Computer Network Technologies Week 1 PDF

Computer Network Technologies ITCTA1-44 Week 1 Eduvos (Pty) Ltd (formerly Pearson Institute of Higher Education) is registered with the Department of...

Computer Network Technologies ITCTA1-44 Week 1 Eduvos (Pty) Ltd (formerly Pearson Institute of Higher Education) is registered with the Department of Higher Education and Training as a private higher education institution under the Higher Education Act, 101, of 1997. Registration Certificate number: 2001/HE07/008 Module Guide Formative Assessments Module Guide Formative Assessments Module Guide Summative Assessments Class Groups and Class Representative Formative Assessments Select Class Rep Nominees Class Rep: Name and Group Form Groups of 4-5 students per group Presentations Discussions Week 0: Let’s Get Ready By the end of this week, you should be able to: Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks Computer Network Features of a Computer Network A computer network is a collection of Sharing: Enables sharing of files, software, interconnected devices that share hardware resources, and computing power. resources and information. Speed: High communication speed between These devices can include computers, network components, comparable to centralized servers, printers, and other hardware. systems. Networks allow for the efficient exchange Scalability: Networks can dynamically grow to of data, enabling various applications such accommodate future expansion. as email, file sharing, and internet Integration: All components work together browsing. smoothly for a seamless user experience. Computers on a network may be linked Security: Provides access rights and security for through wired or wireless media. controlled resource and information sharing. Cost Effectiveness: Reduces hardware and software deployment costs compared to centralized systems. Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks Types of computer networks Geographical Classification Networks are frequently classified according to the geographical boundaries spanned by the network itself. LAN - Local Area Network PAN - Personal Area Network MAN - Metropolitan Area Network WAN - Wide Area Network Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks Types of computer networks Local Area Network (LAN) A group of computers connected to each other in a small area such as school, single building, office etc. LANs are inexpensive to install and also provide higher speeds. Less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as Hubs, network adapters, and ethernet cables. The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area Network. Provides higher security. Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks Types of computer networks Personal Area Network (PAN) PAN is the most basic type of computer network. It is a network arranged within an individual person, typically within a short range. It allows your personal devices, like smartphones, tablets, laptops, and wearables, to communicate and share data with each other. Two types of PAN: Wireless Personal Area Network: is developed by simply using wireless technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth. It is a low range network. Wired Personal Area Network: Wired Personal Area Network is created by using the USB. Example: if you connect your phone to your laptop using a USB cable to transfer data, you're creating a simple Wired PAN Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks Types of computer networks Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) A MAN is larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN. It is a network that covers a larger geographic area by interconnecting a different LAN to form a larger network. Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and private industries. The cost of installation and operation is higher. MANs use high-speed connections such as fiber optics to achieve higher speeds. Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks Types of computer networks Wide Area Network (WAN) Is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as states or countries. A WAN is quite bigger network than the LAN. Is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links. The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world. A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and education. Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks 2.1. How Does a Computer Network Work? Basic Components Functionality Nodes: Computer networks operate based on Devices for data communication (e.g., rules or protocols that govern the modem, router) or data terminals (e.g., sending and receiving of data. connected computers). Each device on the network has a unique Links: IP address, which identifies it within the Wires, cables, or wireless connections network. that facilitate communication between nodes. Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks 2.1. Computer Networks Today Essential for Human Interaction Impact on Communication Communication is vital for personal and Networks have revolutionized how we: professional interactions. Work: remote work, online collaboration Networks facilitate modern communication Learn: e-learning platforms making geographic and physical limitations Play: online gaming less relevant Communicate: social media, instant Real-time communication through messaging various platforms like video calls, instant They enable instant sharing of information and messaging, and social media resources Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks 2.1. Computer Networks Today Global Connectivity Modern Application Networks help create a world where national Email, social media, online gaming, and cloud borders and distances are less significant. services are all powered by networks. Connectivity: IoT connects devices Businesses rely on networks for operations, worldwide, Social media platforms like customer service, and data management. LinkedIn connect professionals globally Businesses use networks for: Breaking Down Barriers: Networks enable Supply chain management businesses to operate on a global scale Customer relationship management (CRM) Global Collaboration: Google Workspace and systems MS 365 enable teams to work together in Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems to real-time streamline operations Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks 2.1. Computer Networks Today Lesson 1: Introduction to Networks 2. Introduction to Computer Networks 2.2. Common networking terms Term Definition Refers to a single device (computer, server, or printer) connected to a network. On wireless networks, it may be called a station Node and is commonly used by end users. A node or device (such as a router) assigned a unique TCP/IP network address, enabling communication with other hosts on the Host network. Transmission The process of transmitting data signals or the progress of those data signals after being sent. Also known as unbounded or unguided transmission media, data is sent over the air using radio, microwave, or infrared signals Wireless Transmission between nodes. Wired Transmission Also known as bounded or guided transmission media, data is sent through cables using light or electrical signals between nodes. Transmission Media The communication pathways that carry data signals between devices. Internetwork Device Devices like switches or wireless access points that connect nodes to each other and the local network. A part of the network, or a single length of cable, technically defined as an electrical connection between devices sharing a Segment communication pathway. Data Communications The transfer of data using analog or digital signals. A fast link that connects network segments and shared devices (routers, switches, servers) on a LAN or between LANs, WANs, Backbone and the Internet. Link An active connection created over media between devices.  2.3 Activity Discuss how networks have affected: 1.The way we communicate 2.The way we work. 3.The way we play  2.3 Activity 1. The Way We Communicate: Instant Messaging: Networks enable real-time communication Video Conferencing: Allow for face-to-face meetings regardless of physical location Social Media: Networks facilitate sharing and interaction on platforms, allowing people to connect globally and share experiences instantly. Access to Information: The internet has democratized access to information, enabling users to communicate ideas and news widely, fostering informed discussions. Aspect Example Instant Messaging WhatsApp allows users to send messages and make voice/video calls in real-time. Zoom has become essential for virtual meetings, enabling businesses to maintain Video Conferencing face-to-face interactions remotely. Social Media Twitter facilitates real-time sharing of news and ideas, connecting users globally. Wikipedia allows instant access to a wealth of knowledge, enabling informed Access to Information discussions across various topics.  2.3 Activity 2. The Way We Work: Remote Work: Networks support telecommuting, allowing employees to work from anywhere Collaboration Tools: Applications enable teams to collaborate seamlessly, improving productivity and project management. Cloud Computing: Networked cloud services allow for storage and access to data from any device Global Workforce: Networks enable businesses to hire talent from around the world Aspect Example Companies like Twitter and Shopify have adopted permanent remote work policies, Remote Work allowing employees to work from anywhere. Google Workspace enables teams to collaborate on documents in real-time, enhancing Collaboration Tools productivity. Dropbox and AWS provide cloud storage solutions, allowing employees to access data from Cloud Computing any device, anywhere. Companies like Upwork connect businesses with freelancers worldwide, diversifying talent Global Workforce pools.  2.3 Activity 3. The Way We Play: Online Gaming: Networks connect players globally, allowing for multiplayer experiences and competitive gaming, breaking geographical barriers Streaming Services: Platforms like Netflix and Spotify leverage networks to deliver content on- demand, changing how we consume entertainment Social Gaming: Allow players to interact and collaborate, enhancing the gaming experience Community Building: Online forums and gaming communities enable players to connect, share strategies, and foster friendships beyond traditional gameplay Aspect Example Fortnite allows millions of players to compete and collaborate online, regardless of their Online Gaming location. Netflix provides on-demand access to a vast library of movies and shows, changing how Streaming Services we consume entertainment. Among Us encourages players to work together while fostering social interaction, Social Gaming enhancing the gaming experience. Reddit hosts numerous gaming communities where players share strategies and connect Community Building over shared interests. Week 1: Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks By the end of this week, you should be able to: Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks Network Structure: Data Encapsulation and Decapsulation Networks consist of devices (nodes) linked by Network Protocol Functions: transmission mediums that share protocols for Addressing: Defines how and where data should be data exchange. delivered. Development of OSI Model: Encapsulation: Wraps data for transmission with headers at each OSI layer. Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as a reference to Communication Process: understand network components and processes. Each layer uses and provides services to adjacent layers. The OSI Model: Protocols at the same OSI layer on different nodes The OSI model divides network communication communicate with each other. into seven layers Data Flow: Each with a specific function Encapsulation: Data moves down the layers, with each Enabling easier implementation and layer adding headers (Protocol Data Units). troubleshooting of networks Decapsulation: Data moves up the layers at the receiving node, stripping headers. Questions Consider the following questions while you’re going through the OSI model 1. Why is the Application layer so critical to the user experience, and how do real-world applications like email clients or web browsers rely on it? 2. Data encryption happens at the Presentation layer. Why do you think encryption is important for services like online banking, and how might it affect network performance? 3. How does the Session layer facilitate communication between applications, and what challenges could arise if sessions were not managed effectively? 4. The Transport layer is responsible for ensuring data integrity. Why is this important, and what methods do you think are used to detect and recover from errors? 5. How does the Network layer contribute to efficient data routing, and what role do you think IP addresses play in this process? 6. The Data Link layer manages how data packets are framed and transferred. Why do you think this layer is critical for error-free communication, and what are some common protocols used here? 7. The Physical layer deals with the actual transmission of bits over a medium. How do you think advancements in technology (e.g., fiber optics) have impacted networking performance? Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.1. Open Systems Interconnection Model Application: Interacts directly with user applications like web browsers. Presentation: Formats data for the application, e.g., encryption. Session: Manages communication sessions between applications. Transport: Ensures reliable data transmission, using protocols like TCP/UDP. Network: Moves data between networks using logical IP addresses. Data Link: Packages bits into frames and manages MAC addresses. Physical: Transmits raw bit streams over cables or wireless. Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.1. Open Systems Interconnection Model APPLICATION LAYER Acts as an interface between an Services/Protocols: application and end user protocols FTP: Allows transferring files between systems Focuses on delivering the data to the user in a usable form by HTTP/HTTPS: Facilitates web facilitating data exchange through browsing established communication SMTP: Enables sending emails. channels DNS: Resolves domain names into Example: IP addresses Email Services: When you send an email using Gmail or Outlook, the Application Layer is responsible for communicating with the email servers to deliver your message Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.1. Open Systems Interconnection Model PRESENTATION LAYER Transforms data between the format Functions required for the network and the format required for the application Data Encryption: Ensures secure transmission of sensitive data Character Set Conversion: ASCII to (e.g., HTTPS) Unicode Data Compression: Reduces the Data Compression: Reduces the size size of files for faster transmission of data for efficient transmission Data Conversion: Translates Example: between different data formats (e.g., converting images between Data Encryption (SSL/HTTPS): When JPEG and PNG formats) you're making an online purchase, the Presentation Layer encrypts your credit card information to ensure it's sent securely to the payment gateway Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.1. Open Systems Interconnection Model SESSION LAYER Responsible for setting up, Functions managing, and then tearing down Session Establishment: Sets up sessions between network devices connections between devices Keeps track of which system is Session Management: Manages communicating, and coordinates the duration and flow of data dialogue between systems during communication Ensures that sessions can be Session Termination: Ends the restarted if interrupted session when communication is Example: finished Online Gaming: In multiplayer Protocols: online games, the Session Layer NetBIOS: Used for communication ensures that sessions between in local area networks. players remain stable and that data from one player reaches the other PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling without interruptions Protocol) Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.1. Open Systems Interconnection Model TRANSPORT LAYER Responsible for ensuring data Functions arrives at its destination error-free, in sequence, and without Error Detection & Correction: duplication Identifies lost or corrupted packets and requests their Segments data and reassembles retransmission correctly Flow Control: Manages the rate of Example: data transmission to prevent congestion Downloading Large Files: When you download a large file from the Segmentation: Divides large data internet, the Transport Layer splits it streams into smaller packets into smaller packets, sends them, and ensures they are reassembled correctly on your device. Protocols: TCP and UDP Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.1. Open Systems Interconnection Model NETWORK LAYER Responsible for moving data Functions around a network of networks Routing: Determines the most Handles routing, switching, and efficient path for data packets. addressing of packets Logical Addressing: Assigns IP Ensures that data gets delivered addresses to devices for to the correct device by using identification. logical addresses Traffic Management: Controls Example: network congestion and packet Google Maps: When using switching. Google Maps, the Network Layer Protocols: helps route your location request from your phone to Google's IP and ICMP servers and back to your device. This involves sending data across various networks. Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.1. Open Systems Interconnection Model DATA LINK LAYER Manages the direct, node-to-node Functions two Sub-Layers communication between devices Framing: Encapsulates raw bits Logical Link Control (LLC) Layer It packages raw bits from the into structured frames. Physical Layer into structured frames Error Control and Flow Control Error Detection: Identifies Detect and correct corrupted data provides framing and checks for transmission errors. frames errors to ensure reliable Limits amount of data sent so devices communication Acknowledgment: Confirms aren’t overwhelmed successful frame delivery. Example: Media Access Control (MAC) Layer Protocols: Ethernet Networks: In an office Physical Addressing (MAC Addr.) setting, when computers are Ethernet and Point-to-Point 48 Bit MAC Address burned on NIC. connected via Ethernet cables, Data Protocol (PPT) Logical Topology & Media Access Link layer makes sure the data is Ethernet, Token Ring, etc. transferred between devices CSMA/CD & CSMA/CA without errors. Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.1. Open Systems Interconnection Model PHYSICAL LAYER Responsible for the transmission Functions and receipt of the signals that represent bits of data from one Bit Transmission: Transmits raw node to another node bitstreams across physical media. Different types of transmission Signal Modulation: Modifies media can be classified as cabled or electrical or optical signals for wireless transmission. Example: Physical Connections: Defines the hardware interface, including Ethernet Cables: When plugging an cable types and connectors. Ethernet cable into your computer, the Physical Layer ensures that Devices: electrical signals are properly Transceiver, Repeater, Hub, Media transmitted over the cable to the converter, Modem router Practical Activity After completing the practical activity explain and discuss the following: 1. What role does each device play at different OSI layers? 2. How does the ping packet travel through the layers? 3. How does data encapsulation/decapsulation work across the OSI layers? Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.2. Configure SOHO Networks What is SOHO Network? Benefits Key Components A network for connecting multiple Increased productivity: Easy sharing Router/Switch: Connects all devices. devices in a small office or home of resources (e.g., printers, files). environment. Modem: Provides internet Cost-effective: Lower cost to set up connectivity. Uses a central router to link and maintain compared to larger computers, printers, mobile corporate networks. Ethernet cables: Connect wired devices, etc. devices. Easy management: Simple for Provides corporate-like networking administrators to monitor, Wireless Access Point: Allows wireless on a smaller scale, perfect for small troubleshoot, and manage devices. device connection. businesses or home offices. Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.2. Configure SOHO Networks SOHO Routers and Network Classifications Wide Area Network (WAN): Local Area Network (LAN): WANs: A network within a single location Networks spread across different geographic Can range from small residential setups (a regions couple of computers) to large enterprise Interconnected using shared links for example networks (hundreds of servers, thousands of the Internet workstations) SOHO Router: Small Office/Home Office (SOHO): Powers SOHO networks by forwarding traffic A category of LAN with a few hosts between the LAN and WAN Typically uses one integrated device (SOHO Provides multiple functions beyond routing, Router) for both local and internet connectivity which can be analyzed using the OSI model Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.2. Configure SOHO Networks SOHO Router Functionalities Wireless vs. Wired SOHO Routers Acts as a gateway between your Enables file sharing, printing, web Wired: Fast, reliable Ethernet network and the internet. browsing, gaming, and streaming. connections for nearby devices. Manages data flow between Includes wireless access points for Wireless: Ideal for larger spaces with devices and the internet, and wireless connections. multiple devices; uses wireless signals between devices on the network. for connection. Provides features like port Allows multiple devices to connect forwarding, dynamic DNS, VPN Securing a SOHO Network to the internet simultaneously support, and QoS for optimized using unique IP addresses. performance. Built-in firewall protects against cyber threats. Configurable settings to customize security levels. Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.2. Configure SOHO Networks Physical Layer Functions RJ-45 Ports (LAN Ports): 4 ports available for wired connections to the local network. Allows devices like PCs, printers, and IP phones to connect via Ethernet cables. Labeled as "LAN" ports on the router. Radio Antennas (Wireless Connectivity): Transmit and receive wireless signals for Wi-Fi-enabled devices. Enables wireless connectivity for laptops, smartphones, and other mobile devices. Provides flexibility for wireless device placement. Modem (WAN Port): Connects to the ISP’s network. Typically labeled as the "WAN" port on the router. Can be an RJ-45 port for fiber or Ethernet connections, or an RJ-11 port for DSL services. Facilitates connection to the internet, linking the SOHO network to external resources. Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.2. Configure SOHO Networks Data Link Layer Functions Ethernet Switch (RJ-45 Ports): Internal Ethernet switch connects all RJ-45 jacks. Allows wired devices (PCs, printers, IP phones) to communicate within the local network. Ensures data is directed to the correct device within the network through MAC addresses. Wireless Access Point (Wi-Fi Antennas): Implements the Wi-Fi standard for wireless connectivity. Acts as a wireless hub, allowing devices like PCs, smartphones, tablets, and printers to connect to the network wirelessly. Forms a bridge between wired and wireless devices by connecting to the internal Ethernet switch via an internal port. Integrates both wired and wireless devices into a single logical local network. MAC Address (Host Identification): Each device connected to the network is identified by a unique Media Access Control (MAC) address. MAC addresses are used by the Ethernet switch and the wireless access point to direct data to the correct host. Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.2. Configure SOHO Networks SOHO Network: Connects internal devices to the external internet. Manages traffic between the Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN). SOHO Router: Central device for managing traffic between the LAN and WAN. Connects to both the switch (for wired devices) and the wireless access point (for wireless devices). SOHO Switch: Extends the wired network to devices such as PCs, printers, and IP phones. Forwards data between connected devices within the local network. Lesson 2: Comparing OSI Model Network Functions 2. Compare and Contrast OSI Model Layers AND Configuring SOHO Networks 2.2. Configure SOHO Networks Wired Devices: Includes printers, PCs, and IP phones connected via Ethernet cables. Wired connections offer faster, stable communication for stationary devices. Wireless Access Point (WAP): Allows wireless devices (laptops, smartphones) to connect to the network. Extends network access without physical cables. Wireless Devices: Devices like laptops, PCs, and smartphones connect through the WAP. Provides flexibility for mobile or portable device connectivity.  Activity 1. At which OSI layer is the concept of a port number introduced? 2. At which layer of the OSI model is no header encapsulation applied? 3. What component performs signal amplification to extend the maximum allowable distance for a media type? 4. Which OSI layer packages bits of data from the Physical layer into frames? 5. True or False? The Session layer is responsible for passing data to the Network layer at the lower bound and the Presentation layer at the upper bound.  Activity Answer and discuss as a class the following questions 1. What are the main components of a SOHO network, and how do they interact with each other? 2. How does the SOHO router use the OSI model to perform its functions? 3. What is the difference between a SOHO router and an enterprise-grade router? 4. What role does a SOHO router play in securing a small office/home office network? 5. What are the challenges in managing a SOHO network as the number of connected devices increases?  Activity Practical Activity: Setting Up a SOHO Network for a Small Office (6 Workstations and 1 Shared Printer) Scenario: You are tasked with setting up a network for a small office with seven workstations that need to connect to a single shared printer. The office has a router and a switch, and the goal is to enable all devices to connect to the internet and communicate with the printer. Requirements: Hardware: 1 Router (with WAN and LAN ports) 3 Switch (with at least 10 ports) 6 Workstations (PCs or laptops) 1 Network Printer (preferably with Wi-Fi capability) Lesson 3: Ethernet Standards 2. Summarize Ethernet Standards 2.1. Network Data Transmission Network Data Transmission Ethernet Standards Networks use electromagnetic radiation for Define the performance of network cabling to signaling, which involves electric current, meet bandwidth requirements. infrared light, or radio waves. Ensure bit rate is maintained over specific media The signals are carried by carrier waves with types, considering distance limitations. specific bandwidths (ranges of frequencies). Modulation and encoding schemes are used to Media Access Control (MAC) & Collision Domains transmit data over the carrier wave. MAC ensures nodes communicate without Example: interference on shared media. Transition between low and high voltage states in an electrical circuit to encode data, utilizing Deals with issues like collisions, where two amplitude as a characteristic of the wave. devices attempt to communicate at the same time. Lesson 3: Ethernet Standards 2. Summarize Ethernet Standards 2.1. Network Data Transmission Copper Cable Transmits electrical signals via low voltage circuits. Two main types: Twisted Pair and Coaxial (Coax). High attenuation causes signal loss over long distances. Twisted pair cables are rated by Cat standards. Lesson 3: Ethernet Standards 2. Summarize Ethernet Standards 2.1. Network Data Transmission Fiber Optic Cable Transmits infrared light signals. Immune to interference and less affected by attenuation. Supports higher bandwidth over longer distances than copper. Two types: Single Mode (SMF) and Multi-Mode (MMF). MMF categorized by Optical Mode (OM1, OM2, OM3, OM4). Lesson 3: Ethernet Standards 2. Summarize Ethernet Standards 2.1. Network Data Transmission Illustration of the CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) media access control method used in Ethernet networks. Lesson 3: Ethernet Standards 2. Summarize Ethernet Standards 2.1. Network Data Transmission 100BASE-TX Fast Ethernet Standard Gigabit Ethernet Standards Uses CSMA/CD protocol like 10BASE-T Builds on Ethernet and Fast Ethernet standards Higher frequency signaling and improved encoding Bit rate: 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps) Bit rate: 100 Mbps 1000BASE-T over Cat 5e (or better) copper cable Operates over Cat 5 (or better) twisted pair copper Only supports switches, not hubs cable Maximum link length: 100 meters (328 feet)  Activity Refer to Activity on Page 24 1. With CSMA/CD, what will happen if a host has data to transmit and there is already data on the cable? 2. Which Ethernet standard works at 100 Mbps over Cat 5 or better copper cable? 3. Which copper Ethernet standard meets the bandwidth requirements for clients in an office network while minimizing costs? 4. A network designer wants to run a 10-gigabit backbone between two switches in buildings that are 75 m (246 feet) apart. What is the main consideration when selecting an appropriate copper cable?