinct from an act, regulation or code as they establish control or directives based on legal authority: regulations have binding legal effects; if a voluntary standard is referenced in a regulation, it becomes mandatory codes have a broad scope and are intended to carry the force of law when adopted by a provincial, territorial or municipal authority TYPES OF STANDARDS 1. performance standards test products by simulating their performance under real service conditions 2. prescriptive standards identify product characteristics, such as material thickness, type and dimension 3. design standards identify specific design or technical characteristics of a product 4. management system standards define and establish an organization’s quality policy and objective 5. service standards specify the requirements that a service (such as telecommunications, laundering or banking) should meet and establish that it is fit for use. HOW STANDARDS ARE DEVELOPED ? 1. National Standards Are standards adopted by a national standardization organization and made available to the general public. In the United States, American National Standards (ANS) are voluntary consensus standards developed in accordance with ANSI Essential Requirements. ISO and IEC are private, voluntary organizations whose members are national standards bodies. The ITU (International Telecommunication Union) is a treaty organization. 2. International Standards- The definition given in all IEC standards reads: "A normative document, developed according to consensus procedures, which has been approved by the IEC National Committee members of the responsible committee in accordance with Part 1 of the ISO/IEC Directives." The IEC is one of the bodies recognized by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and entrusted by it for monitoring the national and regional organizations agreeing to use IEC International Standards as the basis for national or regional standards as part of the WTO Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement. Standards can be developed by national, regional and international standards developing organizations and also by businesses or other organizations for their own internal use. They can also be developed by consortia of businesses to address a specific marketplace need, or by government departments to support regulations. The formal definition from the International Organization for Standa rdization (ISO) and its sister organization, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is: a document, established by consensus and approved by a recognized body, that provides, for common and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their results.  COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION Data Communication is defined as exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission media such as a cable, wire or it can be air or vacuum also. For occurrence of data communication, communicating devices must be a part of communication system made up of a combination of hardware or software devices and programs. Data Communication System Components : 1. MESSAGE This is most useful asset of a data communication system. The message simply refers to data or piece of information which is to be communicated. A message could be in any form, it may be in form of a text file, an audio file, a video file, etc. 2. SENDER To transfer message from source to destination, someone must be there who will play role of a source. Sender plays part of a source in data communication system. It is simple a device that sends data message. The device could be in form of a computer, mobile, telephone, laptop, video camera, or a workstation, etc. 3. RECEIVER It is destination where finally message sent by source has arrived. It is a device that receives message. Same as sender, receiver can also be in form of a computer, telephone mobile, workstation, etc. 4. TRANSMISSION MEDIUM In entire process of data communication, there must be something which could act as a bridge between sender and receiver, Transmission medium plays that part. It is physical path by which data or message travels from sender to receiver. Transmission medium could be guided (with wires) or unguided (without wires), for example, twisted pair cable, fiber optic cable, radio waves, microwaves, etc. SET OF RULES To govern data communications, various sets of rules had been already designed by the designers of the communication systems, which represent a kind of agreement between communicating devices. These are defined as protocol. In simple terms, the protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication. If two different devices are connected but there is no protocol among them, there would not be any kind of communication between those two devices. Thus the protocol is necessary for data communication to take place. A typical example of a data communication system is sending an e-mail. The user which send email act as sender, message is data which user wants to send, receiver is one whom user wants to send message, there are many protocols involved in this entire process, one of them is Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), both sender and receiver must have an internet connection which uses a wireless medium to send and receive email. WHAT IS INTERNET? The internet is defined as a global network of linked computers, servers, phones, and smart appliances that communicate with each other using the transmission control protocol (TCP) standard to enable the fast exchange of information and files, along with other types of services. Internetworking is the practice of interconnecting multiple computer networks, such that any pair of hosts in the connected networks can exchange messages irrespective of their hardware-level networking technology. The resulting system of interconnected networks is called an internetwork, or simply an internet. The term “Internet” is used to refer to a network of computers that are interconnected with each other worldwide with the aim of making publicly accessible information commonplace. This network uses a common language for communicating between devices. 1.Communication services This refer to services that facilitate the lawful origination, transmission, emission, or reception of signs, signals, data, writings, images, and sounds by telephone or other electronic These services include voice, data, audio, video, and Internet transmission, and can be provided through various networks and technologies 2.FILE TRANSFER SERVICES The exchange of data files across computer systems and networks is referred to as file transfer services. These offerings may consist of Companies like Dropbox, Google, Microsoft, and Apple offer online cloud storage solutions with features like content sharing, synchronization across many devices, and collaboration 3.DIRECTORY SERVICES A directory service is a database for storing and maintaining information about users and resources. Directory Services are often referred to as directories, user stores, Identity Stores, or LDAP Directory, and they store information such as usernames, passwords, user preferences, information about devices, and more. 4. E-COMMERCE AND ONLINE TRANSACTION Online e-commerce transaction refers to buying and selling goods and services over the internet. E-commerce can take place within a company's smartphone app, on a social media platform, or in an online marketplace. E-commerce operates in different types of market segments and can be conducted over computers, tablets, smartphones, and other smart devices. E-commerce typically uses the web for at least a part of a transaction's life cycle although it may also use other technologies such as e-mail 5. NETWORK MANAGEMENT SERVICES This collect data from connected network devices such as switches, routers, access points, and client devices. They also give network administrators fine-grained control over how those devices operate and interact with one another. 6. TIME SERVICES the determination and announcement of the precise time usually conducted as a part of the work of an astronomical observatory, usually based on transit observations of stars, and announced mainly by telegraphic and radio signals compare time signal 7.SEARCH ENGINE A search engine is a web-based software tool that helps locate information on the Internet. A search engine first creates an index of web pages using page titles, content and others. ===================End of PRELIM MODULE 1================= ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY RECITATION/ SEATWORK/ QUIZ/ ACTIVITY IS UP NEXT