Applied Physical Chemistry - Introduction to Energy and Oil PDF

N -> Applied Physical Chemistry INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY And oil Di is The Rac material for the production of most of t...

N -> Applied Physical Chemistry INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY And oil Di is The Rac material for the production of most of the smemicals. Let's start Talrung About The Carbon Ye. The carbon cycle describes the process in which carbon atoms continually travel from the atmosphere to the Earth and then back into the atmosphere. Since our planet and its atmosphere form a closed environment, the amount of carbon in this system does not change. darsan Be plants and then they so saued photosynthetis san dapture from atmospher as O2 By do the through which carbon dioxide and water are converted into sugar (glucose or polymers): 82 + M28 = /MeD + 82 Tre sel tre Living secanisms On The FORT de Respiration WHEN THE Biomass neists With Oxygen to Give Bar Ency Ank doe : M Me0 + 82 : 82 + M20 This is sales Organis subsyste with Resulting Buraz of orlanie Mother Merscene , Gas , oil. me... ) into segments. In order to undebrand wmor's the amount of fossil frets UNDER THE GROUND THE GEOR MODEL WAS DEVELOPED. By This moder it was plounes That the amount of sorbon of 2 Fossil And Proof fuels is Very MUce is ↑ The R of that - WGNINE The Bleatrung In the mosome We MOVE Oxygen we or. * ORGANIS doz lumum is convenes ins scher res say organis Murrell 182 MATTER ↑euULOSE Thanks to NUCMT. The The Organis MoreR Is OXIDLESED By I STAR /M * Mumne _ Animals And al The LIVNLORconisms vor certing Every Fossil 02 d pinsrcy From N. By doing this the arvons Morre Tues FUELS CrNorrun protomontess In many Born who OZ By Oxygen eie imrovch Oxycen was Released. years all The organis morrer that was produces will do diatly book to soe so if norming mapoens We are resming a stesy state The O2. most meistive moldle involves is mich elefreonegativity) we or is Einety ou and Nevins So 1 cor of Evercy to Be consumes Her of protosynthesis is Extremely low). we should mor a sendy stre O2 In in wrism mos a howy low concentration. we leave Orcons moners from edvingaum we should move an Nursing can sentation 82 or jo by merang it we san extimte the ouantity Of Onconic morrers Nemoure from The Eaurosur. Wist morfes is mow must se this Orland Mother moves for evinumum is a sessible , which is MUGE. Tre fost is not constant because easy dstessige Fossil evers were already mept so it's more expensive io Get TheM. Tre piotue On the numt nurs Up The Saman Ye WRE : Carbon moves from the atmosphere to plants as CO2. Through the process of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is pulled from the air to produce food made from carbon for plant growth; Carbon moves from plants to animals that eat them; Carbon moves from plants and animals to soils. When plants and animals die, their bodies, wood and leaves decays bringing the carbon into the ground. Some is buried and will become fossil fuels in millions and millions of years; Carbon moves from living things to the atmosphere. Each time you exhale, you are releasing carbon dioxide gas (CO2) into the atmosphere. Animals and plants need to get rid of carbon dioxide gas through a process called respiration; Carbon moves from fossil fuels to the atmosphere when fuels are burned. When humans N aa.burn fossil fuels to power factories, power plants, cars and trucks, most of the carbon quickly aa.enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide gas; A Carbon moves from the atmosphere to the oceans. The oceans, and other bodies of water, D Aaaa.absorb some carbon from the atmosphere. The carbon is dissolved into the water. Tre wit fossil quel Adoptes by mumans was earson rather tron oi. Because it was easifl to BE Re TMaNRS To MINes On The Ground. Dent 18th sentral people stones Discoverag ore ERVOrs AND PESPE UNsebroad It Was mode Of a muse ammount af different malees That dan Be Obtaines Jus By distination. The sumter firion of is die was very good as a fuel to feed or engines so dunng 19 h sentury the giC industry Develope for Tree quality is no doubt that of Wee is Cy ronies if EveiGy AvollBizity so The People on If imponent The Every S Extremely. Usave -f foss fuers increases the probustion But also The SO2 In The Atmosphere By Ther Consumption. We an Going to inchise the nsumption of Evency · Myprogen is not a source of evercy bestse We move to PRODULE It's JUST TRANSPONEL The It. OF ENERGY · YesR 100000 TW GLOBAL TOTOL Every Series In O is · Fossil fuel's evergy is the hesper One bemuse Row Museum is "For fee", directly Give to us From Nature. The advantages given By fousi fuels dre neares to ther availability , the low door of the dupilibility infrastrustees for distribution use gre transportation Newing evercy ans of , and. We An 3 Buen Peopl Ni wor and We need every. It's Impossibl to prove the amoun of usin fossi fuels Early necessary to ou ef us euitmout , wish of ve move severe problm associates TO THE UIGE. Nowsomys the best aurion seems to be nuskor energy wit is the Genest bur thre s not engurm Uranium and safe Proseburs , If The Ney option Will BE Ena MOV 02. Of sourse , somes IR UTE FOSS Fuele Will Be Finishes and the soor will Grow no well as the esser sourses of fossil ques Will Be Jontures. So we dow exper that the perse Of ore will Increase and when son earts to inse - mone stones LOOMNC FOR New sourses : So engineers Be our we nearued that as mensal ore will Raw moreral and that evercy is not nfeisent. Introduction To Merlea BUILDING BLOR We an Gain to Tau About The Production of Burling Blocks For newal nousrey. Tre proses of oil famation is save merogenesys , so it's the geneys af merogen Nirm is Narrag BUT A mixture of Orconis Morser line by wire Transfores into forsil fuels. We move different dossigures Bur Ino animals Natural wie roo... We always need sefisiently stable Orconiu morrer. But sunonc moveves , woop taptures By Americ NRE a VER OR The SES WHEN WE Move Andersby sonditions no muce sonsentration Of 82 As in tre air). Besause of density the organis Morser go to The Barron Of greans When we move anaerobi sensition 8 Bossend and alone living in that sondi tion on edt organis Morres. In YEA They DEVELOPES The ABUTy To Est Without using 82 as a transfer of Electrons But SULPMUR For Exampl · Es is boues than Oxygen , Mos a lowe EroNetiving Bur the some sonkouration of 82 & It's ABE if Do Almart The sor trung. We ar sharing from None Wie eMiz8r And WE CNI TO NVE TO MYDRORBINS , O WiMOUT OXYGEN : ↑u M12 88 &x My Batters One Be to Get exycen from Gor And Transform It Into 82. It roul ALSO BE TNFORES Into M20 Bur arraly It ↳ not besuse There is a lar of water There. They also increase sulomur in the system besoute they mee nating Neur for transferng elefreons. In unc orcanisms the san sentration of e is always mumer MON The 52 in the sure shell of our planet. So inside Mercen We usually Move mcm can sentration of sulphur wish will Be MOVED SOMEMOW Beaute Lun We BU IT We GET Soe - The profess doe on with mum pressur and with meras whe vansorum or molybdenum puying is a satocyt of those respons. Roughly Every Mm Terature Nurse Of 30 o If we get or 3 m Luf The groun The temofmium will se preund 90. With those rowortions /wam p and mum but nor so mor and metals paying as satalyst we cen the monfomation of INTE THE FINAL products. The time is muon of years to we will norm Temobynoms revlatm. If we start from equine wusr is the More shown on the 3 mononanols let / combination of , It's Very Dremoult to Be Destroyed Trans is all the promtic NNos that it mos. We svl als man from drin-nan wmism is the mone protesting plants from the ourside , Alo EMELY STABL. Unony They or In The Borrom of the oseon so it's must of worer and SPLI rions sun as subun , panossum , Mounesium... ). Metals asting as sotalysts transfor wire by Wine the future of arconis morree until remosynow virum Reneunc Temperium Num But ⑱ is Resume. The is Nor too migh We san use franes Drogmom To Unseland Wit Rub of MoENE We Wir FINg WIN We NoM TMT EDUBRUM. lowe crb's mont stability The fency more o braubom is newwe i that mermane is the Mass Stage mypeormson. Why don't we Just Get ~Mm ? It depends an tre initial Jandition. If We L OR AT HYDROAONs The Rate Mis Starts From 4 : 1 wrirem is the micmest possible Jansentration ar mydrogen. If We Move Enough MyDroCem to N TWE RI We Cat metmone , if We don't move it we wim Get OneTMNG Else - Dr is a nature that sontains a Muce ammount of More Witm different ritros of and t. Inside Or We Roughly Mone : · 83-87 % ARSON · 28-14 Y. MYDROGE ·8 1-2 % Nitrogen which reeps the arevatue so we inside. , satalyst into the san kind it the or -> NOBODY Will NOVE It Bernuse It's a too small eventity Of Nitrogen wher will Be transfores in pouurants , so IT's NESUCIBE COMONs to NC In OTMOSPMELE. ·0 05-1 5 Lower Berger... Oxygen. The The Bessure rambustion of fuel With n for af 22 Mos a lower Nawe ·0 05-5.. Sulphur. Lunsm is the Electron Transfer Inside mycrasomons tree an buons of malques but we don bentify the konnes smown i the pri ON TME NCMT : ·paraffines are myarasarsons with the forowing Structur : & mM2m + 2 Methane , Emane. PROPANe _ BUTANE ES On AES OF Parffines. They Saves BE UNER OR Not as the Twa Ortones SHOWN Below : Al The SARSONS ARE Sp3 MyBRDate and all the Bonds pre saumtes with mydrogen. Paraffines Ar The Most Stable MyDroarOns · · Napmtenes an myarasarsons with the fonowing Staudur : H ImMem They N ANGS URE ScomeNe and they Move 2 mydrogens mess because samelmel paraffines dre garorser. Let's sonsider H the enesr metane and let's exiarse it remove Mydrogen). By NMOVING 2 MYDeSIN We GET THE TNO Eledrone TOLETE OBTAINING SISOMEANE Mast common an yo Pentone AND COMETONE TMNRS TO The RUNG STASIN : It's EEMELY Mor for r and 53. Then sh and to , for du strain Thu is ↓ eoval to zeco , Maner for to an to and Finally Goes unre approasting Eerd lume increasing number Trans wire by the of somon stor. Above Naomtene We move a mixtur Nngs But moor ave is e usually of the sommor drewr wnsm is the stabest one Because in 3d The Two rosee mydrogens pre those which san Gevehte a s Members Ring. · Aromatics Ane myarasarsons with the fonowing StaudUR : & n Mn ThE TYPISAL exame is BENZENe. They are evire stae Beouse We move m sarsons mybrorles spe warm delosalie ther m evermons so every bond is mor 1 - Bond We single tran. 5 e. ununuy Move A cor sk Alsmotius in ore Beause. We stor from orlonis more so as wcnine crush mos a cor of them and we dow move evouch mystolen to sarumate those Banas. asphaltenes al the Moldee lunsm nor were Desroyes · By Bornem , sorocyst es and an usually the one which dre reging in ther strae the marocyst and metals. All the mererators /N O.... I are onervation. usvowy -Omounds and will be find in aspmoltenes whism move mor WEGMT and an Very Bar Besouse san't be uses as a fuel , the on Very Puting ALL The SucPMU Is THEES. AND THEY MOVE a con of Bor properties. Since N and & ar mus Mor ElettroNEConive Than & Ans M We Move Pour points WME All. The Mya26 -mons are nor pour. They move inside a Bioponow of un Pour Blunas But some Pour point. 180. It means that when move are san king up to 30 % Of wire Because of the presente of this polr sines an depmoltenes imptung other pole sampouss wre wore and storanc Ther wish means We Won't Be BE to separate it. But ins wor some from the geon , so it sontains More gre magnesium Potassium But ThaN 200 of lons sary worez) , usually so out : ear offer we more el-smlorioe) num is a muse mone and the Wesmest possibl Base , so It stays in worke. Thurs the Aaron Way The hat unit opemtion in a Nunezy is desalting , to Nove Sout /5) containes in water which woul nor Be proem The -starts pissing a it nor salty. presense of dmosion wish loves aestroy the sown in few months. As shown By frontis diacrom at soo r The Most ~tabl mone metmone so will is we always kind It wore. We don't move only the Because we don't Move enough mysrocen to Nessm that eviubrum of we will dessm a pseudo-egurubrum With a MxE OF myproramans. By for parfenes are the Most groe ↑men we fund grekins wmsm dr sompounds with DOUBL Bounds Bur We Don't find The in are Beaute They S Nor SBE Or LOW TENenTUE. We FrNS Beveene even in it's nor stabe an mor Teen just Besause we mod it in wonine at the Staging Parnt. It We mod more mydrogen , Berewe woum disapper and sunvenues to METMaNe. In General If Move enough MYDROC ar The starmg paint on destroy The ANG. RINENOKy The frt step is the most difficult , Tren if was B to derroy one , In Will BE OBE to Destroy The Diners Besouse The fast step TME BorrE NEsk. If the is enovo mydescen runeris goes Ne Tremrobynors sys , If tree is nor in Myrogating One BOUge BON And Won't Move Any Other one Besouse that was the Bette neer the otme shees an faster and Sime It I ,. Destroy Betwe I won't mire any orme douse Bond. In or we won't find Trol Bower , To a. RENERY. The rewery s The Bioces smerisl plant in ine word Refineries are the plants where crude oil is treated to obtain the desired range of products, are complex entities consisting of: 1. a sequence of process units linked together according to different schemes; 2. utilities to generate and distribute electrical energy, steam, purified water, compressed air, aanitrogen, fuels for internal use, etc.; D 3. storage tanks for crude oil, intermediate and finished products; 4. systems to transport crude oil, intermediate and finished products. As Fol Bore , the fir se is always a besowing to Remove one , Followes By a source Of operations wher robs to muxions ar mydrosorons with similar moroteustiss. We king n cor If different unit operations : I Primary Treating (distillation to get from the oil some mixtures); · Conversion Processes (oil contains lot of molecule which must be transformed into others); / Upgrading Processes (turning better mixtures); I Treating and Blending (preparation of the product that will be sold) In 100% a NINEY If af grube sir enters , without Water , We An Distilloting the sil Into Differnt frostions /PNMzy TESTMENTS : · Lovifles perronum Gas , Mode se mermane , Ene , PROPANE And BUTANE ~ BOTM M-BUTANE AND 155-BurdNe) Nurs Al Gases at room Nations. Rouzzy 2 5. Of jevde art is MODE OF LPC · GOSONNE ~ MODE Of 5 up to dez west are Lavid and WOMI Atmosphere distruste. ↑ Ore to Be USEs in or evoines Gosoune must be evoulm stobe num means we nes enough promot. We Nes uporooing processes sum romentation nomung wirm increase From is or strung going UN is Aromatic move in amer to nasm The NGMT ONE NUMBE * Tre number grane is an inokt of fuels stability : The MGM it Is. The Lower is The PROBABLY That Our xture Wil Explode To inse errone Number Wit smoun be at east 95 in for Engines We. , , ~move move an michel amount of dromoris or stoe moves In The MATE. · Diesel. was on be givised into two ronrabutions : Jet fuel used for mirplanes engines Wi Are turng a cor of Every and The Ale no alewatine Nowadays) and Gostit. ·Fuel BEN Borron beserse WIN We Bur Dis ,... All The product are undesres Movy MyDrDrorsons We are parring mush more The Numer ONEs.  Those are LOWER usually Sent i Ot unit spections In Omer if Transform Ther INTO ↑ Yaroarans. 288r the products more ↑A - if we at pluses of the We Owne NEE ThE PLOT ON The NGMT Going From THE TOP TO THE BoroM : · GaSES /IPE) MOVE a Good VAWE : · Grune , Jer Fuel and diesel Move an insensing Value and Are the Most exensIVE · spralines and Boran proove an not so VaWB Bespute pollutants and sonrouns merere atoms They are. In General anorl mate Rum in womt myorororons Is MON Expensive a mixture pouurants Than ON Meavy are and ronroining I TOP Borro OR MENEROSTOMS MOS A LOW VOLVE. The BTX/BENEE most morant building Blasms for unwra moussel are din dan 53u m-sar iso-sh and , TOLENE : XYEE : These an on Be round in a newwery and the prac Bed of a phaur wie that is SMONn In The PLE BELON. So Now ei's Tal BNEELy about those Operations We sound find in a Nerves y : 2. devee a even the nevery and the not wit speration is Desalting To Remove Salt Mast By aspratenes 2. Now We move bry sir warn ever in a very bic distication sonurn awe Topping. Tre we get sever different Natures wir differ Bound ranges and we desnges Ther In The PLENOU PAGE. ON The TOP We GET The lig din : dar m-fa and iss-h) are Going down we move meavier mares. If Moener weomt is mich the probobrury of finding a muce amount of NlPmUR Inte TME  Mukture increases , so it's necessary to run an mas. 3 DVANC The MYROSE Nation /Mos) We Move The For wind Restrian R , Re = Mes + M so rulprue is removes from our myorororsons and Mes is procures. After Mos the wate is spurred : · The numife myorosamons joul do Dirty O LPG WANE : * ↳h and u go ro isomenzation wash increases the brangmes of those myseo rarsons By using. A procyst. We so that to increase The frobutyr-Ortane Nurser) of Our MixTVE : Reforming Winner · ane mesuier mygesprons Go to Warm stone Number By protec motories. Ef oure and su ouan't give promotive - We do Prsour. ↑ 3 S L Belene wrsm is Toxin very diewroug to be seetnages by ordionists Berause or its storury) 2 h j DVNC NORNL We we satalyst to artivate mydrogen Based On a metal es as par Mo Ni curren Inouses. H H A dissociative AdsOrTion Me We pur monunt If. verony at mur Tememtur and snse we move long shoins of myotsmrsoms we know that ersons a fiat and sixth position Will Be 105E eseh arme As to the for sornys , so it's to GET TME TWO MYDIN In order is forn the Dougl Bang ans The six members Ang. The Two sos An Th FOUOWING : 3 1. Satalyst move mydescen to cer the sycization of AlNe AROMATI. 2 Sardust mes mysroun to cet the boube Band inside the NNc wmism on be used Nove alphur in MDs. By Neorung we prooure 4 myorsgen move de is the. 4 The Borrom of the alum Womung or 355 sontains also a how of one was was nor sisricutre. Also mus manure ness an Mos to rmove momur ~ then it goes to anortr distination rocumn dow voruum Tower Warm works under a nanum , Of gure. The Borrom prosust an assum is Bitumen zurum ~ pouvie Mos The LOWEST VALUE ery Ans 5. On th ME mane the Top Produ movin some positional unir spections to Ver IPC and turfe myghorarsans in severe. We san run an mybrosmormung or a Satalytic raasrunga to Destroy Those The difference between the and mush more Reors will Meavy moleves which mos a wate value. Two Be stown in the following Paces J. Sometimes , After the searring an Run an acrylation profess wir will Be Berer Examines hrer. TRANG The fart common Burling blosm was met - Wish Was the most Nastive - Nowadays we are money wornc with alsmeve/mes= ra) and the mope for the funn is to move to Priffines /M3s-sms). We sow that in ore we Don't Move we move underrane GEN any Dough Bond so to Mow is ETMYNE From OUR MATE. Aurora inc to Temodynamics The No Way to OBTON ETMYENE ~Ma) by smonging Temperture as smown on fronts brogest. All steural obnis wil work with mor press is noure volumes sinse Goses or invowes and the production is MUGe suse we an producing the most somon Burbing Blorrs. The Nastion we an interested in is : 2 Mr = 22 4n + M2 We InSe T We Gen Myorogen and amon But we ran Do that with storing pusmes a paint west inemosynows to Ermikwe r runerisomy stopping the after Bene gering samson. 2 Mr = 22 4n + H2 · 20 + 342 if 1 insset prousing Me luwen means removing from the am in it mydrosogons , wish is Exercy wit we Want to Do. We Just move to undermud how to stop the Nation Beore the favour is Nestles in under to Me Trus rosung G Instead sf sarson. is awe atalytic. Wmot we move to do is innse and Be ne we move the proper Initial conditions. Amon all of the make ↑n our rruse sre The Ess rostive ore promotiss. Let's consider a gevere main of mydromoran : ↑ ~increase t we san move Two restions : ·BARNG A -M BOND M M ↑M M M · BRAMNG A 1- BOND M M M M knemisawy The essiest stee is the fiest one and we van Move M M MM M M · MOMOLIT BER : de +o · Meterolyti Blak : + Motor gr + M and Momolytic brar is The essiest to armeve. Rogers Ane I enly mostne because move Just ane Error they By - I mssing. ep the most stable moiral is the One mcmeomies on the romt and since is MOM WE AN browing isomerzation. Th means we will agron Mostly Thor Tetracy Assisal. Now Le More a Bans wish is Wester ana What We Geris a B-session morrion snown Brow - ~ * d t B Bernuse of the musing electron in a-samon The meral Band Betwee d and B-sambon is mesmer and B - fron Tende to give mis e-to The a-rombon. Theovam B-smission We GET ANGENNE Ano a parey rosirol wurm is unstable , so it will has as soon ar it is progures. We move two options : 1 aaoriat position purely. okreation west means the smance mus for to seconomy : 2. it Ressss wirm anothe alsone. Glenting a new radical This a rotrion thor will some or wrer imons to micr Rodrops mostivity In momale is alway happen. to 5 op The Nastion ME GEN THE DJUBE BOND Wor 188MNC FOR. If im abl to pay with a sarocyst an more mefrolyti Brah inomer to Ger must more