Basic Infection Control PDF

Basic Infection Control Dr. Manal Mostafa Prof. of Medical Surgical Nursing 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 1  Medical &Surgical Asepsis 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 2  Introduction Microorganisms are na...

Basic Infection Control Dr. Manal Mostafa Prof. of Medical Surgical Nursing 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 1  Medical &Surgical Asepsis 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 2  Introduction Microorganisms are naturally present in the environment.Some are beneficial and some are not. Some are harmless to most people and others are harmful to many persons Infectious disease spread among people by transmission of pathogenic microorganisms from other infected people or from contaminated objects in the environment 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 3  Infection Is an invasion of the body by pathogens or microorganisms capable of producing disease. Disease results if the pathogens multiply and cause an alteration in the normal tissue function. 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 4  Chain of infection 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 5  Infectious agent pathogenic microorganisms could be in a form of bacteria, viruses ,fungi, and protozoa Bacteria →E Coli, Staph aureus,.. Viruses →HCV, HIV,.. Fungi → Candida albicans Protozoa → Plasmodium falciparum 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 6  Infectious agent The extent to which microorganisms or parasite is capable of producing an infectious process depends on: The number of organisms present. Virulence or ability to produce disease. Ability of the organisms to enter the body and survive in the host. The susceptibility of the host. 7  Reservoir Is a place where a pathogen can survive but may or may not multiply e.g.; Human, animals, food, water, insects & inanimate objects Proper environment → food, O2, water, temperature, Ph, light 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 8  Portal of exit To enter another host & cause disease. e.g.; Skin & mucous membranes, respiratory tract, urinary tract, GIT, reproductive tract & blood. Proper environment → food, O2, water, temperature, Ph, light 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 9  Modes of transmission Contact → direct, indirect, droplet Air → coughing, sneezing Vehicles → contaminated items, water, food, solutions, blood, drugs Vector → mechanical transfer (flies) e.g.; mosquito, louse, flea,.. 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 10  Portal of entry Through the same routes for exit??? Susceptible Host: A susceptible host is any person who is at risk for infection. An individual's ability to resist infection is determined by the status of the body's defense mechanisms and by the person's general health s 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 11  Risk factors That contribute to susceptibility to infection: 1- Age: New born and elderly people have reduced defenses against infection. 2- Heredity: Some people have a genetic susceptibility to certain infections. e.g. some people may be deficient in serum immunoglobulin's, which play a significant role in the internal defense mechanism of the body. 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 12  Risk factors 3- Level of stress: Elevated blood cortisone → decreases anti-inflammatory responses → depletes energy stores → a state of exhaustion, and decrease resistance to infection. e.g. Post operative patient is more likely to develop infection. 4- Nutritional status: Resistance to infection depends on adequate nutrition. The ability of the body to synthesize antibodies may be impaired by inadequate nutrition. 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 13  Risk factors 5- Drugs: Some medical therapies predispose to infection.e.g. ▪ Anti neoplastic (anti cancer ) medications depress the bone marrow function → inadequate production of white blood cells and lymphocytes necessary to combat infection. ▪ Anti-inflammatory mediations → inhibit the inflammatory response which is an essential, defense against infection. ▪ Certain antibiotics can induce resistance 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 14  Risk factors 6- Diagnostic procedures: ▪ Predispose the client to an infection, especially when the skin is broken or sterile body cavity are penetrated. 7- Disease: ▪ Any disease can decrease the body's defenses against infection e.g. 1- chronic pulmonary disease. 2- burns, which impair skin integrity. 3- Diabetes mellitus, compromised peripheral vascular status and increased serum glucose levels increase susceptibility 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 15  Normal defense mechanisms against infection Barriers: That human body used to resist infection : the body is protected against infection by: 1-Anatomical barriers: that include the skin and mucous membrane. 2-Immunity: which could be natural or acquired. ▪ Natural (inherited) ▪ Acquired: Active occurs after exposure to disease or infection. Passive occurs after immunization against disease. 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 16  Normal defense mechanisms against infection 3-The inflammatory process: Utilization of metabolic energy. Increased blood flow to inflamed area. In many cases : drainage of inflammatory debris to the external environment. 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 17  Stage of Infectious Process 1- incubation period: Is the interval between entrance of pathogen into the body and the onset of symptoms depending on the microorganisms 2- prodromal period: Is Interval from onset of nonspecific symptoms ( malaise, low grade fever, fatigue, irritability ) until the specific symptoms of the infection appear. During this time, microorganisms grow and multiply, and client is more capable of spreading disease to others. 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 18  Stage of Infectious Process 3- Illness stage: the specific symptoms develop and become evident. the Symptoms of most infectious processes are : -localized Symptoms: affect body area organ -systematic symptoms: affected the entire body. In this period :fever, headache ,fatigue ,some times skin rash appear, depending on the severity of the illness and the susceptibility of the person to the causative agent 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 19  Stage of Infectious Process 4- convalescence: The convalescence period extends from the time the symptoms start to a abate until the person returns to a normal state of health. Depending on the severity of illness and client's general health. Recovery may take several days to months 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 20  Nosocomial Infections Infection acquired during hospitalization or stay in a health care facility. The most common setting where Nosocomial infection develop are surgical or medical intensive care units. Microorganisms that cause Nosocomial infections can originate from the clients themselves ( an endogenous source ) or from the hospital environment and hospital personnel ( exogenous sources) 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 21 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 22  Aseptic techniques Microorganisms are destroyed with considerable ease, while other are able to resist certain commonly used sterilization and disinfection technique. So that aseptic technique must be followed rigidly to prevent the transmission of microorganisms from the environment to surgical wound and sterile field of the patient. Contamination may occur from instruments or supplies that have not been properly sterilized as well as from personnel who are carries of infections or pathogenic organisms 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 23  Hand%2520border Asepsis Asepsis → Is the practice to reduce or eliminate contaminants from entering the surgical field or medical to prevent infection. The absence of disease → producing microorganisms Aseptic technique → refers to practices that keep a client as free from pathogens as possible Is the term used to describe the method of performing a procedure to prevent infection 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 24  Types of Asepsis Medical Surgical Asepsis Asepsis 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 25  Medical Asepsis Is inhibits, reduce or decrease the number of pathogenic microorganisms by proper use of cleaning agents, it is also concerned primarily with cleanliness (clean technique) and with measures that help to increase safety or environment for the nurse as well as for the patient. e.g. Hand hygiene, clean thermometer PublicHealth 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 26  Wear gloves 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 27  Hand Washing 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 28  Surgical Asepsis Is the absence of all living microorganisms, including spores from a surface. OR: practice keeps the area free from microorganisms and spores to insure that a designates articles or area (field of operation) is sterile. e.g. : administration of injection, intravenous fluid changing wound dressing, performing urinary catheterization 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 29  Surgical Attire 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 30 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 31 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 32  principles of aseptic technique If something sterile TOUCHE unsterile things it will become unsterile. If something sterile has a HOLE it is considered unsterile. The sterile item SHOULD BE FAR from unsterile. If sterile item EXPOSED TO AIR it is considered un sterile. If sterile item becomes WET it is considered un sterile. If something sterile DROPED ON THE FLOOR it will become unsterile. If something unsterile CROSSED-OVER sterile item, it becomes unsterile. 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 33  Methods of applying aseptic technique Cleaning. Disinfecting. Sterilizing. 1.Cleaning : Removing dirt and debris from a surface by scrubbing and/or washing with soap and water or suitable detergent, of infectious cleanliness inhibits the growth of microorganisms 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 34  2. Disinfection & Sterilization Disinfection → The process of destroying (killing) infectious agents producing microorganisms ,but not their spores. (cleaning + a chemical agent which destroy pathogens). e.g.; alcohols, chlorines, & phenol 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 35  Disinfection & Sterilization Sterilization → Is a process that destroys (killing) all microorganisms and spores. By → use of a sterilizing agents e.g. steam under pressure, ethylene oxide gas, hydrogen peroxide plasma & chemicals 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 36 Factors affecting sterilization & disinfection 1. Concentration of solution & duration of contact 2. Type & number of pathogens 3. Surface area to treat 4. Temperature of the environment 5. Presence of soap 6. Presence of organic materials 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 37  Isolation Isolation is the use of physical separation and strict aseptic technique for a patient who either has a contagious disease or is immunocompromised. 08 Isolation not for the Isolation for the patient’s patient articles 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 38  Universal Precautions Regular hand washing using the appropriate technique Wearing gloves when handling blood or body fluids or when in contact with soiled surfaces 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 39  Universal Precautions Wearing plastic aprons. Wearing a mask and protective eyewear when there is a risk from irrigations, splashes. Do not recap,break or bend needles after use 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 40  Universal Precautions Immediately and thoroughly wash hands or other skin surfaces that come into contact with blood or other body fluid. Wear gowns in situations where it is likely that droplets of blood or body fluids will be.sprayed 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 41  Universal Precautions Use mouth pieces, resuscitation bags, or other ventilation equipment when providing resuscitation. Do not provide direct client care when you have open skin lesions 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 42  Universal Precautions Taking care to ensure that all soiled materials or waste is disposed of correctly. 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 43 03/04/1446 Dr. Manal Mostafa 44