Av021-Reviewer PDF

EMS considers all aspects of the flight, from preflight planning to pulling up to the jet-way upon landing, including in-flight amendments to planned courses of action. The main component of an FMS is the Flight Management Computer. It communicates with the EICAS or ECAM, the ADC, the thrust manag...

EMS considers all aspects of the flight, from preflight planning to pulling up to the jet-way upon landing, including in-flight amendments to planned courses of action. The main component of an FMS is the Flight Management Computer. It communicates with the EICAS or ECAM, the ADC, the thrust management computer, EIFIS Symbol Generator, Automatic Flight Control System, Inertial Reference System, Collision Avoidance System, and all of the Radio Navigational Ards. The interface of the system is called a control display unit (CDU) that is normally located forward on the center pedestal in the cockpit. FMC has stored in its database literally hundreds of flight plans with predetermined operational parameters that can be selected and Implemented. Integration with NAV-COM aids allows the FMS to change the radia frequencies as the flight plan is enacted. The FMS can handle all variables automatically but communicates via the CDU screen to present its planned action, gain consensus, or ask for an input or decision. RADIO COMMUNICATION VHF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM The VHF Communication system is used for short distance voice and data communication with ground stations or other aircraft. The VHF frequency range for aircraft communication systems is from 118-136.975 MHz. 121,5 MHz- international emergency frequency which is used for emergencies.  (ELT) This frequency should never be used for transmission. Modern aircraft have 3 independent VHF systems. Two are required for commercial flights. Syatem 1 - captain\'s voice communication System 2 - first officer\'s voice communications System 3 - normally used for ACARS, but could also be used for voice communication if one of the other systems fails. HF COMMUNICATION SYSTEM \- used for long distance communication, or for world wide communication. The frequency for the HF system is from 2Mhz to 25MHz. DATA TRANSMISSION - ACARS Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting Systems (ACARS) \" A-datelink comunication system which can transfer messages and data between the aircraft and the ground, for example the airline operation center and ATC. \- in some modern aircrait types, the HF system can also be used for ACARS, DATA COMMUNICATIONS Radio Navigation Radio navigation aids supply the pilot with intelligence that maintains or enhances the safety of flight. As with communication radios, navigational aids are avionics devices, the repair of which must be carried out by trained technicions at certificated repair station, However, installation, maintenance and proper functioning of the electronic units, as well as their antennas, displays and any other peripherel devices are responsibilities of the airframe technician VOR NAVIGATION SYSTEM One of the oldest and most useful navigatiohat aids is the VOR system. Contists of thousands of land-based transmitter stations, or VORs, that communicate with radio receiving squipment on board aircraft. VOR uaed VHF Radio waves (108- 117.95 MHz) with 50kHz separation between each channel. A VOR transmitter produces two signals that a receiver on board an aircraft uses to locate itself in relation to the ground station. One signal is the reference signal. The second is produced by electronically rotating a variable signal. The variable signal is in phase with the reference signal when at megnetic north but becomes increasingly out of phase as it is rotated 180 degrees. A VOR emits radio signals in all directions (omnidirectional). Alroraft picks up these signals and determine their direction (bearing) relative to the VOR, allowing pilots to navigate towards or away from the station. RE UNIVERSIN Automatic Direction Finder An ADF operated off of a ground signal transmitted from aNDB. A vertically polarized antenna was used to transmit LF frequency radio waves in the 190kHz to 535 kHz range. A receiver on the aircraft was tuned to the transmission frequency of the NDB. By using a loop antenna, the direction to (or from) the antenna could be determined by monitoring the strength of the signal received. Sense antenna - used for tuning and produces an indication in the direction towards the ADF station at all times. Loop antenna - will tell the aircraft that there is a nearby NDB. The sense antenna - will point the direction of the. NDB. INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM \- Used to land an aircraft when visibility is poor. Guides the aircraft down a slope to the touch down area on the runway. ILS uses to ground stations: 1. Localizer - provides a horizontal guidance to the center line af the runway. 2. Glideslope - provides vertical guidance of the aircraft down the proper slope to the touchdown point. 3. Marker Beacons - provide distance-from-the-runway information. Localizer - VHF broadcast in the lower range of the VOR (108-111.95MHZ). Glideslope - provides vertical guidance for correct angle of descent. The transmitting glideslope antenna is located off to the side of the approach runway, approximately 1,000 feet from the threshold. Marker Beacons - final radio transmitters used in the ILS. They transmit signals that indicate the position of the aircraft along the glidepath to the runway. Outer marker beacon - located 4-7 miles from the threshold. Middle Marker - 3,500 feet from the runway. Inner Marker - placed at the land-or-go-around decision point of the approach close to the runway threshold. RADAR BEACON TRANSPONDER A radar beacon transponder, or simply, a transponder, provides positive identification and location of an aireraft on the radar screens of ATC. Two types of radar are used by ATC\" Primary radar - transmits directional UHF or SHF radio waves Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) - used by ATC to verify the aircraft\'s position and to add the third dimension of altitude to its location. Mode 3/A - aid in confirming the location of the alreraft. When verbal communication with the ATC is established, a pilot must select one of 4096 discrete codes on the transponder. These are digital octal codes. The ground station transmits a pulse of energy at 1030 MHz and the transponder transmits a reply at 1090 MHz. 7700- Aircraft in Emergency 7600- Aircraft with Radia Communication Failure 7500- Hijacked Aircraft 2000- Aircraft with no transponder Code Mode A -- Send 4 Identification code (assigned by atc) Mode S -- sometimes referred to as mode select. Mode S sends individual messages in reply to selective interrogations from ATC ground station. Mode C -- Sends the aircraft\'s altitude, along with the identification code. The ATC received the following information about each aircraft: - The aircraft position - Flight Track - Ground Speed TRAFFIC COLLISSION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM TCAS - are transponder based air-to-traffic monitoring and alerting systems. There are two classes of TCAS: TCAS 1 - developed to accommodate general aviation community ang regional airlines. TCAS 1 is mandates on aircraft with 10-30 seats. TCAS 2- required internationally in aircraft with more 30 seats or Weighing 15,000 kg. TCAS 2 provides information of TCAS 1, but also analyzes the projected flightpath of approaching aircraft. Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT) An ELT is an independent battery powered transmitter activated by excessive G-forces experienced during a crash. It transmits a digital signal every 50 seconds on a frequency of 406.025 MHz at 5 watts for at least 24 hours. ELT\'s are required to be installed in aircraft according FAR 91.207. ELT\'s must be inspeeted within 12 months of previous inspection for proper installation, battery corrosion, operation of the controls and crash sensors, and the presence of a sufficient signal at the antenna. SARSAT- Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking Ang ELT magsend og distress signal paingon sa LEO satellite. Dayun magsend napud og signal ang Satellite paingon sa LUT dayun MCC dayun RCC dayun SAR and ang SAR na mo locate or mo bulong sa aircraft or vessel or plb na nag send og distress signal. Technicians are cautioned to not activate the ELT and transmit an emergency distress signal. Inspection must be recorded in maintenance records including the new expiration date of the battery. This must also be recorded on the outside of the ELT. LOW RANGE RADIO ALTIMETER SYSTEM - Used to measure the distance from the aircraft to the terrain. - It is used primarily during instrument approach and low level or night flight below 25,000 feet. - The height is only indicated when it is below 2500ft, so the system is mainly used during take-off, approach and landings. - Supplies the primary altitude information for landing decision height. - The transmitter part of the transceiver generates a signal\ Which is transmitter 10 the ground by an antenna. - The signalis reflected on the ground and then after a\ certain time received by a second antenna. - The receiver now calculates the time delay by comparing the transmitter signal and recelved signal. DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT The DME operates frequency range of 926 to 1213 Miz and measures the slant distance from the aireraft to the ground station. The actual distance to the station above the ground therefore depends on the aircraft altitude and the slant distance to the station. The DME system measures the distance to the ground station by transmitting a signal to the ground station called the interrogation, and by counting the time it takes to receive a reply signal. This time is proportional to the distance which is indicated in nautical miles on a digital readout. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM The global positioning system or GPS is a satellite-based navigation that calculates aircraft position with high accuracy. Each satellite permanently sends signal which include the time of the transmission. The GPS unit in the aircraft calculates the travel time of the signal by comparing the time of the signal reception with the transmission time. It uses a frequency of 1575.42 Mhz. POSSIBLE QUESTION Level of warning in ecam if there is fire Level 1 light 2 amber light 3 if naay fire or stall Pfd- general information regarding sa aircraft flight. Navigation display- direction or location of aircraft or naay laing kasugat na aircraft. Eicas- for Boeing and it automatic record  Ecam - for Airbus and have built in test equipment. Upper ecam - shows possible action Lower ecam - shows pictorial diagram Vhf  - line of sight Hf -world wide communication  Satcom - communication uses satellite  Difference hf and satcom hf mo banda sa ionosphere ang satcom satellite gegamit. Tcas - guide the aircraft to avoid mid air collision  RA region Resolution Advisory-ingnan ang pilot kung need mo descend or ascend ang aircraft Kay duol na ang intruder aircraft. Radio in tcas transponder? Either  Below 25000 feet- the height indicated in low range radio altimeter. Commercial required vhf system 2 or 3 What is transponder? Transponder transmit or send signal for interrogation. How transponder works?  essential device on an aircraft that works by responding to signals from ground-based radar or other aircraft systems (such as TCAS) to provide information about the aircraft\'s identity, altitude, and position. McDonnel douglas - first use electrical aircraft  Difference between Baro and Radio altimeter? Barometric altimeter- use to measure pressure and Radio altimeter -use to measure frequency