Arch430 Study Guide PDF

GWP Global Warming Potential ○ A measure that compares the heat-trapping ability of a greenhouse gas relative to carbon dioxide(CO2) ○ Helps measure destructive potential of chemicals like CFC & HCFC(higher=worse, 0=best/natural refrigerant) LCA Life...

GWP Global Warming Potential ○ A measure that compares the heat-trapping ability of a greenhouse gas relative to carbon dioxide(CO2) ○ Helps measure destructive potential of chemicals like CFC & HCFC(higher=worse, 0=best/natural refrigerant) LCA Life Cycle Assessment ○ Evaluates all environmental effects of a product qualitatively for the whole lifetime of a material BEPS Building Energy Performance Standards ○ Policy that aims to improve the energy efficiency of buildings ○ Establish requirements for large existing buildings to achieve higher levels of energy efficiency and/or lower levels of GHG emissions Share 6 elements: All existing large buildings Specific deadlines Outcome based Whole building performance Continued improvement Consequences ○ Can improve indoor air quality, occupant comfort & save building owners money ○ Built environment=42% of global CO2 emissions ○ Variety of stakeholders & different responsibilities/roles Govt agencies Building owners Tenants Energy service companies Design professionals technical /operations professionals ○ Variety of locations. Each & different emission reduction goals ○ Buildings & climate, BEPS: Incorporates renewable energy(on-site, REc, direct purchase) Encourages electrified buildings systems & end uses Use less energy via conservation & efficiency ○ Essential they have a long term energy reduction goal & checkpoints along the way (reported & energy star) ○ How they calculate net-site energy use intensity(kBtu/sf): [(energy consumption-onsite renewable energy production)/gross floor area]/year LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design PH Passive House  ○ A building that uses passive means to heat and cool itself, rather than relying on traditional mechanical systems Characteristics Insulation ○ Passive houses are well insulated to minimize thermal losses Airtight construction ○ Passive houses are nearly airtight to optimize thermal gain Windows ○ Passive houses have robust windows to control heat Ventilation ○ Passive houses have heat recovery ventilation systems to bring in fresh air and remove stale air Heating & Cooling ○ Passive houses use passive solar gains and internal heat gains from occupants, cooking, and electrical equipment for heating. In warmer months, they use passive cooling techniques like shading to stay cool. Energy Savings ○ Passive house can save up to 90% on energy costs for heating and cooling compared to typical buildings Comfort ○ Passive houses maintain a comfortable indoor temperature, even in extreme outdoor temperatures. ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers ○ ASHRAE 62.1 Related to ventilation, controlling air contaminant levels, humidity, and temperature within a space ○ ASHRAE 90.1 Related to HVAC systems. HVAC systems are defined as equipment, distribution systems, and terminals that provide the processes of heating, ventilation, or air conditioning. ○ ASHRAE 55 Related to the comfort criteria of specific design conditions that take into account temperature, humidity, air speed, outdoor temperature, outdoor humidity, seasonal clothing, and expected activity. These all relate to occupant thermal comfort. ○ ASHRAE 52.2 Air filter standards VRF Variable Refrigerant Flow ○ Simultaneous heat & cool different spaces in a facility EUI Site Energy Use Intensity  ○ Energy Used(purchased) in kBTU(thousands of british thermal units) per year divided by the Area(Gross square footage) of the building. Highest for office buildings now: 40 to 80 [Energy Used/purchased(KBtu/year]/ area(gross square footage of building) Highest for office buildings: 40-80 Energy efficiency of buildings design/operation Practice Problems: ○ Problem 1: A commercial building uses 500,000 kWh of energy annually. The total floor area of the building is 50,000 square feet. Question: What is the Site Energy Use Intensity (EUI) of the building in kWh per square foot per year? Solution: EUI = Total Energy Consumption / Floor Area EUI = 500,000 kWh / 50,000 sq ft EUI = 10 kWh/sq ft/year ○ Problem 2: A school building uses 300,000 kWh of energy annually. The building's floor area is 30,000 square feet. Question: If the energy consumption increases to 360,000 kWh in the next year, what will be the new Site Energy Use Intensity (EUI)? Solution: EUI = Total Energy Consumption / Floor Area EUI = 360,000 kWh / 30,000 sq ft EUI = 12 kWh/sq ft/year Living building challenge Petals ○ Place Protect habitat, walkability & connect to earth ○ Water Reuse water, net positive water ○ Energy minimize emission, carbon free renewable energy ○ Health & Happiness Indoor environmental quality & access to nature ○ Materials sustainable , safe environment, local & reduce waste ○ Equity Safe, equitable & inclusive community  ○ Beauty Biophilia Certification Levels (lowest to highest) ○ Zero carbon ○ Zero energy ○ Core green building ○ LBC petal certification ○ LBC living certification Regenerative design ○ System oriented ○ Waste free(closed loop) ○ Positive impact/gives back Notes from Chris-Slides Sustainability in Interiors ○ Firm: Hok ○ Integrated approach ○ Sustainability Human health Climate change Social equity ○ Main focus=indoor quality Natural ventilation Biophilic design Active design Daylighting Nourishment Acoustic comfort Fitness Spatial variety ○ Focus a lot on materials Embodied carbon Green chemistry Sustainable sourcing Circularity ○ 5 impact categories Human healthy Climate health Ecosystem health Social health & equity Circular economy ○ Good finishes to remember Corian Steel Carpet backing(non PVC) Paint systems zero VOC  Plastic laminate HPL vinyl /PVC(use rubber not vinyl base) Glass VOC “non-emitting” materials ceramic/porcelain tile Glass Stone Concrete Clay brick Unfinished untreated wood plated/anodized metal ○ Window shades(mechoshade) ○ Distraction film(polyester) ○ ACT (plant based/ high recycled content) NIST Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Faciltity ○ NZERTF ○ Dan Coffey ○ Henley Construction Company Inc ○ LEED platinum ○ Has PV & solar thermal on its roof ○ Design approach Design thermal envelope to minimize heat loss during winter & heat gain during summer Controlled ventilation vs. unintended air leakage heating/cooling equipment in conditioned space Energy efficient appliances & space conditioning equipment renewable energy ○ Continuous membrane air barrier & insulation ○ Variety of heating, cooling, & ventilation systems ○ Water heating systems Preheat: solar thermal Auxiliary: heat-pump water heater ○ Basic envelope & structure built first Then add roof overhang, finishes, porches, PV, etc. ○ Producing more solar energy than consuming ○ Top 5 electricity use: 2012 IECC Heating interior equipment Water systems Fans Cooling NZERTF Interior equipment Heating Cooling  Interior lighting Water systems fans Essentially, they simulate normal family activity with the help of technology, then they record & research the data from each system(ventilation, heat/cool, etc.) Hillandale Gateway: Pursuing Passive House ○ Scott welch ○ Torti Gallas & Partners Passive house Most rigorous building standard for energy efficiency Performance based approach Goals to reduce energy cost & optimize thermal comfort & indoor air quality More stories & less roof area=harder to achieve net zero Design principles Use & control the sun Super insulae Energy recovery ventilation Minimize thermal bridging Airtight construction Top 5 internal heat gains in multifamily People Refrigeration Elevator & common lighting DHW Laundry Hillandale Gateway: New project in silver spring Process ○ Committed client ○ Collaborative team ○ Front loaded decisions(make key decisions early) Building exterior ○ Thicker insulation in walls=better thermal barrier ○ Balconies can be used for shading ○ High performance windows(triple pane/low U value) to help overheating ○ Looking @ facade: percentage opening, cladding, & exterior insulation ○ Use roof solar panels to work towards net zero energy Mechanical Systems ○ Ventilation: floor by floor ERVs (semi-decentralized) ○ heating/cooling: individual units/pumps ○ Dehumidifier ○ Domestic hot water: multi-unit air source heat pump water heater  ○ Laundry: ventless dryer ○ Cooking: induction-most efficient There will be issues with conventional methods & systems, you will need to find what works best for the project Sustainable,Safe, & Carbon-Free Nuclear Energy ○ Mohammad Modarres ○ Nuclear power is an effective solution to the climate crisis Produces more power than solar, wind, etc. more reliable 92.5% capacity ○ Proven safe, sustainable & reliable source of energy ○ Still need to overcome high construction costs Encouraging new small modular reactor Can supply energy economically ○ There is tech for permanent & safe disposal of nuclear waste Political consequences are more complex ○ Nuclear power from seawater Renewable! Chemical reaction between seawater & bedrock creates uranium Lower lifecycle carbon footprint than solar & wind ○ Well paid & highly demanding employment opportunities in engineering & other disciplines A Summary of Nuclear Power in the US ○ Jessica Bowers(TA for the class) ○ Physics; fission, atoms forced apart Neutron & uranium=products & heat ○ 1 uranium fuel pellet(size of fingertip) has as much energy as: 17,000ft^3 of natural gas 149 gallons of oil 1 ton of coal ○ Reactors Many layers of protection Boiling water reactors Pressurized water reactors ○ Current # reactors in US=95 ~400 in the world ○ Timeline of reactors Gen 1: early prototypes Gen 2: commercial power reactors Gen 3: advanced/new reactors (current) Gen 4: evolutionary NuScale & Kairos Power Gen 5: revolutionary Fusion tech/thermonuclear Sustainable Design  ○ Grimm & Parker ○ Work & LEED, WELL, Phius & Fitwell ○ Focus a lot on schools Aim for better indoor environmental quality for improved learning & enjoyment Add signage, windows, etc to teach kids about the systems (don’t hide them) ○ Senior Center Main design goals: Energy efficiency Nature & site Healthy materials Solar optimization Design & nature: Biophilic design 4 ○ Two net zero energy school in Baltimore LEED Platinum & LEED zero energy brought most, if not all sustainable systems to kids attention & education display 7 integration Key features: Geothermal system Solar power & sky vaults/light tubes Rainwater harvesting Tons of daylighting A day in the Life of a “Green Verifier” ○ Jay Hall Jay Hall Associates ○ High performance building verification Look @ LEEd 7 other green buildings Inspect construction & make sure its built & functioning properly Both commercial & residential ○ Energy efficiency quantification=HERS HERS index 0-100 0=zero energy (the best) Existing homes~140 2006 homes~100 2018 homes 70-80 MD 50-60 ○ Verification Process Priority 1: building envelope Thermal Envelope air sealing Moisture Acoustic Priority 2 Equipment & systems HVAC  Water heating Lighting & appliances Renewables Blower door testing measure in: ACH50: air changes per hour @ 50 pascals Good, Better & Best systems Good ○ Energy star homes ○ Zero energy ready homes(ZERH) ○ LEED silver Better ○ LEED gold & platinum Best ○ Passive house( or PHIUS) Measuring Sustainability in Arch ○ Danielle Waters ○ Sustainable Design Consulting(SDC) ○ Consulted for some LEED buildings @ UMD ○ SDC on LEED projects(process) Prelim analysis: Predesign & schematic design Drawing reviews Design development & construction docs(DD & CD) Specification reviews DD & CD Design phase submission CD Construction phase submission Construction administration & post-construction EPA Program(... this one’s really confusing-according to Chris) ○ Update on EPA program for Law Embodied Carbon Construction Materials ○ 2022 inflation reduction act impacts/directs EPA ○ Be able to compare products/manufacturers on a level playing field EPA grant helps level playing field Evaluate EPD’s in consistent wat ○ Grant will: help improve accuracy & efficiency of EPD ○ Concrete, Steel, asphalt, & glass all have low embodied carbon & last a long time ○ EPD: Environmental product declaration Require cradle to date emissions data Doesn’t mean its low-embodied carbon, EPD will only label the embodied carbon Good or bad, just say what it is (LOL) ○ Design for deconstruction Timber better than steel