Art Appreciation Module 1-7 PDF

1|Page(ArtsAppreciation) About the Author/Compiler Wilson Nungay Ejercito is graduate of the degree Bachelor of Arts in English Language at University of Eastern Philippines, College of Arts and...

1|Page(ArtsAppreciation) About the Author/Compiler Wilson Nungay Ejercito is graduate of the degree Bachelor of Arts in English Language at University of Eastern Philippines, College of Arts and Communication. He finished his degree in English Language Cum Laude in the year 2022. He is one of the pioneer graduates of the said degree program. Wilson worked as a volunteer teacher at Froctouso B. Regulacion National High School in barangay Tula, Pambujan, Northern Samar for almost a month but decided to pursue his teaching passion at his Alma matter – University of Eastern Philippines. Currently, he is taking his master’s degree – Master of Arts in Language and Literature in the same university. Wilson handles English and Humanities subjects/courses for college and senior high school students. CONTACT DETAILS Email: [email protected] Phone Number: 09064403202 (Globe) Messenger: Wilson Ejercito (Jao) Consultation 1:00-3:00 PM @CAC Office Hours: UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES College of Arts and Communication DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND COMMUNICATION 2|Page(ArtsAppreciation) Note from the Author/Compiler Art appreciation is a general course intended for all undergraduate students, this is a three (3)-unit course that develops students’ ability to appreciate, analyze and critique works of art through interdisciplinary and multimodal approaches. This course will equip students the broad knowledge of the practical, historical, philosophical and social relevance of the arts in order to hone students’ ability to articulate their understanding of the art. The course aims to develop students’ genuine appreciation of the Philippine arts by providing them opportunities to explore the diversity and richness and their rootedness in Filipino culture. This course module is develop by the author to address the needs of his students in learning the lessons embedded in the Art Appreciation course. With this, it is important to note, that this course module is not an official module used by all faculty of the university, in which the author/compiler is affiliated to. This course module was develop in hope of helping the author/compiler to be able to deliver the lessons easier and effectively, also for the students’ easier learning process. Please also note, before using this course module, that this is not peer reviewed. Its sole purpose if for reference of the students and the teacher/author/compiler. Special thanks and credits to Professor Brenfred Romero for the lessons embedded in this module. Happy learning and welcome to the world of arts! UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES College of Arts and Communication DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND COMMUNICATION 3|Page(ArtsAppreciation) Table of Contents Lessons Pages Assumption and Nature of Arts: Creativity and Imagination 4 Significant Concepts and Overview of Humanities 11 The Western Art History 16 Humanities and Art Appreciation 24 Elements and Principles of Arts 32 Aesthetic Arts and Crafts 37 The Filipino Arts and Crafts 43 Art Criticism 54 Literary Art 58 Visual Art 64 Photography as an Art 67 The Art of Dancing 94 The Auditory Arts 98 UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES College of Arts and Communication DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND COMMUNICATION 4|Page(ArtsAppreciation) The Performing Arts 109 The Combine Arts 114 References 131 Assumptions and Nature of Art: Imagination and Creativity Reference: Batangas State University, (2021), 39082950 -ART-Appreciation -BOOK-Final-PUB-2018 -1-docx (Repaired), Studocu UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES College of Arts and Communication DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND COMMUNICATION 5|Page(ArtsAppreciation) INSTRUCTION: Answer all the questions below. 1. It is defined as an expression made visible by a form. 2. It is defined as a thing that is accepted by people even without concrete proof or evidence. 3. The shapes, sizes and different parts are harmoniously related to one another and integrated into an object that fulfils and tells about their particular purpose. 4. The present trend is to get away from overcrowded downtown districts and the attendant problems and settle in areas where it is possible to blend the charms of rural living with conveniences of urban living. 5. Many things remain the same in shape throughout the years because their functional requirements do not allow for greater variations in their form. Why do we create art? ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _________________. BASIC ASSUMPTION, FUNCTIONS AND NATURES OF ART UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES College of Arts and Communication DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND COMMUNICATION 6|Page(ArtsAppreciation) What is art? Art is an expression made visible by a form. The expression contained in the form is an attempt to translate the unnamed and the unknown. Intrinsic to our existence as human is our quest to create meaning, and art allows that process to take place. Making meaning involves understanding our surroundings and making our experiences. Art, at its root, is an expression and the artist is an expresser, translating in order to create meaning. Art expresses and translates, art acknowledges and reveals, art transfers and art intervenes. Art is an expression, an expression of feeling, belief and character. The simplicity of that sentence is rather deceptive and seems tidier than its implications. Feelings, beliefs, characteristics – these are what art expresses, although often they are not easily distilled. Our lives as humans are full of complications and complexities, and our thought and experience feelings, beliefs and characteristics are reflective of these complexities. BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF ART Assumption is a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof. It is something that you accept as true without question or proof. Manu assumption has been written about arts and some these are: 1. Art has been created by all people at all times, in all countries and it lives because its well- liked enjoyed. Naturally, arts linger on particularly if it is popular and love by the people. Example: the works and writings of Dr, Jose Rizal and the movie, The Ten Commandments 2. Art involves experience. In order to experience something, you have to make use of your five senses. Hence, there can never be appreciation of art without having experienced it. 3. Art is not nature; nature is not art. Art is made by man and nature by God. However, nature can be enhanced by man. The enhanced beauty and artistry of nature, then, can be classified as an art. 4. Art is cultural. Art is a work of humans and anything that has been created by human is part of culture. Art becomes cultural when it depicts people’s way of life, religious practices, mores and traditions, etc. UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES College of Arts and Communication DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND COMMUNICATION 7|Page(ArtsAppreciation) 5. Art is a form of creation. Art is something that is created with imagination and skill and that is beautiful or that expresses important ideas or feelings. As it is said, human is the creator of art. No art can be created without human which, uses his/her imagination and creativity to produce art. According to the word’s most basic definition, an artist is simply a person who creates art. 6. Art is subjective. Henceforth, it cannot be measured by its significance or the level of skill with which it is created. Its subjective nature makes arts only measurable quality is whether or not it exists. Example: “beauty is in the eye of the beholder” meaning, every individual has his/her own perception and/or interpretation about the subject. It would never be the same for every individual. NATURES OF ART 1. Art is a diverse range of human activities** in creating visual, auditory or performing artworks, expressing the author’s imaginative or technical skill, intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power. In their most general form these activities include the production of works of art, the criticism of art, the study of history of art, and the aesthetic dissemination of art. 2. Art represents reality. Representation is the use of signs that stand in for and take the place of something else. It is through representation that people organize the world and reality through the act of naming its elements. Signs are arranged in order to form semantic constructions and express relations. Art represents reality, since it is often depicting objects or scenes from the world. An artwork can depict a scene such as a café or a restaurant, or a park or garden. So, there is a sense in which art represents the mind’s eye or what the imagination perceives. 3. Art is an expression. The expression contained in the form is an attempt to translate the unnamed and the unknown. Intrinsic to our existence as humans is our quest to create meaning, and art allows that process to take place. Making meaning involves understanding our surroundings and marking our experiences. UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES College of Arts and Communication DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND COMMUNICATION 8|Page(ArtsAppreciation) 4. Art serves as a means of communication of emotions. The purpose of works of art may be communicate political, spiritual or philosophical ideas, to create a sense of beauty to explore the nature of perception, for pleasure, or to generate strong emotions. Art is an act of expressing feelings, thoughts, and observations of human conditions. A fundamental purpose common to most art forms is the underlying intention to appeal to, and connect with, human emotion. 5. Art matters. The arts matter because they allow us to express ourselves and illustrate the world around us in a different light, helping us to gain understanding of people and society, and give hope while living in this world. Art matters because it illustrates the human experience. 6. Art is universal. Literally, art can be found in every corner of the world. Art is everywhere and it is embedded into the way of life of the people. Exclusivity is out of bounds when we speak of arts because it is for everyone. Art is the true Esperanto, an artificial language, the one form of culture that is genuinely beyond national limitations. Art knows no barriers; not even language is a barrier in understanding it. Example: foreign arts displayed in museums throughout the world, paintings such as the Mona Lisa, Sistine Chapel, and photos of well-known places are readily viewed. We have also some foreign performers performing in the country. 7. Art is creation. It is the combination of already existing material elements into new forms which become the realization of a preconceived idea. Both hut and picture rose in the imagination of their makers before they took shape as things. The material of each was given already in nature; but the form, as the maker fashioned it, was new. In its essence and widest. NOTE: UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES College of Arts and Communication DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND COMMUNICATION 9|Page(ArtsAppreciation) One function of sculpture and painting is the commemoration of important personages in society. The statues of national heroes that grace our parks and plazas or rules.are Oftecommemorative works as are the commissioned paintings of leaders n they serve to record important historical events, or reveal the ideals of heroism and leadership that the community would want the young to emulate. Social description as opposedexpresses or describes social or collective aspects of existence to ual and personal kind of experiences. individ INSTRUCTION: IN YOUR OWN WORDS, explain the phrases below. 1. Art represents reality. ________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________ 2. Art Matters. ________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________ 3. Art is Universal ________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ _____. UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES College of Arts and Communication DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND COMMUNICATION 10 | P a g e ( A r t s A p p r e c i a t i o n ) PHYSICAL FUNCTIONS OF ART The Physical functions of art are often the easiest to understand. Works of art that are created to perform some service have physical functions. 1. Form and Function. The function of an object is generally essential in the basic form that it takes. A chair is so designed as to allow the seated body to rest comfortably on it. The shapes, sizes and different parts are harmoniously related to one another and integrated into an object that fulfils and tells about their particular purpose. 2. Architecture. The design of the building is determined primarily by its operational function. What is the building for? Who are going to use it? How many are they? The design that a building takes is also adapted to the climate of the region. The architect must take the physical, psychological and spiritual needs of the family into account when he designs a house. 3. Community Planning. A community is more than just a group of buildings. It is a group of individuals and families living in a particular locality because of common interest and needs. Community planning involves the efficient organization of buildings, roads and spaces so that they meet the physical and aesthetic needs of the community. Community planning takes into consideration the assignment of areas for proper land use. These are: 3.1 districts. Special areas are assigned for residential purposes. The present trend is to get away from overcrowded downtown districts and the attendant problems and settle in areas where it is possible to blend the charms of rural living with conveniences of urban living. 3.2 and commercial areas. These areas are usually located near the source of raw materials. A commercial area can be a cluster of small neighborhood stores, a shopping complex in the suburbs, or a central downtown district. It is usually situated where it can be reached easily by car or public transport. 3.3 centers. A community governs itself; it, therefore provides structures where the functions of government can be efficiently carried out, and which would, in appearance, be symbolic of community dignity and pride. UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES College of Arts and Communication DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND COMMUNICATION 11 | P a g e ( A r t s A p p r e c i a t i o n ) 3.4 plazas and malls. The need for a balance between manmade structures and natural areas is answered in the design of plazas and malls. These may provide some relief from problems such as air and UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES College of Arts and Communication DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND COMMUNICATION  water pollution, inadequate facilities for recreation, and lack of parking space. 3.5 roads. Transportation must function with reasonable ease and rapidity from one area to another. Streets are large or small, according to their function. 4. Function and beauty. Many things remain the same in shape throughout the years because their functional requirements do not allow for greater variations in their form. Time has proved that their designs best enable them to accomplish their purpose. Great! You’ve done your first reading in the course Art Appreciation. I now assume that you have the necessary knowledge to answer the activity below. Good Luck and write artistically! ACTIVITY: LEARNING TASK ACTIVITY #1: Write an essay answering the following questions: 1. If you were an artist, what kind of artist are you? ______________________________ ____________ _________________________________________________ _______ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 2. Why do you think art is very important in the society? _________________________________ ________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ 3. What do you think is the purpose of Art? _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________ _________________________ ______. Significant Concepts and General Overview of Huma nities Reference: Batangas State University, (2021), 390829 50-ART-Appreciation-BOOK-Final-PUB-2018-1-docx (Repaired), Studocu INSTRUCTION: Answer all the questions below. 1. What is the significance of Art? ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _____________________. 2. What is the Connection of Art and Humanities? ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________. SIGNIFICANT CONCEPTS AND GENERAL OVERVIEW OF HUMANITIES HUMANITIES Etymology Humanities comes from the Latin word "humanus" meaning human, cultured and refined. Culture includes speech, knowledge, beliefs, arts, technologies, ideals, and social rules.  Thus, the term humanities refers to the arts – the visual arts such as architecture, painting and sculpture; music, dance, the theater or drama and literature. They are the branches of learning concerned with human thought, feelings and relations. The humanities provide a context for envisioning the impact—positive and negative—of new ideas in our culture, politics, and daily lives. They benefit people by helping them to think about and to consider life's surprises and challenges before they happen and by giving strength when they do happen. WHAT IS HUMANITIES? Humanities generally refers to art, literature, music, architecture, dance and the theatre—in which human subjectivity is emphasized and individual expressiveness is dramatized. The humanities are academic disciplines that study the human condition, using methods that are primarily analytical, critical, or speculative, as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural sciences. “Humanities” comes from the Latin word "humanus" meaning human, cultured and refined. Culture includes speech, knowledge, beliefs, arts, technologies, ideals, and social rules. In our department we have three Humanities concentrations: American Studies, Humanities, and Film Studies. Each concentration shares an underlying goal, to study social life through the arts. But each concentration focuses on different geographical locations and cultural eras. See the individual pages for more information on each concentration. THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING HUMANITIES The humanities and the arts are central to all human cultures throughout time. Their study can facilitate deeper intercultural understanding and lay the groundwork for a civically engaged life. They can also prepare you to think critically, act creatively, and succeed in a rapidly changing world.  GENERAL IMPORTANCE OF HUMANITIES Through exploration of the humanities we learn how to think creatively and critically, to reason, and to ask questions. Because these skills allow us to gain new insights into everything from poetry and paintings to business models and politics, humanistic subjects have been at the heart of a liberal arts education since the ancient Greeks first used to them to educate their citizens. Research into the human experience adds to our knowledge about our world. Through the work of humanities scholars, we learn about the values of different cultures, about what goes into making a work of art, about how history is made. Their efforts preserve the accomplishments of the past, help us understand the world we live in, and give us tools to imagine the future. The humanities preserve our valued traditions and transmit them from generation to generation. The humanities listen to the voices of many generations and share them through history, literature, philosophy, ethics, religion, languages, archaeology, and all the other areas of thought and culture that make up the record of human activity. The humanities have practical applications for everyday life. They offer individuals and societies the opportunity to test ideas or actions and to imagine their consequences. The humanities provide a context for envisioning the impact—positive and negative—of new ideas in our culture, politics, and daily lives. They benefit people by helping them to think about and to consider life’s surprises and challenges before they happen and by giving strength when they do happen. The humanities help us to make informed decisions. The humanities help us answer big questions. What is the meaning, value, and purpose of human life? What is justice? What is equality? What is freedom? How might a just society function? How do individuals relate to the state and society? What are the moral consequences of human action? Why do both cruelty and good exist? How do people best work together? THE ROLE OF HUMANITIES The humanities have a lot of roles. Some of these are the following. Give us wisdom and vision Clarify our roles as citizens in a democratic society Explain politics, religion, business, ethics, international relations, social and community values Encourage our participation in our communities Assist us in weighing the ideas, statements, and discourse we hear and read Help us understand and explain to what or to whom we give authority Hum 111: Art, Man, and Society | 15 Awaken us to the possibilities of human life and culture Let us think big and understand much Make us curious about people and places Open us to the experiences of others and allow us to understand what we haven’t experienced ourselves Give us the means to recognize the common ground shared by all varieties of human thought and endeavor, and to bring about connections among them Help to make sense of the world we live in Tease our brains and expand our understanding Power our imaginations Preserve and share our stories Explore what it is to be human Assure us that we are not alone THINGS TO REMEMBER Man. Refers to the physical structure; the “tawo” Human. Refers to the thinking man – expressive of his/her emotions and feelings; the “pagkatawo.” Humanity. It is the state/quality of being humane. Humanities. These are outlets that humanize every man.  Great! You’ve done your secondI now assume that you have the necessary knowledge to answer reading in the course Art Appreciation. the activity below. Good Luck and write artistically! ACTIVITY: LEARNING TASK Direction: Respond to what are asked of you. - the ____________________1. This is where the word visual arts Humanities (e.g. came from. ____________________2. This refers to the arts architecture, etc.) ate of being humane. ____________________3. This refers to the physical structure. ____________________4. The quality or st ____________________5. Outlets to humanize every 6 man. – 10. GIVE 5 ROLE OF HUMANITIES. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Reference: Batangas State University, (2021), 39082950-ART-Appreciation-BOOK-Final-PUB-2018-1-docx (Repaired), Studocu Western Art History  “Art history looks at art works and the people who have created them”. Susan Vreeland Historically speaking, the human instinct to create art is universal. Art is an approach of a human being to communicate his/her beliefs and express ideas about his/her experiences. It also provides valuable insights into the past and existing cultures. It helps us to understand how others have lived and what they valued (Annenberg Foundation, 2017). The history of art reflects the remnant of civilization, the study of artworks, and the lives of artists illuminate much about our shared past. It helps us to discover, authenticate who made a particular art object (Meyer, 2009). It also helped us to appreciate the stylistic and recognized development of artistic practices on a large scale and within a broad historical viewpoint. The history of art also covers the entire history of humankind since prehistoric times. Art is a product of man’s emotional and intellectual connection with the world. It also aimed to produce a message which will either provoke an unexplainable consciousness within the hearts of its viewers or incite wisdom among inquisitive minds. Leroi-Gourhan (1967) lists three primary domains of the expression of feeling associated to the first periods of humanity that may add to our understanding of the beginnings of art such as Psycho-physiological impressions; Magicreligious; and techno- economic. ART IN PREHISTORIC CIVILIZATION The term “prehistoric” relates to the time before written history. Specifically, the writing developed in ancient Mesopotamia before 3000 B.C.E., so this period includes visual culture (paintings, sculpture, and architecture) made before that date (Zucker, 2015). The oldest recognized decorative art forms come from Africa date back to 100,000 BC.E. Prehistoric art has four main periods: Stone Age, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. The remaining artifacts of this period are small sculptures and cave paintings. During these early times, different forms of art were created and performed as a sign of communication or adoration to the deity. This practice shows how cultural and religious factors played little to the development of the art forms that made the ancient society so famous until now. Ancient people often represented their worldviews and beliefs through visual images. Art emerged with the appearance and the dispersal of entirely modern people through Africa, Asia, Australia, America and Europe. Paintings, sculptures, engravings, and potteries are expressions for beauty and complex social and spiritual systems. Prehistoric art like animals are the favorite subjects of hunters, herdsmen, and breeders. Prehistoric art is a symbolic system that is an integral part of the culture that creates it (Honour et al., 2005). Many archaeologists have identified Stone Age art, namely: petroglyphs (rock carvings and engravings); pictographs (graphic imagery, symbols); ancient sculpture (totemic statues, ivory carvings); and megalithic arts (performs or any other works associated with the formation of stones). The oldest European cave art is the El Castillo Cave (Cave of the Castle) in Spain. This cave was discovered in 1903 by Hermilio Alcalde del Río, a Spanish archaeologist. Some Archaeologists argue that artwork inside this cave are probably a creation of Homo neanderthalensis. Hand stencils, claviforms (club shapes) and disks made by blowing paint onto the wall in El Castillo cave found that date back at least 40,800 years, making them older than those of the Chauvet Cave in central France, which dated to around 39,000 years (Kwong, 2012).Other old cave painting sites in France include Lascaux, Grotte de Cussac, Pech Merle, Cave of Niaux, and Font-deGaume. STONE TOOLS FOR ART MAKING Stone is formed based on the composition of minerals on it. It classified as Mineral growth, Sedimentary, Metamorphic, and Volcanic. Sedimentary rocks shaped through the deposition and compression of particulate matter. On the other hand, Metamorphic rocks changed from the result of extreme temperature and pressure. Volcanic rocks are from molten igneous magma (Prindle, 1994). The tools made of tone were the instruments by which early man developed and progressed. All human culture founded on the ingenuity and brainpower of our early ancestors in creating sophisticated tools that enable them to survive. The first stone tools (eoliths- which are now believed to be naturally produced by geological processes such as glaciation) and other types of organic materials (wood, bone, ivory, and antler) were about two million years ago. The oldest human tools were a simple stone chopper, such as those unearth at Olduvai George in Tanzania. Many Paleoanthropologists (people who study the origins and predecessors of the present human species) confirmed that the Palaeolithic Man produced four types of tools in creating an art namely: pebble tools (with a single sharpened edge for cutting or chopping): Bifacial tools (hand axes); Flake tools; and Blade tools. Pebble Tools (Pebble chopper). It is a first cutting device and considered as the oldest type of tool made by humans. The tool contains a rounded stone struck some blows with a similar stone used as a pounder, which created a serrated crest that served as a chopping blade. Bifacial tools. It is a hand ax prehistoric stone tool flake with two faces or sides. These tools may be oval, triangular, or almond-shaped in form and characterized by axial symmetry. The cutting edge could be straight or jagged and is used as a knife, pick, scraper, or weapon. The technique was distinctive of the hand-ax tradition of the lower Palaeolithic period and the Acheulian culture. Flake tools. These are hand tools used during Stone Age. They are usually formed by crushing off a small or large fragment then used as the tool. Both cores and flakes could be as stone tools. New flakes were very sharp, but quickly became blunt during use and had to be sharpened again by further flaking, a process called “retouch.” Blade tools. These are a Stone tool created by striking a long narrow flake from a stone core. This procedure of cutting the stone and creating the blades is called lithic reduction. After chipping the blades, they integrated into larger tools, such as spears. MEDIEVAL ARTS IN EUROPE  The primitive art of the Western world covers an extensive range of time and place over 1000 years. Specifically, Medieval art in Europe grew out of the artistic culture of the Roman Empire and the iconographic practices in the church of the early Christian (Oliquiano, 2012). These sources were mixed with the influential "barbarian" artistic culture of Northern Europe to make an extraordinary creative legacy. Medieval art portrayed in Pietistic painting (religious art) displayed in a Ceramics, fresco and mosaic paintings, Goldsmith and Silversmith, Stained Glass, illuminated manuscripts, metalwork, Tapestry, and Heraldry in churches. lluminated Manuscripts (Illumination) - They were colorful religious texts which often use of gold and silver as its main feature. The term illuminate is the Latin word “illuminate” which means to adorn or to enlighten. It is the embellishment of a manuscript with bright colors. The artist who produced the impressive artwork on illuminated manuscripts was called Illuminators. Metalwork- Metalworkers were very skilled in creating religious objects for church decorations. Experts in Bronze art produced beautiful jewels, sculptures, and even church doors. Silversmith and Goldsmith- They were excellent artists who created new shapes of jewelry. The Medieval church demanded to employed silversmiths and goldsmiths in the church to produce e2222 with small pieces of colored glass, stone or other materials. The early Christians used ceiling and wall mosaics in their churches and cathedrals. Paintings- Artists who were skillful in Iconography uses Fresco and panel painting with the religious theme during the medieval period. Fresco is performed mostly on wall covers or ceilings. Likewise, Panels is a painting which showed on several pieces of wood that joined together. It is also for the Icons of Byzantine art. Bayeux Tapestry- It is embroidery in colored wool. It is consists of eight long strips of unbleached linen, sewn together to form a continuous panel of 230 feet long and 20 inches high. Ceramics- They were hand shaped cooking pots, jars, and pitchers. Stained Glass- It is usually applied exclusively to the windows of medieval churches, castles, and cathedrals. It creates the primary form of art where small pieces of glass are arranged to form pictures or patterns which are held together by strips of lead and supported by a hard frame.  Heraldry- It is the manner of designing coats of arms and insignia. Specimens of coats of arms were worked using embroidery, paper, painted wood, stonework and stained glass. FAMOUS ARTISTS IN WESTERN EUROPE The great artists introduced the advancement of arts during the middle periods. During this era, artists split away from the influences of the Byzantium art style and developed into the Gothic visual art. The Medieval painters and sculptors were founders of the movement towards greater realism which culminated in the Renaissance art style. Most famous artists during medieval period were Donatello, Giotto, Leon Battista Alberti, Cimabue, Filippo Brunelleschi, Fra Angelico and Lorenzo Ghiberti. Donatello (also known as Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi). He was born in 1386 in Italy. He was the son of Nicolo di Betto Bardi, a wool merchant in Florence. He learned the fabrication of metals and other substances which known as metallurgy. His most famous works of art include David, Mary Magdalene, Madonna, Salome, Zuccone, and St. Mark, St. John the Evangelist and St. George and the Dragon. He also invented a technique known as schiacciato (shallow relief), which achieved effects of spatial depth. He died on December 13, 1466. Giotto di Bondone. He was born about 1266 in Vespignano village, Florence. He was the son of Giorgio Vasari, a small landed farmer. He worked with others artists for the Cathedral of San Francesco in Assisi and began painting a fresco cycle there with scenes from the Old and New Testaments. In 1300, he was invited by Pope Benedict XI in Rome to paint a mosaic over the entrance to St. Peter's Basilica. He died on January 8, 1337, in Florence Leon Battista Alberti- He was born in Genoa on February 14, 1404, in Italy. As an Architect, he was hired by Pope Nicholas V in the renovation of the papal palace and of the Roman bridge of Acqua Vergine. He died in Rome on April 25, 1472. Giovanni Cimabue- He was born in Florence in 1240. He devoted all his time wrapping his paper and his books with photographs of horses, houses, people, and other various things he dreamt up. He made mosaics.as well as paintings, which include the frescoes of New Testament scenes in the upper church of St. Francis of Assisi. He died in 1302.  Filippo Brunelleschi- He was born in 1377 in Florence, Italy. He was the son Brunellesco Di Lippoo, an Italian lawyer and his mother was Giuliana Spini. He was a sculptor and goldsmith in one of the Florentine workshops. He died on April 15, 1446. Fra Angelico (also known as Beato Angelico, which means "Blessed Angelic One”)- He was born in 1395 in Florence, Italy. As a Painter, his most famous works of art include the Annunciation, The Madonna and Saints and the Transfiguration of Christ painting. Lorenzo Ghiberti- He was born in 1380 in Florence, Italy. He was admitted to the Gold Guild and started his apprenticeship as a goldsmith in 1392. He started work on the East Doors of the Baptistery of San Giovanni. The Bronze doors (known as the “Gates of Paradise”) had 10panels depicting scenes from the Old Testament. He died in 1445. MOST COMMON PAINTING IN CLASSICAL GREEK During the classical era, most paintings were discovered in panels, tomb, and vases. It portrays natural symbols with dynamic masterpieces about battle scenes, mythological figures, and everyday scenes. It also discloses a grasp of linear perspective and naturalist illustration (Rayos, 2018). Familiar paintings in classical Greek are as follows: a. Kerch Vase Painting Kerch Vase is red-figured pottery named after the place where it discovered. Most common motifs were scenes from the life of women, mythological beings or mythical story or event. This type of painting used a technique known as polychromy which combined different colors especially the brilliant one in an artistic manner. The shapes commonly found are: a. Krater (it is a bowl used for mixing wine and water) b. lebesgamikos (a container with high handles and lid use to carry bridal bath) c. lekanis (a low bowl with two horizontal handles and a small, broad foot) d. pelike (a wine container) b. Panel Painting Panel Painting was especially famous for making beautiful altarpieces. This type of paintings executed on flat panels of wood or metals which can be either a small, single piece or several boards that are together. The earliest known old panel painting is the Pitsa Panel (dated between 540 and 530 B.C.E.). c. Tomb/Wall Painting Popular Tomb or wall painting during classical period uses either tempera (water-based) or encaustic (wax) as a method of fresco. Colors in this type are made with grind powder stains in pure water, dry and set with plaster to become a lasting part of the wall. Great! You’ve done your second reading in the course Art Appreciation. I now assume that you have the necessary knowledge to answer the activity below. Good Luck and write artistically! ACTIVITY: LEARNING TASK Essay 1. How do you describe art as a cultural document? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ______ ___________________________________________________ 2. In your opinion, what are the purposes of art during ancient time in Europe? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ ______ 3. Why ancient arts are mostly found in Caves? What are their significant values? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 4. What is the importance of Stone during Palaeolithic period? Explain. ________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ 5. What art legacy you like most during ancient Europe? Explain. _ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ _____________  Reference: Batangas State University, (2021), 390829 50-ART-Appreciation-BOOK-Final-PUB-2018-1-docx (Repaired), Studocu Humanities and Arts Appreciation Etymologically, the term “Humanities” is from a Latin word humanus which means educated. It refers to the learning of arts such as architecture, dance, literature, music, painting, theatre, and sculpture (Sanches, 2011).They are branches of knowledge that focuses on the human opinions, and relationships (Machlis, 2003). As a branch of learning, the artwork is considered as the material object while its creativity and appreciation is the formal object (Menoy, 2009& Marcos, et al., 2010). Likewise, Humanities is more concerned on how a person expresses his/her feelings. These feelings can be in facial manifestations or body movements. Laughing, crying, clenching our fists, curling our toes, stretching out our fingers, and crossing our arms are representations of humanities (Menoy, 2009). As a branch of knowledge, Humanities explores on human conditions through the use of analytical, critical, or theoretical methods. These methods are in the form of ideas and words that help makes our life more meaningful. Moreover, Humanities can also be as the study on how an individual documented and processed his/her experiences particularly in connecting to others (Stanford University, 2016).Imparting humanities as an academic science is designed to let our learners (particularly the new generations) become creative and artistic individuals. Humanities help the students to connect with the community through art exposure like museum outings, concerts, theatre performance, etc. (Marcos, 2010). DESCRIPTION OF ARTS APPRECIATION  When we look around, we see a lot of things that relate to art. Art can come in the form of many items such as posters, paintings, portraits, covers, and more. People look at art in different ideas that they want to know more about or may be studying. Art can shows ideas about the past, what is currently happening and what may happen in the future. It can also show meaning, love, boredom, and creativity (Ramos, 2012). Art can be meaningful because of the colors, shapes, and depictions it can create. Art Appreciation is a way to motivate ideas and allows individuals to illustrate their feelings when they viewed an artwork. It helps develops critical and innovative skills in thinking and teaches essential qualities in listening, observing, and responding to multiple viewpoints It also requires an ability to differentiate what is apparent and what is not (Gargaro & Jilg, 2016 and Sanger, 2012). THE CREATION OF ART In our life, we experience so much fragmentation of our thoughts and feelings. But, by creating arts, it brings things back together. We merely make art because of so many reasons, and we enjoy the process of it. The word “art” is from a Latin arti, which means craftsmanship, inventiveness, mastery of form, skill. It includes literature, music, paintings, photography, sculpture, etc. It serves as an original record of human needs and achievements. It usually refers to the so-called “fine arts” (e.g., graphics, plastic, and building) and to the so-called “minor arts” (everyday, useful, applied, and decorative arts). It is the process of using our senses and emotions in making creative activities (Marcos, 2010). It is a human capability to make things beautiful (e.g., buildings, illustration, designing, painting, sculpture, and Photography) through the production of his/her imagination depending on the preparation, theme, medium, and values used. Significantly, the word artist comes from the French word artiste and the Spanish artista, which means “performer.” It is someone who creates art that is merely trades and professions by which different people make their livings (Goines, 2004). Artist is most often refers to those who create within a context of the fine arts such as acting, dancing, drawing, filmmaking, painting, sculpture, writing, photography, and music. They are those who use imagination, and a skill to construct works that may be judged to have aesthetic importance. Creativity is a characteristic of an artist that progressed in the extent of his/her life to express feelings. These are all processed in three significant phases namely: Creation of Forms; Creation of Ideas; and Creation of the Materials (Sanchez, 2011). A. The Creations of ideas. Artists are usually impressionable persons. They used their experiences as their basis in the making of dance, picture, a poem, or a play or a song. For example, a composer may write a song on the developing romance between a man and a woman, or on the pains of a broken-hearted. B. The Creations of the Materials. The artist uses different materials or mediums to give form to an idea. For example, a painter uses pigments; a sculptor uses wood, metal or stone; an author uses words; and a composer who uses musical sounds to determine the notes C. The Creations of Forms. There are diverse forms used by the artists in expressing their ideas. It is a medium of artistic expression recognized as fine art. This form is used to explain the physical nature of the artwork like in metal sculpture, an oil painting, etc. FUNCTONS OF ART From the very beginning, arts have been part of human history. It described, defined, and deepened the human experience. In the Prehistoric period for example, peoples performed songs and dances to gratify their ancestors. Likewise, hunters brushed different figures on the walls of caves to depict their day to day experiences. Arts also serve several functions which are item outcome to its purpose (Menoy, 2009), namely: 1. Individual Function- The artists perform arts because of the passion of their respective art forms. A singer presents a concert for free because of his advocacy and the love of singing. For example, Regine Velaquez (Asia’s Songbird) is well-known for possessing extensive vocal range. 2. Social Function- Man associates with others through his art performance that arouses social consciousness. Examples of this association are the choral singing, group dancing, public art exhibits and other practices. 3. Economic Functions- Arts are emerging as a potent force in the economic life of people assumes an essential role as a direct and indirect contributor to state economies. Example of this is by generating economic vitality in under-performing regions through crafts, tourism, and cultural attractions.  4. Political Functions- Art provides a forum for ideas that will lead to employment, prestige, status, and power. During election period, for example, the candidates created their artworks (poster) which expresses their propaganda, agendas and political views about making a stable society. 5. Historical Functions- Art is an essential technique for information to be recorded and preserved. It serves to document or reconstruct historical figure and events. Most arts that are in Museums, for example, are filled with amazing stories about the world most excellent and most creative people who brought us the treasures. By looking at a work of art’s colors, materials, and symbolism, we can learn about the story and culture that produced it in the past. 6. Cultural Functions- Art is an articulation and transmission of new information and values. Example, when you think of Manila, you probably think of Fort Santiago, Luneta Park, and its world-renowned churches, or the famous Intramuros. 7. Physical Functions- Buildings are artistically designed and constructed to protect their occupants and make their life inside more meaningful. Architects, Industrial and Graphic Designers, and Interior Decorators share responsibility in building environment that balance forms and functions. 8. Aesthetic Functions- Any artwork means beauty. It is visual spice for gracefully adorned interiors and can bring out the most elegant features of different décor elements. It reasonably reproduced visual images which communicate through fantastic persuasions and meaningful words. PURPOSE OF ART Creativity or imagination is the primary basis of art. Art is created when an artist produces a stimulating experience that is considered by his audience to have artistic merit. The artwork is the visual expression of an idea or experience of an artist, through the use of a medium (Frank, 2011). It allows expression of the individuality of the artist. Through artistic endeavors, we can share what is important to us with others and can learn about the values of feelings of those sharing art with us. Some purposes of art are the following (Marcos et al., 2011). 1. Create Beauty- Art is an expression of our thoughts, emotions, and intuitions. It is the communication of concepts that cannot be faithfully portrayed by words alone. The Artist has considered nature as the  standard of beauty. The example of beauty can be in a snowy mountain scene, and the art is the photograph of it shown to the family. 2. Provide Decoration- Artworks are used to create a pleasing environment. It is intended to beautify things to please and amuse the viewers through its colors and patterns. 3. Reveal Truth- Artwork helped to pursue truth and attempted to reveal about how the world works. It is a kind of language that allows artists to send a message to the souls of the recipients that help change their attitudes, their sensibility, and their ethics. 4. Express Values- Arts can illuminate our inner lives and enrich our emotional world. Through arts, the artist will be encouraged to develop their creativity, challenge, and communication skills. It also promotes self- esteem and wellness. 5. Commemorate Experience- Art serves to convey the personal experiences of an artist and record his impression in his work. 6. Create Harmony- An artist makes use of the composition to put an order in the diverse content of his work. CLASSIFICATION OF ART Many changes in the arts took place during the early modern period. Its classification can be on many characteristics, including form, shape, function, use, or social context. Works of art are classified in many different ways, namely: 1. Visual Arts- These arts are those forms that create works which are primarily visual (forms perceived by the eyes). The man can take the beauty of nature through a piece of paper so that other people may take time appreciating the captured image. Examples of these arts include: a. Painting- This form of visual art aims to evoke an emotion from the viewers. It is practice by applying colors or other media to a surface with a brush or other objects. b. Sculpture- This form of visual arts characterized as the art of representing an imagined or observed objects in hard materials such as glass, metals, or wood in three dimensions. c. Architecture- This form of art provides us the physical structure we lived. It is a profound expression of  human culture in a particular period, and it will endure and outlive us in forms of monuments that future generations will study and strive to understand. d. Drawing- This form of art enhances the way we see the world around and conditions us to capture its details in a two-dimensional medium. This has been a critical element of art throughout history and in the contemporary art world. e. Photography- This form of art is a process of creating portraits by recording radiation on a radiation- sensitive medium, such as electronic image sensors or photographic films. 2. Performing Arts- These arts are those forms in which the artists used his/her own body, face, and presence as a medium. Examples of these arts are as follows: a. Theatre (Drama) - This form of art uses performers to present the experience of a real or imagined event before a live audience in a specific place and time. b. Music- This form of art helps to express our mood and feel the way through our emotions and ideas. Based on a study, different types of music may be suitable to different moods though classical music is still recommended as the most calming music option. c. Dance- This form of art is expressed through body movement which entails social interaction, or presented in a spiritual or performance setting. d. Film- This form of art allows us to explore the complexities of the human situation. This is used to work out our emotions, to make history comes alive, science is explained, and literary works are brought into life. e. Installation Art- The fundamental nature of this form of art is the participation of the spectators. In this work of art, viewers become active and navigate the work in an environment that they can experience visually. It also has the capacity of passing on particular information about any significant event around the world and interactively represents documentary issues. f. Opera- This form of art helps to tell stories through music. This is also performed with a full orchestra composed of the various musical instrument sections. In this art form, singers and musicians perform a dramatic  work by combining text (called a libretto) and musical score. g. Stagecraft- This form of art is a technical aspect of theatrical production. This includes constructing and arranging scenery, hanging and focusing of lighting, the design of costumes, makeup, and procurement of props, stage management and recording and mixing of sound. 3. Literary Arts- These arts centered on creative writing and other composition processes which intended to read. These include prose and poetry (e.g., novels, short stories, sonnet, ballad, epic, and essay). THE VALUE OF ART IN EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM Knowing and practicing the arts disciplines are fundamental to the development of the minds and spirits of the students (National Art Education Association, 1994). Arts are inseparable from education. When early humans drew images on the walls of the caves, the artworks have been the means of recording human experiences and of making sense of the world. It educates us on how early people lived and survived. Thus, without the skills in the arts, no one can claim that he/she is professionally trained. There are several reasons for the arts to be included in an educational system. It is evident that involvement in the arts has been shown to help students in their academic, personal, and social development. Listed below are other details for this assertion. 1. Arts are worth studying because it served to connect our imaginations with the most profound questions of human existence. 2. Arts are always used because it helps to present issues and ideas to teach, persuade, and entertain people. 3. Arts are integral to every person’s daily life because it helps shape our spiritual, political, economic, cultural, and social environments.  4. Arts are refreshing because it offers unique sources of enjoyment and it investigates relationships between thought and actions. 5. Arts develop students attitudes because it teaches selfdiscipline, reinforces self-esteem, fosters the thinking skills and creativity and values the importance of teamwork and cooperation. Activity: Creative Art Slogan Art-Slogans are powerful marketing tools that can motivate your clients to support your brand. It is an advertising tag-line or phrase that advertisers create to express the importance and benefits of their product visually. Let the students do their creative art for advertisement. Let them use one size of cardboard or cartolina in making the art-slogan  Arts and Artisan: Production Process, Medium, Technique, and Curation Reference: Batangas State University, (2021), 39082950 -ART-Appreciation -BOOK-Final-PUB-2018-1-docx (Repaired),Studocu ARTIST VS. ARTISAN ARTIST. All fine artists first learn to sketch, and begin with a pencil and sketch pad to work with an idea on paper. Artists transfer their visions to canvases or other medium, and this may mean working in oil, watercolor or pastels. Sculptors take their sketches and create 3D products from clay, marble or other material. Illustrators might work for a publishing or animation company, or create original comic books. All artists' work aims to create an overall reaction from a viewer. An artist on the other hand is dedicated only to the creative side, making visually pleasing work only for the enjoyment and appreciation of the viewer, but with no functional value. (e.g. Fine artists) ARTISAN are craftsmen who make practical artistic products, such as earrings, urns, stained glass and other accessories. Artisans gain their knowledge by studying under master craftsmen and then practicing with continued study. Artisans work to create something new, original, and at times, provocative. They spend a good portion of their time selling and promoting their items in various marketplaces. It is essentially a manual worker who makes items with his or her hands, and who through skill, experience and talent can create things of great beauty as well as being functional. (e.g. Smiths (gunsmith,blacksmith,lock smiths), weavers potters)  ROLES IN ARTS WORLD Art Manager. Art Manager is responsible for the day-to-day running of an art department. This could be for an advertising agency, an actual art gallery, or a website (among others). Curators. Traditionally, a curator or keeper of a cultural heritage institution (e.g., gallery, museum, library, or archive) is a content specialist charged with an institution's collections and involved with the interpretation of heritage material. Museums and galleries typically employ numbers of curators whose role it is to acquire, care for and develop a collection. They will also arrange displays of collection and loaned works and interpret the collection in order to inform, educate and inspire the public Buyers. Art Buyers find and purchase artwork to suit the distinguished taste of their clients. A professional knowledgeable in art. An art buyer may scout talent for an advertising agency seeking to employ an art director. Alternatively, an art buyer may look for art for a collector or a company, among other reasons. Collectors. A person who collects work of art. Young or old, emerging or experienced, art collectors are looking to buy art to build their personal collections. They buy for a myriad of reasons, from aesthetic value to financial investment. Art Dealers. An art dealer is a person or company that buys and sells works of art with aim of making a profit. PRODUCTION PROCESS PRE-PRODUCTION Inspiration. In making an art, the artist starts with looking for an inspiration, may it be a tangible inspiration or an intangible inspiration such as feelings or experience. Percolation. It is the process when the artist starts to work on his/her inspiration aiming to make it into tangible art work. Preparation. It goes without saying that everything starts with a great preparation, with that, preparing the needed materials for final work of the arts is needed. PRODUCTION Creation. The artist turns his/her thoughts into a great tangible art. In the production process, the artist creates the art according to what he envisioned it to be. POST- PRODUCTION Reflection. One creates art because of different reasons, with that, the last stage of art production is reflection. In this stage, the artist starts to reflect on his works and evaluate the work himself. MEDIUM AND TECHNIQUES MEDIUM comes from the Latin word medium, which means an artist is communicating with his idea. This also refers to the materials used by an artist to express his/her feelings or thoughts. In accordance to medium, arts are primarily classified as visual and auditory. Visual Arts are those whose mediums can be seen and which occupy space. ○ 2-D Arts Painting drawing, mosaic, stained glass, tapestry, drawing, printmaking, lithography, photography ○ 3-D Arts Sculpture,architecture, landscape, industrial design, crafts, furniture Auditory Arts are those whose mediums can be heard and which are expressed in time  Visual Arts + Auditory Arts = Combined Arts Combined arts are those whose mediums can be both seen and heard and which exist in both space and time TECHNIQUES means, a process or a method of using the medium in a manner that an artist wishes to finish an art work. 1. Blowing 2. Etching 3. Printing 4. Transfer Design 5. Tinkering 6. Splattering 7. Throwing 8. Colouring/Coloring 9. Flowing 10. Cutting Mural Techniques Muralists use many of the same media as panel painters, but due to the scale of their works, use different techniques. Some such techniques include: Aerosol Paint Digital Painting Fresco Image Projector Mosaic Pounce Art CURATION 1. Art Galerry 2. Exhibit 3. Auction 4. Museum  ACTIVITY: LEARNING TASK What is the difference between Artist and Artisan? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________. Interview an Artisan: What are your products? _______ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________ ______________________ How is the experience as an Artisan? ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _______________  Reference: Batangas State University, (2021), 39082950-ART-Appreciation-BOOK-Final-PUB-2018-1-docx (Repaired), Studocu Aesthetic Arts and Crafts Aesthetics is from the Greek word eisthesis which means “perception.” It is a branch of philosophy devoted to the study of art and beauty used during the 18th century by Alexander Baumgarten, a German philosopher. This term also refers to the principles governing the nature and appreciation of beauty, especially in visual art (Rader, 1979). On the other hand, the term “craft” comes from a German word Kraft which means “power” or “ability.” It usually employed in branches of the decorative arts or associated artistic practice. It also implies the application of human skills through the use of a hand. It tends to produce things for various human purposes, and tend to exhibit their prettiness around a goal external to the object itself (Dutton, 1990). Arts and Crafts started during the 19th century in Europe as a design reform and as a social movement motivated by the William Morris. It involves activities related to making things which require a combination of skill, speed, and patience. William Morris who was born on March 24, 1834, in Walthamstow, England was known for his pattern designs, particularly on fabrics, and wallpapers. As a proponent of socialist ideals, Morris believed that a designer should have the skill of any media in producing designs that intricate intertwining fruit, flower, and foliage pattern. He died on October 3, 1896, at the age of 62 years old in London, England. TYPES OF ARTS AND CRAFTS Artists may have unique skills and perceptive abilities, but they are also people with needs and the motivation to meet those needs. Creating different works of art that are accepted by one’s audience can lead to an artist’s social acceptance and recognition. Their works of art have been used to create pleasing environments. Arts and crafts have different types, namely: textile wood, metal, paper or canvass, and plant crafts. Textile Crafts. The word textile is from a Latin phrase texere which means “to braid" or "to construct." These also refer to any craft where you work with fabric, yarn or surface design. It uses plant or any synthetic fibers in creating practical or decorative objects. These include the following: 1. Cross-stitch- Stitching can also be a form of natural pain relief. It is a popular form of counted-thread embroidery in which X-shaped stitches in a tiled, raster-like pattern are used to form a picture. 2. Crocket- It is a process of creating fabric from yarn, thread, or other material strands using a crochet hook. 3. Sewing- It is the crafts of fastening or attaching objects using stitches made with a needle and thread. 4. Weaving- It is a fabric production method in which yarns are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth. 5. Tatting- It is a technique for handcrafting particularly in making durable lace which is constructed by a series of knots and loops. 6. Shoemaking- It is the process of making footwear. 7. Lace- It is an openwork fabric, patterned with open holes in the work, made by machine or by hand. 8. Macramé- It is a form of textile-making which requires very few tools and just some pure knowledge of basic knotting. 9. Millinery- It is the designing and manufacture of hats. 10. String art- It is an arrangement of colored thread strung between points to form an abstract geometric design. Wood Crafts. These refer to a skill that pertains to the woods, especially in making one's way through the woods or in hunting, trapping, etc. It also relates to subsistence lifestyles with implications of hunting-gathering (Horace, 1906). These include the following: 1. Carpentry-It is a skilled trade in the cutting, shaping, and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings.  2. Marquetry- It is the art and craft of applying pieces of veneer (thin slices of wood) to a structure to form decorative designs. 3. Woodturning- It is a form of woodworking that is used to create wooden objects. 4. Wood carving- It is a form of woodworking to form a wooden figure or objects by using a knife or a chisel. 5. Cabinetry- It is a skill in making a box-shaped piece of furniture with doors and drawers for keeping various objects. 6. Upholstery- It is the work of building cushion and cover furniture. Metal Crafts. These refer to the art of executing artistic designs in metal for both practical and aesthetic purposes. These arts are designed for decorative items or functional objects that are beneficial and useful to us all. These works are of bronze, silver, gold, tin, copper, lead, brass, and iron. These include the following: 1. Jewelry- It is a form of personal adornments, such as brooches, rings, necklaces, earrings, and bracelets. 2. Metal Casting- It is a process by which a liquid material (bronze, copper, glass, aluminum, and iron) is poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and then allowed to solidify. 3. Welded sculpture- It is an art form in which statue is made using welding techniques. Paper or Canvas Crafts. It refers to an extremely durable plain-woven fabric used for making backpacks, tents, marquees, and other sustainable items. These include the following: 1. Bookbinding- It is the process of physically assembling a book from some folded or unfolded sheets of paper or other material. 2. Card making- It is a hand-made technique for producing greeting cards. 3. Collage- It is a technique where the artwork is made from an assemblage of different forms, thus creating a new whole. 4. Origami- It is a Japanese cultural art of paper folding. 5. Paper-Mache- It is a composite material consisting of paper pieces or pulp, sometimes reinforced with textiles, bound with an adhesive.  6. Scrapbooking- It refers to a method of arranging, preserving, and presenting personal and family history in a book form. 7. Rubber Stamping- It is a craft in which some type of ink made of dye or pigment applied to an image or pattern that carved, molded, laser engraved or vulcanized, onto a sheet of rubber. Plants Crafts- These refer to skills using plant parts as the medium. These include the following: 1. Corn dolly making- It relates to the making of shapes and figures (known as ‘dollies’) from straw (such as barley, oats, and wheat). 2. Floral Design- It is the art of using plant materials and flowers to create a pleasing and balanced composition. 3. Pressed flower craft- consists of drying flower petals and leaves in a flower press to flatten and exclude light and moisture. PRINCIPLES OF UNDERSTANDING ARTOSTIC DESIGN AND COMPOSITION Art principles are created by combining art elements. Artists utilize organizing principles to develop forms that inform. Among the fundamental principle of art are harmony, variety, balance, movement, emphasis, proportion, and rhythm. Whether analysing or composing artwork, one must have a complete understanding of how art principles are created (Elsen, 1981). The Principle of Harmony. When all of the elements of art interact well in an artwork, visual harmony is attained. This is accomplished by using similar types of geometric shapes, lines or colors within a work of art to create a unified composition. Likewise, using various cool or warm colors would help to produce a harmonious work of art. The Principle of Variety. A stable composition will also demonstrate the principle of variety. It is accomplished by using differing colors, lines, and shapes within an artwork to make key areas stand out. Artists can use this idea to direct a viewer’s eye to a place within the art that he or she wants to emphasize. The Principle of Balance. It refers to the symmetry of opposing visual forces. It is created in a work of art when colors, forms, shapes or textures are combined harmoniously. The Principle of Movement. It is the way that an eye moves throughout a work of art. In this work of art, our eye moves up through the pattern in the rippling surface of the water to the two paddlers. An artist creates a visual movement to drive the eye to the focal point of the artwork. Principle of Emphasis. It refers to the need for an artist to create a focal point within an artwork. This artistic point is an essential part of a work of art, and the viewer’s eye should drawn to that area. Principles of Proportion. This principle is created when the sizes of elements in an artwork art are combined harmoniously. The artist usually tries to make all of the parts in a composition relate logically to each other to depict the human form within the proper proportion. Principle of Rhythm. It refers to the use of visual pattern within a work of art. Models within an artwork are created by repeating certain colors, line or shapes in specific areas. It can also be used to form a variety of texture within a work of art. MOTOVATED FUNCTIONS OF ART The motivated purposes of art are intentional and conscious actions on the part of the artist. Art may bring political change or comment on the life in a society. It may also convey specific propaganda, or just as a form of communication (Holly, 2002). Primary motivated functions of arts are as follows: a. Art for Acting. Art may pursue to bring about a certain emotion, to relax or to entertain the viewer. b. Art for healing. Art is utilized by art therapists, psychotherapists, and clinical psychologists as art therapy. The end product is a method of curing, through creative acts. c. Art for political change. One of the essential functions of the art of the early twentieth century has been to use visual images to bring about legislative modification. d. Art for propaganda (Commercialism). Art is utilized to influence popular ideas or moods delicately. e. Art for communication. Art has a goal, directed toward another individual. For example, graphic is a form of art for communication in which the artist expresses his/her emotions, feelings, and moods. ACTIVITY: TALENT SHOW In this show, the students will discover several creative activities and deliberate how art can be used as a form of communication and as a means to express thoughts and feelings. Instructions: 1. Prepare the students in showcasing their talents (either in dancing, singing, poetry, or anything that they can think of). The talent shows are all about showing off something that the students are proud. 2. Tell the students that the presentatin a pair or the group. 3. Provide an alternative role for those who do not wish to perform, such as being in charge of the musical and sound effects, being the announcer, or a props man. 3. Give them ion of talent enough timecan be in individually, for props as needed. Set rule regarding appropriate costumes as necessary. 4. Introduce each performer and their talent by name before they come on the stage. If students are acting as announcers, assist them as if possible. the rehearsal. Prepare music and ote: The teacher should prepare N followduring the next meeting. up discussions with the students  Reference: Batangas State University, (2021), 39082950-ART-Appreciation-BOOK-Final-PUB-2018-1-docx (Repaired), Studocu The Filipino Arts and Crafts Like in any other country, art influenced the life of the Filipinos and the things that surround them. The Philippine arts reflect a Filipino society with diverse cultural influences and traditions of the Malayan peoples such as the Chinese and Indians. Islamic traditions were introduced to the Philippine Islands in the 14th century. Likewise, Europe and the United States intensely influenced Filipino artists. However, while drawing on Western forms, the works of Filipino musicians, painters, and writers are imbued with distinctly Philippine themes. By expressing the richness of the culture of the archipelago in all its diversity, Filipino artists have helped in shaping a sense of national identity. Many Malay cultural traditions have continued until this time despite foreign rule. Muslims and tribal groups maintained distinct traditions in dance, music, and sculpture. Indigenous arts in the Philippines are labors of love and patience. The intricate carvings on wood, metal, stone or glass are products of skillful hands and imaginative minds of the different tribes of the archipelago. Indigenous musical instruments like the flute, drums, rainsticks, native guitars, and bells made of bamboo, animal skin, seeds, and seashells. The careful manipulation of these materials produces sounds and unique instruments used mostly in tribal dances and rituals (Ramirez, 1999). PRE-COLONIAL ART FORMS IN THE ARCHIPELAGO  The arts in the Philippine archipelago had its past and continued to develop by numerous modern artists. With their different context regarding history, style, cultural symbols, and meanings, these artworks are portrayed (Estrella, 2017).The following are some known artforms in the Philippines: Agung. It is a musical instrument of the Kulintang ensemble which is played by one or two persons depending on its number. By using a rubberpadded beater, this instrument is performed on both the boss/knob and the face of the gong. Banog-banog. It is a dance that portrays hunters shielding in their chickens from the famishing hawk. BlitB’laan. It is a courtship dance of the Bilaan of Davao del Sur mimicking birds during mating season. The females scurry to safety, burying their heads under their wings (using the malong), but the aggressive males follow them wherever they go. Cañao. It is a ritual-dance performed during native feasts or celebrations in the highlands of the Cordilleras in the Luzon area of the Philippines. It is a symbol of triumph or expectation for abundant crops. Gangsa. It is an indigenous musical instrument of the Bontoc tribes of Kalinga, Ifugao in the mountain regions (the Cordillera) of the northern Philippines. Inamong. It is an ethnic dance among Tigwahanon Manobos in the Province of Bukidnon and performed during their harvest time. This type of dance shows a couple, with their bodies and arms slightly bent forward, mimicking the movement of a pair of flirting among monkeys. Kadal Iwas. It is a dance performed by the T-boli and Tausug tribes respectively which mimic a mealtime of monkeys in removing nits and lice from each other. A variation of this dance is to mimics a monkey who sits on an anthill by mistake and is attacked by angry ants all over his body. Kashawing. It is a ritual among the Maranaos and is performed to ensure a good harvest. Kinabua. It is ritual dance among the Mandaya tribes in Northern Mindanao. This type of dance portrays the Hawks’ use of sweet songs to lure out the hen and the chicks that are made into a meal. Mamakar. It is a Bontoc War Dance performed during the planting season and a bountiful harvest. Man-manok. It is a dance performed in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. This type of dance mimics fowls wherein a tribal blankets that represent the colorful plumage of wild cocks are shown off by the warriors who intend on winning the attention of the maiden hen. Mayvanuvanua. It refers to a sacrificial rite performed at the beginning of the summer fishing season among mataw fishers in Batanes Island. This type of dance is an act of invitation to capture the fish dorado successfully. Mumbaki. It is a local term which refers to the “sayer of prayers” among the Ifugaos in Northern Luzon. These prayers are performed during funerals, wedding, Thanksgiving, and other celebrations. This is offered to the supreme deity, Maknongan. Ngilin. It is a cultural dance performed among the Kalinga tribe during Marriage rituals and other celebrations like the budong (peace pact). This type of dance is played to simulate the romantic or peaceful interactions of a rooster and a hen. Pagdiwata. It refers to a ritual performed among the ethnic group in the north and central Palawan. The ceremony is held on various occasions including bountiful harvests and weddings. Pangalay (also known as Sea Gypsies).It is a native dance of the Badjao performed during weddings and other social gatherings. This type of dance emphasizes the agility of the upper body wherein the rhythmic bounce of the shoulder with the simultaneous alternating waving of arms is the essential movement. Sampak. It is a war dance performed by the Mandaya tribe. This type of dance requires excellent skill in the handling of a shield, spear, and a sword. Saut. It is a ritual dance performed by a male Talaanding tribe presenting their expertise in style and arts in fighting their opponent. This ritual dance is also an offering to their magbabaya (god). Talip. It is a courtship dance among the Ifugao. This is performed during the celebration of the intaneg (wedding). In this dance, the man traps a woman with an attractive blanket to place on her shapely shoulders. FAMOUS INDIGENOUS MUSICAL INSTRUMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES  Aerophones. It refers to any musical instrument which produces sound without the use of strings or membranes. Examples of these are as follows: a. Baliing- Nose flutes of the Apayao b. Bansik - Bamboo flute of the Negrito c. Kaleleng- a Long bamboo tube of the Bontoc d. Bulungudyong -Vertical & long flute of the B'laan e. Kalaleng - Bamboo flute of the Tinggian f. Lantoy– Nose flute of the Mangyan g. Palandag (Palendag) – Lip-valley flute of the Bagobo h. Paldong and Tongali – Lip valley flutes of the Kalinga i. Pulalo – Lip valley flute of the Mansaka j. Sahunay - Pipe with reed (clarinet) of the Tausog Chordophones. It refers to any musical instrument which makes sound by way of trembling strings stretched between two points. Examples of these are as follows: a. Faglong – Two-stringed, lute-like instrument of the B'laan b. Kolitong – Bamboo guitar of the Kalingga c. Kudlong - Two stringed boat lute of the Bagobo d. Kudyapi -Two stringed boat lute of the Maranao e. Kulit-en – Guitar of the Tinggian f. Pas-ing – Guitar of the Igorot g. Serongagandi – a Decorated bamboo tube of the Maranao h. Saludoy –Bamboo guitar of the T’boli Idiophone. It refers to any musical instrument which produced sound primarily by way of the instrument's vibrating, without the use of strings or membranes. a. Afiw –Jaw Harp of the Bontoc b. Agung - Bossed gong of the Maranao c. Balingbing – Bamboo buzzer of the Kalingga d. Bangibang – Percussion bar of the Ifugao e. Gabbang – Bamboo xylophone of the Tausog f. Kinaban – Jaw Harp of the Hanunoo g. Kubing –Jaw Harp of the Ata and Maranao h. Kulintang - Metal xylophone of the Maranao i. Kumbing – Jaw Harp of the Manobo j. Palipal – Bamboo clapper of the Ifugao k. Tagutok – Decorated bamboo scraper of the Maranao l. Tanggunggu – Gong chime of the Kalagan, B'laan, Manuvu, Bagobo m. Tongkaling - Pellet bells or crotal bells of the B’laan Membranophone. It refers to any musical instrument which produces sound by way of a vibrating stretched membrane. Most membranophones are drums, such as: a. Dabakan - Glass shaped drum of the Maranao b. Gandang – Double headed cylindrical drum of the Maranao c. Libbit – Conical drum of the Ifugao d. Sulibao – Conical drum of the Ibaloy IMPORTANCE OF PHILIPPINE ARTISTIC HANDICRAFTS The Philippines is abundant in natural resources that scattered throughout its islands. Filipino artist used the parts of trees, plants, and other natural resources as the raw materials and turned them into simple, yet useful tools or instruments. This type of work is called Artistic Handicrafts (sometimes called artisanry). Although this type of art changes from time to time it is still imperative to continue and is preserve due to the following reasons: 1. It promotes our cultural legacy through the use of indigenous materials. 2. It shows an individual's creativity and superior ingenuity. 3. It encouraged producers to produce more raw materials. 4. It generates employment. 5. It developed values of perseverance and resiliency. COMMON HANDICRAFT MATERIALS Every Filipino family owns handicraft products like baskets, brooms, feather dusters, and other furniture. Likewise, accessories like earrings, bracelets, necklaces, and other clothing apparel made from native products such as beads, shells, and seeds. These are clear indications that our handicraft industry is enjoying the patronage of Filipinos. Filipino handicraft makers fashion them into accessories, bags, bamboo sofa sets, baskets, cabinets, clothes, lamp shades, wall décor, and others. The following are the typical materials needed in the making of Filipino handicrafts: a. Abaca (Musa Textilis) - It is a tree-like herb resembling the banana plant. It is durable and dyed in different colors. b. Bamboo (BambusaSpinosa) - It is for the furniture industry because of its strength and durability. It is also valuable material for basket and hat making. c. Buri (CoryphaElata)- It is a palm from which three kinds of fibers, namely buri, raffia, and until, are taken. It can be dyed merely and woven into many shapes. The buri leaf is the most flexible material used for making hats, boxes and other novelty items. d. Caragumoy (Pandanus Simplex) - It is greenish grey as it dries and is used traditionally in making bags, baskets, hats, and mats. e. Coconut (CocosNucifera) - It is the most utilized palm in the Philippines. Its cocomidrib is used primarily as handicraft material for the production of baskets, and brooms (tingting). The coco shells are used for manufacturing articles such as buttons, coin banks, lamp shades, pins, and others. f. Kalas- It is a by-product of the buri palm. Locally, the term "kalas" (which means “to loosen") refers to the loosened strands of a buri rope. It creates an unusual, rustic pattern with distinct characteristics from its original material when artistically woven. g. Leather- It is a material created through the tanning of skins of animals like carabaos, horses, snakes, alligators, goats, lizards, and others. h. Pandan-Dagat (PandanusTectorius) - It is a variety of screw pine abundantly distributed along sandy beaches and coastal brushes in the Philippines. i. Rattan (Calamus Maximus) - It is the most flexible material used in the manufacturing industry and been known to extend up to hundreds of meters long. j. Seagrass (RhynchosporaCorymbosa) – It is a type of grass in shallow salty and brackish waters. The stems are distinctly triangular, and the leaves are broad and long. TRADITIONAL HANDIWORK IN THE PHILIPPINES The following are some handicrafts in the different regions of the Philippines: 1. Jewelry (Central Luzon, Southern Luzon, and Mindanao Regions). This handicraft is mostly in Central Luzon region, mainly from the province of Bulacan. You can also find related of this from Mindanao regions, but down south, you can even get powerful brass amulets and other accessories. 2. Metal Craft (Southern Luzon and Mindanao Regions). This type of handicraft is in Southern Luzon region, particularly in the province of Batangas. A very popular metal craft which is locally and internationally as an excellent source for a portable knife is called Balisong. Traditional weapons made from brass, bronze, and gold, are also abundant in the island of Mindanao. 3. Pots and Jars (Ilocos Region).The pots and jars known as burnay can found explicitly in the province of Ilocos Sur. These creations are made from Grade A clay through a method that has been practiced by locals since the pre- colonial times. 4. Woven fabrics (Mindanao Regions). These fabrics are woven traditionally, by interlacing threads using a manual machine called a loom. One of the common materials in this region is called malong which is historically used as a skirt and sometimes as a blanket. 5. Wood Carvings (Cordillera and Southern Luzon Regions). Fantastic wood carvings produced by the Ifugao in the northern region of the Cordilleras. Often, these wood carvings are depicting their indigenous gods. Excellent kitchenware like wooden bowls and utensils are in this region. PHILIPPINE GAMBA AWARDS Gawad sa Manlilikhang Bayan Awards or GAMABA is an award that recognizes folk and indigenous artists who remain loyal to their traditions. This award is managed by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts (NCCA) through Gawad ng Bayan Committee. It began as a project of the Philippine Rotary Club Makati- Ayala but was adopted by the Philippine government in 1992 and become an institution through a Republic Act 7335. This award aims to support and motivate these artists to preserve their artistic heritage for the present and future generations. These artists are recognized as the Country’s Intangible National Living Treasure. To become a National Living Treasure, the candidate must have the following qualifications: 1. Must be an occupant of an indigenous/traditional cultural community anywhere in the Philippines that has preserved native customs, beliefs, rituals, and traditions and has syncretized whatever external elements that have influenced it. 2. Must have involved in a folk art tradition that has been in existence and documented for at least 50 years. 3. Must have consistently performed or produced over a significant period, works of superior and distinctive quality. 4. Must acquire a mastery of tools and materials needed by the art, and must have an established reputation in the art as master and maker of works of extraordinary technical quality. 5. Must pass on and will pass on to other members of the community their talents in the folk art for which their group is traditionally known.  GAMBE AWARDEES AND NOMINEES 1. Ginaw Bilog (1993).A native of Oriental Mindoro who faithfully helps preserved the Hanunuo Mangyan script and their Ambahan poetry. 2. Masino Intaray (1993).A native of Palawan who exemplary shared his skills in basal or gong music ensemble. He is a musician and epic chanter (Kulilal and Bagit). 3. Samaon Sulaiman (1993). A Maguindanao of Mama SaPano who showed outstanding artistry and dedication to his chosen instrument, the Magindanao kutyapi. 4. Lang Dulay (1998). A T'boli of Lake Sebu, South Cotabato, for her skills in weaving the abaca ikat cloth known as t'nalak. 5. Salinta Monon (1998). A Tagabawa-Bagobo of Bansalan, Davao del for fully demonstrating her creative and expressive aspects of the Bagobo abaca ikat weaving called inabal. 6. Alonzo Saclag (2000). A Kalinga of Lubuagan for his mastery of the Kalinga dance and the performing arts. 7. Frederico Caballero (2000). A Panay-Bukidnon of Calinog, lloilo for his mastery of chanting the epic tradition of Central Panay, the Sugidanon. 8. Uwang Ahadas (2000). A Yakan of Lamitan, Basilan for his dexterity in playing Yakan musical instruments such as the agung, gabbang, tuntungan, and kwintangan. 9. Darhata Sawabi, (2005). A weaver of Parang, Sulu province for helping preserve the art of “Pissyabit weaving.” 10. Eduardo Mutuc (2005). A Kapampangan from Central Luzon for reviving the metal or smithcraft of Plateria which is in Spanish colonial era. 11. Haja Amina Appi (2005). A Sama of Tandubas, Tawi-Tawi, for sharing her skills in mat weaving among the Sama indigenous community. 12. Teofilo Garcia (2012). A casque maker of San Quintin, Abra, Casquefor his skill making Tabungaw. 13. Magdalena Gamayo (2012). A master weaver of Pinili, Ilocos Norte for his skill in Weaving known as Inabel. 14. Yabing Masalon Dulo (2016). A master weaver of Polomolok, South Cotabato for his contribution Ikat Weaving. 15. Ambalang Ausalin (2016). A Yakan master weaver of Lamitan, Basilan for Tennun Weaving skills. 16. Estelita Tumandan Bantilan (2016). A B’laan master weaver of Malapatan, Sarangani for preserving the Igem Weaving skills. 17. Whang-od (2017). A traditional tattoo artist (mambabatok) of Buscalan, Tinglayan, Kalinga. OTHER FILIPINO ARTISTS AND THEIR WORKS 1. Ang Kiuko (Painting: The Crucifixion) 2. Diosdado Lorenzo (Painting: Still Life Paintings) 3. Fernando Cueto Amorsolo (Painting: Portrait of Presidents- M.Quezon; M. Roxas; and S. Ozmeña) 4. Guillermo Tolentino (Sculpture: Oblation and the Bonifacio Monument) 5. Hernando Ocampo (Painting: The Contrast) 6. Juan Luna (Painting: Spoliarium) 7. Napoleon Abueva (Sculpture: Allegorical Harpoon) 8. Solomon Saprid ( Sculpture: Tikbalang) 9. Victorio Edades (Painting: The Builders) 10. Vicente Rivera (Painting: Supplication)  ACTIVITY Name: _____________________________________ Score: ________________ Course/Year: ________________________________ Date: ________________ Time Schedule: ______________________________ Essay: 1. How do you describe the Indigenous arts in the Phil _________________________________________________ ____ _____________________________________________ _________________________________________________. What makes Filipino’s arts differs from other a _________________________________________________ _____ ____________________________________________