App342-3.pdf

Qassim University College of Veterinary Medicine Farm Animal Nutrition APP 342 Dr. Abduaziz M. Almuzaini  Composition of feed Feeds Dry matter Moisture Inorganic Organ...

Qassim University College of Veterinary Medicine Farm Animal Nutrition APP 342 Dr. Abduaziz M. Almuzaini  Composition of feed Feeds Dry matter Moisture Inorganic Organic matter matter Enzymes & Carbohydrates Lipids Protein Vitamins Soluble Insoluble Water Water is required in greater quantity than any other orally ingested substance. Water makes up 65 to 85% of animal body weight at birth and 45 to 60% at maturity. Water is found in the animal body as intra or extracellular: 1) 60% is intracellular (within cells) - 2) 40% is extracellular (outside cells) - a) Plasma b) Interstitial fluid Functions of Water in the Animal 1. Hydrate and maintain shape of body cells. 2. Universal solvent for chemical reactions 3. Transportation of nutrients and excretions 4. Body temperature regulation – various properties of water allow accumulation of heat, ready transfer of heat and loss of large amounts of heat on vaporization: Sweat 5. Lubricates and cushions joints and organs in the body cavity as a component of: Saliva, Joint fluids, Effects of Deficiencies or Restrictions of Water on the Animal 1. Reduced feed intake and reduced productivity. 2. Weight loss due to dehydration. 3. Increased excretion of nitrogen and electrolytes such as sodium and potassium. Sources of Water to the Animal 1. Drinking water. 2. Water contained in or on feed. a) Variation in feedstuffs – Grains may range from -below 8% to more than 30% water (90% dry matter) Forages may range from -below 5% in a dry hay to more than 90% water in lush, young grass b) Precipitation or dew on feeds Factors That Affect Water Intake/Requirements 1. Size/age of animal – 2. Dry matter (DM) consumption –DM intake is highly correlated with water intake. 3. Production status of the animal – lactating vs dry cow: 4. Activity/work level 5. Metabolic rate a) Hibernating animals b) High strung animals 6. Dietary factors – a) High water content of feed – b) High fiber, salt or protein – all these factors increase drinking of water. High salt -Increase theist and increase water needs High protein diets -Increase water intake to rid body of excess N via urea in the urine  There are various toxic materials that can be found in water: a) Minerals b) Nitrates c) Pesticides d) Blue-green algae a) Minerals – high saline H2O may contain enough calcium, magnesium, sodium, bicarbonate, chloride and sulfate ions to appear exert toxic effects. Sulfates are more of a problem than chlorides. Water with > 1 g/liter of sulfates can cause diarrhea. b) Nitrates – contamination of H2O is common in areas with: - 1. A high concentrations of animals (feedlots) 2. Heavy fertilization of fields with manure or nitrogenous fertilizer c) Pesticides and other agricultural chemicals can enter the H2O supply from: 1. Agricultural runoff 2. Accidental spills 3. Faulty waste disposal systems. d) Blue-green algae can be found in lakes and stock watering ponds. These algae can produce potent toxins that can affect livestock in different ways. 7.Weather – a) hot weather -Increased water consumption b) cold weather -Decreased water consumption 8. Species differences based on the nature of the nitrogenous end products from protein metabolism: a) Urea b) Uric acid c) Ammonia Expected water consumption of various livestock in a temperate climate Dairy cattle - 38 to 110 l/d (approx. 10 to 30 gal/d) Beef cattle - 22 to 66 l/d (approx. 5 to 15 gal/d) Horses - 30 to 45 l/d (approx. 7 to 10 gal/d) Sheep/goats - 4 to 15 l/d (approx. 1 to 4 gal/d) Poultry - 0.2 to 0.6 l/d (approx. 1 to 2 cups/d) Water Losses from the Body a) Urine b) Feces c) Vaporization from the lungs and dissipation through the skin d) Sweat from the sweat glands