Mercado BSN 1B: Week 2 - Cells, Tissues and Integument PDF

MERCADO BSN 1B Week 2: Cells, Tissues and Integument Chromatin: During the inactive form,...

MERCADO BSN 1B Week 2: Cells, Tissues and Integument Chromatin: During the inactive form, DNA material exists inside nucleus CELL PARTS & FUNCTION Inactive form = single strand Once it goes into cell division then the 2 types of cells: chromatin will condense = Double Prokaryotic Eukaryotic helical strand Lacks nucleus and commonly found Single celled nucleus that contains all Chromosome = strand molecule compound that contains genetic material / on lower species the other parts of the cell DNA Makes up an organism that is composed of cells It is the basic, structural and functional unit of life ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Composed of 2 major parts - Rough Endoplasmic Organelles of the Cell - Smooth Endoplasmic Rough ER NUCLEUS - Contains black material called ribosomes This is made up of 3 major parts Ribosomes: responsible for protein synthesis and - Nuclear envelope AKA protein factory of the cell - Nucleolus - Chromatin Smooth ER - Has no ribosomes bc it has a different Nuclear envelope: surround the function nucleus and separates the nucleus - Fatty acid synthesis, cholesterol & steroids and cytoplasm (fluid content) - No need for ribosome bc more on fatty - This is where the nuclear pores acids are located which controls the movement of substances MERCADO BSN 1B GOLGI APPARATUS Engulfed the food particle as a whole because of the process called AUTOPHAGY Main function = Stores and packages proteins - If there is a problem with an organelle it will be and other molecules inside the cell enclosed by your lysosome = excrete digestive material to digest it Composed of flattened sacs → cisternae Process of digestion: food is consumed = this will be Cisternae has 2 parts, cis face and trans face fused with the lysosome [eats it as a whole (enclose in Cis face = Entry part of the ribosome vesicle = phagocytosis)] which detects unwanted Trans face = transport vehicle material [if YES = digest the unwanted ; if NO = pass to other cell] Pinocytosis = ruffle ur cells + gets particles = “drinking” Source: Animation Protein will travel to your cis face and when Ex. sira yung ER and Golgi apparatus what will the accepted it is shipped to other parts of the cell lysosome do? Materials are transported from rough ER to Together with the mitochondria it will go thru a process Golgi to cell membrane by VESICLES called apoptosis This sorts and packs the food / ribosome that is Apoptosis = program cell death needed by the cell or neighboring cell - No chance for the cell to live so its better to just kill it It fuses with it and checks the particles for unwanted materials LYSOSOME PEROXISOME Digestive system of the cell bc it came from the breakdown of golgi apparatus Contains oxidasis – Detoxifying drugs, chemicals, and free radicals Capable of detecting any unwanted material inside the cell Ex. Hydrogen peroxide contains H202 Process of digestion - Ex of free radical which releases oxidasis Pinocytosis = cell eating = transforms it into water molecules + Phagocytosis = cell drinking oxygen molecules - Similar to lysosome MERCADO BSN 1B Problem = if in the cell, nagkaroon ng viral attack CYTOSKELETON - Virus copies RNA of cell kaya it stays - Thats why when its a viral infection need alisin muna virus otherwise Provides framework for cells mauulit lang sya 3 major parts - Microfilaments Note = bacteria is on one part while virus spreads - Intermediate filamen - Ex. when u have pigsa = u drink antibiotic = mawawala din within a few - microtubules days 1. Microfilaments Thinnest, composed of actin and miosin filaments which allows you to move + contraction + support Responsible for the basic framework of the cell + gives shape to cell MITOCHONDRIA Microvillus = movement [extenstion sa taas] Double wall structure 2. Intermediate filaments AKA powerhouse of the cell Help stabilize the position of the Contains ATP (adenosine triphosphate) → organelles inside the cell without this you cannot move Binded sa organelles = not just sa side. ○ EX. breakdown of glucose = u get Why? Bc it helps stabiliize the position of ATP + oxygen + heat (but u need the organelles inside the skin. energy for that to happen) Why? Bc pag nastabilize when cells move ○ Important in cellular respiration then di gagalaw organelles Cristae 3. Microtubules - Folds in your mitochondria contains your Thickest and arises from ur Together w/ lysosome = can matrix centrosome create apoptosis to kill cells Assists the movement of Matrix chromosome (meron din in plants) - Composed of fluid → breakdown ATP - Where ATP is located Arises from centrosome = assists movements of ur chromosome Why? Bc like in cell division may phases = microtubules → spindle fibers - Brings chromosome to center of equator cell - Splitting of chromo into 2 = 2 MERCADO BSN 1B Cilia Moving Away Dust Particles from the Lungs daughter cells CENTROSOME Microvilli = extension of membrane [if incase of respiratory problems like increased phlegm = it will expel Has 2 major parts those outside - Centrioles - Microtubules Yung small green sa gilid is particles na binubuhat ng cilia palabas ng lungs = paakyat movement nila para Centrosome = contains 2 centrioles maexpel mucus - Preparation for cell division Microtubules = responsible for mitosis in preparation for cell division = prepare 2 new daughter cell STRUCTURES FOR LOCOMOTION PLASMA MEMBRANE Extension of plasma membrane Lipid bilayer bc semi permeable membrane - Allows only little molecular to penetrate 3 parts: flagella, microvilli, cilia the plasma membrane how? - Flagella = use to move the cell into one - ONLY Lipid soluble can easily penetrate direction [sinusoidal direction = parang your plasma membrane wave] - Ex. alcohol (alak), lipid soluble vitamins - Microvilli = usually seen in respiratory tree Composed of double layer of phospholipids [trachea + bronchioles] ; extension of - Double = ung sa tas same sa baba membrane inverted lang itsura - Cilia = rotational movement w/ a beat - Phos… = made up of phosphate + coordinated in nature called cholesterol metachronal beat Large molecules cant penetrate (kaya semi permeable lang) Cell Movement with Cilia & Flagella Allows small parts lang bc sasalain sya 2x nung double layer Flagella = in one cell the process is long but only has one flagella (always) ; wave like pattern Cilia = contract manner of movement MERCADO BSN 1B Ion channels uses facilitated diffusion The Cell Membrane is Fluid What happens to big molecules na di makapasok? Molecules in cell membranes are constantly They use facilitated diffusion = need ng potassium moving and changing (K+) to open the gate = makakalabas ions towards - Moves laterally outside - They move on opposite ways = - Potassium Gated Ion Channels magkikiskisan surfaces nila - Kaya proteins can easily be washed off + easily flow in extracellular fluid From outside = yung red papasok sa blue and iikot CELL MEMBRANE PROTEINS ung blue para makapasok ung red This contains 2 types of proteins = those attached and those not attached to inner membrane = can easily be washed out by cell membrane Proteins help move large molecules or aid in cell recognition There are 2 types = Peripheral and Integral protein Peripheral proteins - attached on the surface (inner or outer) CYTOPLASM - Can easily be washed up AKA Intracellular Fluid Integral proteins - Bc it is inside the cell - embedded completely through the Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane membrane - Act as transporter via substance or molecule Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place Bc embedded = acts as transporter / carrier (like - Where chemical reactions take place because of delivery truck) of substance / molecule the presence of the organelles (summary of cytoplasm) Diba mabilis naman nakakapenetrate yung mga liquid soluble? Why need a transporter? Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs - Bc of substances like glucose = energy - No glucose = no source of food MERCADO BSN 1B Cell Junctions OTHER PROCESSES INVOLVED ENDOCYTOSIS Process of taking in food Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells From outside of body to inside Contact pts = where they come in contact w/ each other [imagine 2 cells, Phagocytosis = cell eating yung gilid na surface nila will be the contact pt kasi may possibility Pinocytosis = cell drinking dumikit] EXOCYTOSIS Process of taking out the food Types of Cell Junction From inside ur body to outside TIGHT junctions ➔ Web-like trans protein filament strands DIGESTION OF Autolysis = function of your lysosome ➔ AKA Occluding junction – there's no leak at all SUBSTANCES Bacterial Agents = lysosome has bacterial agent for digestion ➔ Tight = masikip = no possibility of leaks of substances Ex. stomach = has hydrochloric acid = tight junction prevents it from leaking to other organs = madadamage organs pag nagleak HISTOLOGY Types of tissues ADHEREns ➔ Plaque junctions ➔ Contains adhesion belt – it wont separate easily Tissue (anchoring junction) (during movement of cells Group of similar cells which has a similar embryological origin and specialized for ➔ Transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherins) a particular function ◆ Allows molecules to penetrate = bc it contains cadherins ➔ Microfilaments (actin) 4 Types of Tissue May small space in between + adhesion belt Epithelial ➔ Can be seen in the lining if your organ, body, stomach ◆ For protection Desmosomes ➔ Plaque Connective ➔ Abundant tissue in the body + assist framework of body ➔ Does not attach microfilaments (no need link) ◆ Ex. Bone tissue, cartilage, fibrocartilage, hyarin ➔ Intermediate filaments (keratin) ◆ Prevents from pulling apart Muscular ➔ Generates tension and muscle contraction ◆ Contributes stability to the cell Nervous ➔ Control center of all body parts ➔ Transmembrane glycoproteins (cadherin) Prevents (ex.) epidermal cells from separating w/ each other under tension → di magpupull apart kasi nakakapit sya sa muscle MERCADO BSN 1B ➔ have own nerve supply but avascular HEMidesmosomes ➔ Plaque ; similar with desmosomes = iba lang ◆ Ex. kinurot ka = u feel it pero wala syand blood vessel so madali membrane nila matanggal (avascular) ➔ Stabilize the position BUT NOT link in another cell ◆ There is no blood supply that's why it can easily peel ➔ Transmembrane glycoprotein (integrin) ◆ Ex. nasunburn ka = it will fall off PERO no blood na kasama bc ◆ They connect directly on the basement avascular = stings tho bc of nerve supply membrane ➔ high mitotic rate ◆ Basement membrane = does not link ◆ they can divide easily adjacent cell ➔ Intermediate filaments (keratin) ➔ Anchor cells to the basement membrane protein Classification of Lining Epithelium (laminin) Linked directly to the basement membrane!! NOT to Simple = one layer another cell According to arrangement of Layers Pseudostratified = single layer (false layer) GAP junctions ➔ Tiny fluid-filled tunnels (connexons) – composed of transmembrane proteins (connexins) ➔ Once cell to another Op[en lang sya = from one cell to another Open sya bc of connexons iba iba shape bc false layer sya = mukhang multilayer pero one lang talaga Stratified = 2 layers or more Keywords Tight junction = tight = masikip Adherens junction = adhere to = stick to (may belt) Desmosomes = connect sa muscle parang root ng tree Hemidesmosomes = HEM ng damit = nakaconnect sa basement (baba) Gap junction = GAP = may space konti actual multilayer; same shape and can see the separation of layer Types of Tissues According to Cell shape Squamous = flat Epithelial ➔ arranged in sheets, in either single or multiple layers Cuboidal = cuboid in shape ➔ packer cells with little extracellular material ➔ Found mostly in skin and lining of internal organs Columnar = rectangular in shape ➔ adhered to nearby connective tissue via basement membrane MERCADO BSN 1B Transitional = variation of shape (iba iba) STRUCTURES - Ability to change its shape due to tension Simple v. Branched Combination – combine cell shape + cell layers Unicellular- single celled glands Sructural Classification Multicellular Example ni mam from google: ○ Simple, compound ○ Tubular, acinar, tubuloacinar Merocrine = secrete products from vesicles that are pinched from cell Functional Classification Ex. Salivary glands = may ducts to release saliva Apocrine = sceretes products that produces milk From left to right (up part) Ex. lactiferous glands / mammary 1. Simple Squamous = one flat layer lang glands → pag sinuck yung nipple 2. Simple Cuboidal = one layer din pero di na flat lalabas ung milk 3. Simple columnar = mukhang columns 4. Simple pseudostratified columnar = mukhang multilayer pero not really Holocrine = sebaceous + oil glands - Upon maturity, there will be From left to right (down part) rupture in the cell = nagiging 1. Stratified Squamous = maraming layer pero flat pa rin sya pimple, blackhead, whitehead 2. Stratified Cuboidal 3. Stratified columnar = naka column 4. Stratified transitional = various shapes Classification of Gland Epithelium Has secretion = glands Endocrine Glands that secretes hormones directly in the (ductless) bloodstream - No need for ducts bc diretso bloodstream a. Mero = vesicle secrete products by pinching Exocrine Glands that secretes hormones through ducts b. Apo = squeeze = release ung part na un (ducted) - May use of ducts para magsecrete c. Holo = rupture entire cell = un din ung secreted part (pimple) MERCADO BSN 1B Connective Tissue ➔ Most abundant & widely distributed tissues in the body MULTICELLULAR EXOCRINE GLANDS ➔ Vascular and has nerve supply (except cartilage = no nerve supplypag Simple Glands Compound Glands meron syang nerve supply it would be painful to move) ➔ Function: binds tissue together & supports + strengthen tissue Simple tubular Compound tubular Composition Simple branched tubular Compound acinar Extracellular Ground substance Simple coiled tubular. Compound tubuloacinar Matrix Fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified Functions to support and bind cells, store water, and Simple acinar allow exchange between blood and cells Simple branched acinar. Complex combination of proteins and polysaccharides Fibers Structural classification examples: Collagen fibers Elastic fibers Simple Tubular (green side) Reticular fibers - Isang stem lang meron sila The fibers aid in flexibility and strength Simple areolar (blue side) Cells Fibroblasts, chondroblasts[cartilage], osteoblasts [bones] - Isang stem pa rin = continuation Adipocytes = adipose tissue ng green Blood cells = WBC, RBC, platelets Iba iba nagsesecrtete ng cells depende sa tissue (later on Compound tubular (baba portion) ididiscuss - Has more stems na parang nag branch out Classification of Connective Tissue Embryonic This is usually taken when upon giving birth = this can connective tissue be used in stem cell therapy [ex. Stroke or cancer] Precursor of all Mesenchyme = gives rise to all other connective tissue connective tissue Mucous (wharton’s jelly) = found in umbilical cord of fetus - Contains a lot of important cells = collagen + placenta MERCADO BSN 1B Loose connective tissue (3) Reticular Loose = manipis lang Areolar ○ Forms the stroma of liver, spleen & lymph so mabilis sya ○ Most abundant & widely distributed nodes magbreakdwon tissues in the body ○ They have thin form of collagen fibers ○ contains several types of cells and all three fibers [collagen, reticular & elastic] ○ Found in skin and hollow organs Mature connective tissue Dense = matitigas Dense connective tissue Dense regular ○ tendons and most ligament Adipose ○ Cord like structure that can be found at Mature connective ○ Functions as insulation + energy reserve the end of your muscle tissue (fats = insulation) Usually nasa ends lang sya ng muscle na parang ○ contains cells particularly adipocytes tapered. (releases adipose) Dense irregular ○ White + brown adipose tissue ○ flat tendons White = seen in stomach, waist and back (insulation) ○ Fascia & aponeurosis Brown = ex. In newborns, they use this as a source of heat bc their muscles dont contract yet. Kaya pag In tendons when they contract = isa lang direction ng umiiyak nagiging red sila (heat) pull, pero flat = pwede marami Ex. in your forehead = pag nagraise ng eyebrows = para syang maraming roots na hinihila pataas Elastic ○ Contains branching elastic fibers ○ Strong and can recoil, can go back to each original shape MERCADO BSN 1B Cartilage 2. Fibrocartilage [thicker collagen] Composed of extracellular matrix (chondroitin sulfate) Found in vertebrae and mature cells (chondrocyte) = found in joint surface Contains fibrocartilage This is surrounded by the perichondrium Resists compression forces - IV Discs Ex. knee joining = yung cartilage is ung green part, nagiging cover sya para di magkafriction yung 2 bones kasi pag nagtama sila then magkakaron ng pain. Walang blood vessel and nerves except sa perichondrium. [Perichondrium = yung red circle] As u grow old, nagdedeteriorate sya = damaged bc of use = numinipis - arthritis → limited na growth nya bc of old age Pag bata pa kasi may cells yung knees na nagcecell division = interstitial / endogenous growth Bone tissue Liquid connective tissue ○ Blood and lymph 3. elastic cartilage Usually see in your larynx, voice box, ears 1. Hyaline - Bumabalik din sa dating shape Developing fetus + contains chondrocytes ; - Ex. piningot ung ear = di madedeform You see this at the end of long bones Ex. chicken = masarap na part ng drumstick yung 3 types of cartilage parang bone nila Insert pics from ppt MERCADO BSN 1B Composition (2) Spongy bone - trabeculae Extracellular matrix – calcium salts, collagen ○ Lacks osteon + columnar shape fibers ○ Butas butas sya without osteon ○ Calcium salts = hydroxyapitite crystal ○ Has opening in between because you Mature Connective Cells – osteocytes have marrow (trabeculae) = lighter Tissue: ○ Not like cartilage ○ Osteo = bones Trabeculae = shaded part, sa dulo sya ng bone and it is Bone (Osseous) tissue what makes it lighter Coverings: Endosteum (Inner) If compact lahat then ang bigat masyado un Periosteum (Outer) Types: (1) Compact bone - osteon (Haversian System) ○ Cells are packed tightly with osteon ○ Osteon = black na parang watermelon seed ○ Green is the haversian system, para syang canal They both have trabeculae = makes your bones lighter Specialized connective tissue ➔ Liquid connective tissue ◆ Blood ◆ Extracellular matrix – plasma (H2O = water component) ➔ Cells ◆ WBC, RBC, platelets ➔ Lymph ◆ constitute the same fluid as your plasma MERCADO BSN 1B Muscular Tissue Move substances through hollow opening by contracting slowly; they squeeze things through like a tube of toothpaste Myocytes – contains muscles cells, these are excitable cells Main Function: to generate tension to cause contraction, when there is contraction, it helps you to maintain your posture and produce heat Cardiac striated, involuntary control(like heartbeat), uni-nucleated(single nucleus) + (positive for intercalated disk – it transfers action Classification of Muscle Cells potential or impulses from one cell to another which lets the cell Striated vs. Nonstriated pump as one) striated have a banded appearance (stripes) Single nucleus or multinucleated cells ➔ are called “cardiocytes” and Either having one (single) or more than one (multinucleated) nucleus in found in heart walls branching cells each cell connect at intercalated disks which Muscle cells can be controlled allow contractions to occur faster voluntarily (consciously) or involuntarily (automatically) ➔ are regulated by pacemaker cells which control contraction of Types of Muscular Tissue the heart muscles Skeletal voluntary, striated, cylindrical. (multinucleated) It has striations and has many nucleus and ability to voluntarily control it Explained more: Skeletal Muscle Cells ◼ Striated, voluntary, and multinucleated ◼ are long, thin and cylindrical; they are attached to bones and move our skeleton ◼ are usually called “muscle fibers” What is striated? Para syang ◼ do not divide to create new cells may cuts ◼ new fibers are produced by stem cells ◼ Striations -- cross stripes (bands) run perpendicular to the cells Smooth Spindle shape (end is tapered) uni-nucleated (single nucleus), involuntarily controlled that can be found in your hollow organs (intestine, bladder, lungs, and blood vessels) Spindle shape = MERCADO BSN 1B Cardiac Muscle Cells are called “cardiocytes” and found in heart walls branching cells connect at intercalated disks which allow contractions to occur faster are regulated by pacemaker cells which control contraction of the heart muscles striated, involuntary, and single nucleus Cardiac Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle Cells Summary of types are small and pointed at their ends Muscle Type Striated # of nuclei Voluntary or can divide and regenerate new cells Involuntary non-striated, involuntary, and single nucleus found in hollow organs like the intestine, bladder, Skeletal Yes Multinucleated Voluntary lungs, and blood vessels move substances through hollow opening by Cardiac Yes Single Nucleus Involuntary contracting slowly; they squeeze things through like a tube of toothpaste Smooth No Single Nucleus Involuntary Smooth Muscle Tissue MERCADO BSN 1B Neuroglia of the CNS (central nervous system) Microglia Also connected to If there was bacterial growth in the brain AKA phagocytes neuron + checks like meningitis then it is Nervous Tissue of the brain unwanted particles responsible for that, it should have been - 2 types: neuron + neuroglia (supporting structure) checked and avoided - Remember known as phagocytes of the brain. phagocytes! Types of Nervous Tissue Phagocytes: monitor the health of neurons Neuron convert and transmit nerve impulses / action potential (from one place to another) – bc there are nerves Neuroglia protective and supporting cells Ependymal cells range in shape from squamous to - More of a supporting role – insulates neurons and promotes columnar. (flat + cube shape) health and growth of neurons - Ex: astrocytes (star shape) – responsible for blood brain it moves the fluid = your CSF fluid all barrier throughout your brain and spinal cord. Has villi ; moves fluid If fluid does not flow then you will have (CSF) hydrocephalus = damage in the brain + Astrocytes (star shaped) spinal cord = either communicated or most abundant and highly branched in non communciated nature glial cells Maintains blood-brain barrier = binded to Oligodendrocytes blood vessel and neurons = regulates their Produces myelin sheath permeability + checks internal env. of CNS Myelin!! Threats that go in is checked before it goes to neuron = checks internal env. of cell Acts as a chemical barrier to unwanted Myelin particles Nerve fiber is wrapped around by oligodendrocytes processes Parang sa line ng Checheck nya muna bago dalhin sa neuron wifi, yung cover ng Acts as insulators of the nerve fibers “fiber” is the myelin Connected to blood vessel and neuron - Wifi fiber cover sheath tas ung fiber is nerve fibers  MERCADO BSN 1B Parts of Neurons Neuroglia of the PNS(peripheral nervous system) Schwann Cells counterpart of oligodendrocytes Cell Body – contains your nucleus, integrating center of your neuron. neurolemmocytes Myelin sheath in CNS Wraps itself around the nerve fibers Axon Hillock – generate your action potential that will travel through your axon. produces myelin in peripheral nervous system (PNS) Present only in PNS not CNS Axon – it carries action potential or signals away Satellite Cells surround neuron cell bodies located within the ganglia from the cell body. - Axon collaterals - they cover your neuron so that it won’t be open to any - Telodendria dangers around it. - Axonal terminal or Synaptic Knobs (communicates with muscle glands) Dendrites – carries impulses from your receptors towards the cell body. - short tapering structure (like branches) - transfer action potential NOTE: (Schwann Cells) space in between is called nodes of ranvier – responsible Structure of Dendrites: Structure of Axons for saltatory conduction of impulse. Short, tapering processes Slender processes of uniform Unlike sa CNS na buo sya, in PNS putol putol yung covering para mas mabilis They are the receptive, or input, diameter arising from the hillock yung transfer ng ng impulse/signal to body regions of the neuron Long axons are called nerve fibers Electrical signals are conveyed Usually there is only one unbranched Neurons (Nerve Cells) as graded potentials (not action axon per neuron potentials) Axon collaterals – branch Structural and functional unit of our brain Responsible for electrical signaling bc capable for producing action Telodendria potential and cell to cell signaling during development Axonal terminal or synaptic knobs – circle at end of branch that communicates with muscle gland MERCADO BSN 1B 2. Dermis – connective tissue layer sense organ that can sense hot, cold protects the body from uv light Stuctural Classification of Neurons participate in thermoregulation excretion of various substances Note: In adults, the skin covers an area of about 2 sq meters (22 square feet) and weighs 4.5-5kg (10-11lb) about 7% of total body weight. (kaya largest, 2nd ang liver) Subcutaneous muna bago mag muscle A. Anaxonic Neuron = walang specific – di mo sure kung saan dendrites B. Bipolar Neuron = 1 dendrite, 1 axon (2 process) – nasa middle ung neuron kaya may cut sa process C. Unipolar Neuron = 1 process only = nasa gilid neuron kaya diretso process D. Multipolar Neuron = 1 axon, 5 dendrites may branches ung dendrites Integumentary System Components II. Epidermis ➔ stratified squamous keratinized epithelium I. Skin ➔ outer portion of the skin ➔ largest part of the body ➔ 16% of the total body weight 4 Cell Types Keratinocytes synthesize keratin 2 Main Layers Function Melanocytes produces the brown melanin = gives skin color 1. Epidermis – epithelial layer prevents desiccation or peeling MERCADO BSN 1B Langerhan Cells they participate in the immune response = like Thin Skin Thick Skin microglia ➔ all the areas of the body are thin ➔ Only present in palms and foot Merkel Cells involved in sensory receptor “light touch perception” skin except for the palm, foot soles soles. ➔ Thicker mostly due to stratum ➔ stratum lucidum essentially corneum lacking & granulosum = no ➔ Stratum lucidum present & whitish/thick layer thicker spinosum + corneum ➔ have corneum, spinosum & ➔ sensation is absent germonatibum ➔ Poorly developed but sensation is present Layers of Epidermis (CULUGOSABAGA) Stratum Corneum consists dead cells (nawawashoff pag nagloofa) Stratum Lucidum makes the whitish color of your palm, plantar aspect of your foot (thick skin) = palm + foot plantar ONLY Stratum Granulosum 3-5 layers of flattened polygonal cells, have basophilic granule (thick skin) Stratum Spinosum spiny Stratum Basale cell division MERCADO BSN 1B Keratinization Parts of the Hair ➔ 4-6 weeks the process of keratinization ➔ Accumulation of keratin as the epidermal cells move from one layer to Hair Follicle extends downward into the dermis another. - Bulb – base of each hair follicle ➔ The epidermal cells of the stratum basale are closest to these blood vessels - Nakalabas sa epidermis and receive most of the nutrients and oxygen. Arrector Pili responsible for piloerection due to cold exposure Muscle - Tumataas hair sa skin Hair Papilla at the end of the hair = sa follicle - contains areolar connective tissue and many blood vessels that nourish the growing hair follicle. Hair Matrix inside the hair papilla Hair Root Plexus surrounding the hair follicles - Why u feel sensation when people touch ur hair Hair Shaft visible part of the hair medulla (inner part) Dermis cortex (main constituent of hair) 2 Layers in Dermis cuticle (outer surface of the hair) 1. Papillary Layers – outer surface of dermis a. There is dermal papilla 2. Reticular Layers – made up of blood vessels and nerve endings a. veins Yung circle part that will be the hair follicle tas Papillary Region ung nakalabas na that will be the hair shaft ➔ dermal papillae contain capillary loops (blood vessels) ➔ contain receptors called Meissner Corpuscles (crude touch) slender keratinous filaments that developed from ➔ free nerve endings (pain receptors) the invagination of the epidermal epithelium called the hair follicle, which presents during the growth Skin Appendages period of terminal dilatation called the hair bulb. a. Hair b. Nails Vellus – short hair (patubo) c. Sebaceous Glands Terminal – long hair d. Sweat Glands Lanugo – fetal hair in body MERCADO BSN 1B 2 Types of Sweat Glands 1. Eccrine Glands – produce more water sweat. Phases of Hair Growth 2. Apocrine Glands – more oily type of sweat (it contains sebum or oil) · Anagen growing phase (growth stage) - Tumutumbo hair here Ceruminous Glands: modified sweat glands in the external ear. This is the combination of ceruminous and · Catagen regression phase, hair sheds easily sebaceous glands secretion. The cerumen acts as a (regression - Nawala na sa papilla kaya phase) sticky barrier to stop foreign bodies and insects from nagsheshed entering - Cerumen = Ear = earwax production · Telogen no growth is experienced (resting stage) - Pause in growth for about 3 Nails Horny plates on the surface of terminal phalanges of months fingers and toes (digits) Parts of Nails 1. Nail Bed Skin Appendages 2. Nail Wall 3. Nail Groove Hair Growth Scalp hair is in the: 4. Lunula ➔ growth stage for 2-6 years – ANAGEN 5. Nail Plate ➔ regression stage for 2-3 weeks – CATAGEN 6. Eponychium ➔ resting stage for about 3 months – TELOGEN 7. Hyponychium ➔ Normal hair loss in the adult scalp is about 8. Nail Matrix 70-100 hairs per day. Sebaceous Glands ➔ cauliflower shaped glands found where there is Free edge = yung ginugupit na part hair in the body = not present in the soles and Nail plate = nilalagyan ng nail polish palms. Eponychium = Tinatanggal na skin = cuticle ◆ [contains sebum + oil, kaya nagooily hair] ➔ Function is to produce sebum (or oil), which is to If yung nail root madadamage = di na tutubo nail bc lubricate and prevent the drying of hair. nandoon matrix (cell division) ◆ Not present in thick skin (palm + foot Dermatitis is the inflammation of the skin and the plantar) Usual clinical bacterial cause is impetigo, cellulitis, abscess Sweat Glands ➔ produce sweat in your body – main function correlation with skin ➔ Sudoriferous glands Impetigo = has canker sores on top of skin ➔ simple coiled tubular glands whose main Cellulitis = white discoloration function is to produce sweat in order to lower the Abscess = pus like formation body temperature