English for Academic and Professional Purposes (SHS) PDF

APP 002 | English for Academic and Professional Purposes (SHS) 1st semester – 12 stem health pucu 04 MODULE #1: DETERMINING THE STRUCUTRE OF ACADEMIC TEXTS. “Text structure” refers to how information is organized in a...

APP 002 | English for Academic and Professional Purposes (SHS) 1st semester – 12 stem health pucu 04 MODULE #1: DETERMINING THE STRUCUTRE OF ACADEMIC TEXTS. “Text structure” refers to how information is organized in a passage. The structure of a text can changes multiple times in a work, and even within a paragraph. You are often required to identify text structures on reading tests; therefore, it is important that you are given exposure to the various patterns of organization. Here are seven commonly used patterns of organization. Pattern of Organization Definition Sample Graphic Representation The results of something are explained. This pattern is used to show the different causes and 1. Cause and Effect effects of various conditions. This pattern is particularly effective when writing a persuasive document in which the writer advocates some action to solve a problem, because it demonstrates important relationships between variables. Information in the passage is organized based on time. A chronological pattern of organization arranges information 2. Chronological according to a progression of time, either forward or backward. When a topic is best understood in terms of different segments of time, a chronological format works well Two or more things are described. Their similarities and differences are discussed. This is an effective pattern to use 3. Compare and Contrast when the reader can better understand one subject when it is described in relation to another. If the reader is familiar with one topic, the writer can compare or contrast it with another topic to shed insight on it  Information is expressed as a hierarchy or in priority. In writing, arranging content in order of 4. Order of Importance importance helps to ensure clarity and effectiveness by presenting the most crucial points first or by emphasizing them prominently. This approach allows readers to grasp essential information immediately, while less critical details are presented subsequently A problem is described and a response or solution is proposed or explained. This pattern is commonly 5. Problem and Solution used in writing, speeches, and presentations to effectively communicate the nature of a problem and suggest actionable steps to resolve it. Information is organized in steps or a process is explained in the order in which it occurs. This order 6. Sequence/ Process often follows a Writing chronological progression or a series of steps that lead to a particular outcome. The sequence pattern helps readers understand the relationship between events, processes, or concepts by presenting them in a coherent and systematic manner. Information is organized in order of space (top to 7. Spatial/ Descriptive bottom, left to right). This Writing method is often used to help readers visualize a scene, setting, or the arrangement of objects by describing their positions. focuses on the arrangement of ideas or details based on their physical location MODULE #2: SUMMARIZING AND PARAPHRASING ACADEMIC TEXTS. Summary is a short-abbreviated version of a longer text (about a quarter of its original length). Purpose of Summary: 1. To help you understand the main points and structure of the author’s argument. 2. To convey understanding to others. 3. To present background information quickly, and 4. To refer to another writer’s ideas in the course of making your own original statement. Three important summarization techniques: Selection – select major idea, key words and phrases, special terms and interpretations presented in the original text. Rejection – remove unnecessary data or the specifics. Substitutions – replace long sentences/phrases with shorter ones. Combine several sentences into one. Paraphrase is a restatement and restructuring of ideas for the purpose of clarifying the meaning of a text. Restatement means that you rephrase the original using your own words. However, you do not just change some words in the material; you also need to change the flow of ideas in the effort to make the original meaning clearer. Steps in paraphrasing: 1. Read the original passage several times until you understand it fully. Look for synonyms for unfamiliar words. 2. Take note of the important details. 3. Write your paraphrase referring only to your notes. 4. Check your paraphrase against the original to make sure you have not copied vocabulary or the sentence structure too closely MODULE #3: STATING THE THESIS STAEMENT AND TEXTUAL Types of Thesis Statement Type Definition Example Direct (stated) Thesis Outline the main idea and the The main problems facing statement organization of the essay for South American countries are the reader. a lack of job opportunities. Indirect (Implied) Thesis Introduce the topic, but they do The important problems facing statement not outline the supporting South American countries ideas. today require immediate attention. Components of Thesis Statement Term Definition Example Topic The general subject of the Teenage Smokers essay Controlling Idea Your Public health departments opinion/belief/view/feeling need aggressive promotional about the topic. campaigns. Sub-topics Thea areas you will focus on to Damages the lungs, increases support your idea the risk of cancer, raises the chance of heart disease Thesis statement – Public health departments need to target teenage smokers with aggressive promotional campaigns in order to combat lung damage, cancer, and heart disease among this Group. DIRECT INDIRECT A direct thesis statement explicitly states the An indirect thesis statement does not main points or arguments that will be discussed explicitly list the main points. Instead, it gives a in the paper. It lays out the structure of the paper more general overview of the topic and clearly, often listing the key points in a suggests the direction of the paper without straightforward manner. providing a detailed outline. EXAMPLE OF DIRECT THESIS STATEMENT Essay Topic: The Benefits of Regular Exercise Direct Thesis Statement: "Regular exercise is essential for maintaining physical health." Essay Example: Introduction: In today's fast-paced world, maintaining good health is more important than ever. While there are various ways to achieve this, regular exercise stands out as a key factor. Regular exercise is essential for maintaining physical health, enhancing mental well-being, and increasing longevity. Body: Maintaining Physical Health Regular exercise plays a crucial role in maintaining physical health. It helps control weight by burning calories and increasing metabolism. Furthermore, it strengthens muscles and bones, reducing the risk of osteoporosis and related conditions. Exercise also improves cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels, thereby reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke. For instance, studies have shown that people who engage in regular physical activity have a significantly lower risk of developing chronic diseases compared to those who lead sedentary lifestyles. Conclusion: In conclusion, regular exercise is indispensable for a healthy lifestyle. It not only maintains physical health but also enhances mental well-being and increases longevity. By integrating regular physical activity into our daily lives, we can reap these benefits and improve our overall quality of life. The importance of exercise cannot be overstated, and it is crucial to prioritize it for a healthier future. EXAMPLE OF INDIRECT THESIS STATEMENT Essay Topic: The Benefits of Regular Exercise Indirect Thesis Statement: "Engaging in regular physical activity offers numerous advantages that can significantly improve overall well-being." Essay Example: Introduction: In today's fast-paced world, maintaining good health is more important than ever. While there are various ways to achieve this, regular exercise stands out as a key factor. Engaging in regular physical activity offers numerous advantages that can significantly improve overall well- being. Body Paragraph 1: Physical Health Benefits One of the most evident benefits of regular exercise is its impact on physical health. Exercise helps control weight by burning calories and increasing metabolism. It strengthens muscles and bones, reducing the risk of osteoporosis and related conditions. Additionally, regular physical activity improves cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels, thereby reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke. For instance, studies have shown that people who engage in regular physical activity have a significantly lower risk of developing chronic diseases compared to those who lead sedentary lifestyles. Body Paragraph 2: Mental Health Benefits Regular exercise also has a profound impact on mental well-being. Physical activity stimulates the release of endorphins, which are natural mood lifters. This can help alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety. Moreover, exercise has been shown to improve sleep quality, which is essential for overall mental health. For example, a brisk walk or a workout session can help clear the mind, reduce stress levels, and promote a sense of relaxation and well-being. Conclusion: In conclusion, regular exercise is indispensable for a healthy lifestyle. It not only enhances physical but also our mental health. By integrating regular physical activity into our daily lives, we can reap these benefits and improve our overall quality of life. The importance of exercise cannot be overstated, and it is crucial to prioritize it for a healthier future. TEXTUAL EVIDENCE Textual evidence refers to specific examples, quotes, or references from a text that support an argument, analysis, or interpretation in academic writing. It is used to substantiate claims and provide concrete proof for the points being made. Importance of Textual Evidence 1. Supports Claims: It provides the foundation for your arguments, demonstrating that your points are grounded in the text. 2. Enhances Credibility: It shows that you have closely read and understood the text, lending credibility to your analysis. 3. Illustrates Points: It offers clear examples that help illustrate and clarify your arguments. MODULE #4: FORMING OPINIONS BASED ON FACTS Opinions Facts Subjective statements based on a Objective statements of truths person’s beliefs or attitudes. Piece of information used as evidence or Opinions are not acceptable or support. as support to an opinion. You must support it with facts if you wish You must use supporting details (proof) if to express it you wish to strengthen the validity of the facts presented. Example: Example: Men are better driver than women The world is a sphere The house was painted yesterday. There are many variations of English English is an easy language to learn. Cigarettes are addictive. A fact is a statement that can be proven true or false. An opinion is an expression of a person’s feelings that cannot be proven. Opinions can be based on facts or emotions and sometimes they are meant to deliberately mislead others. Therefore, it is important to be aware of the author’s purpose and choice of language. Sometimes, the author lets the facts speak for themselves. What is an Opinion? An opinion is a personal belief, judgment, or perspective about a particular topic or issue. Unlike facts, which are objective and verifiable, opinions are subjective and can vary widely from person to person. Opinions are influenced by an individual's experiences, emotions, values, and cultural background. KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OPINION: 1. Subjective: Based on personal feelings, tastes, or beliefs rather than objective evidence. 2. Varied: Different people can have different opinions on the same topic. 3. Debatable: Often open to discussion and disagreement because they are not universally accepted as true. 4. Expressive: Reflects what someone thinks or feels about a subject rather than stating a factual truth. Examples of Opinions: 1. "I believe that chocolate ice cream is the best flavor." 2. "In my view, remote work is more productive than working in an office." 3. "I think that the movie was too long and boring." 4. "In my opinion, summer is the best season of the year." What is a Fact? A fact is a statement that can be proven to be true or false based on objective evidence or reality. Facts are objective and verifiable through observation, measurement, or reliable sources. Unlike opinions, facts do not vary between individuals and are not influenced by personal feelings or beliefs KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF A FACT: 1. Objective: Facts are based on observable and measurable evidence. 2. Verifiable: They can be checked and confirmed through research, observation, or reliable documentation. 3. Universal: Facts are the same regardless of who is observing or measuring them. 4. Unbiased: Facts are not influenced by personal feelings or opinions. Examples of Facts: 1. "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius at standard atmospheric pressure." 2. “The Earth revolves around the Sun." 3. "The Great Wall of China is approximately 13,170 miles long." MODULE #5: describing the content and structure of the critique/reaction paper and using appropriate critical approaches in writing a critique Critique Paper A formal analysis and evaluation of a text, production, or performance, etc.-either one's own (a self- critique) or someone else's. Content of the Critique/Reaction Paper 1. ACCURATE - It provides an accurate description of the work being evaluated by giving its summary and/or background details, like answers to basic reporter questions of who, what, when, where, and why. Factual Information: Provide a precise summary of the work or topic you are reacting to. This includes key points, main arguments, and essential details. Ensure that all information presented is correct and reflects the original work accurately. 2. EVALUATIVE - It gives the writer's overall judgement of the work. It makes this judgement convincing by giving three or more (depending on the length of the paper) supporting evaluations of selected analytical elements of the work being evaluated. Critical Assessment: Offer a thoughtful critique of the work or topic. This includes discussing its strengths and weaknesses, effectiveness, and overall impact. Use specific examples and evidence to support your evaluation, and consider the author’s intent and how well it is achieved. 3. BALANCED - The writer shows balance by pointing out weaknesses of a work, if the overall judgement is positive, or the other way around, by recognizing strong points of a work for which the overall judgement is negative. Fair and Impartial Analysis: Maintain an objective tone, presenting both positive and negative aspects of the work or topic. Avoid bias and ensure that your response is well-rounded, providing a comprehensive view that considers multiple perspectives. Parts of a Critique Paper: Introduction Typically, the introduction is short (less than 10% of the word length) and you should: Name the work being reviewed, the date it was created and the name of the author/creator. Describe the main argument or purpose of the work. Explain the context in which the work was created. Have a concluding sentence that clues what your evaluation of the work will be. For instance, it may indicate whether it is a positive, negative, or mixed evaluation. Context: Provide background information about the work or topic you are reacting to. Include details such as the title, author, and publication date if applicable. Purpose: State the purpose of your reaction paper and what you aim to achieve with your response. Thesis Statement: Present a clear thesis statement that outlines your overall reaction or main argument. Summary Briefly summarize the main points and objectively describe how the creator portrays these by using techniques, styles, media, characters or symbols. Overview: Give a concise summary of the work or topic, highlighting its main points, arguments, or themes. Key Details: Include essential information that is necessary for understanding the context of your reaction. This section should be factual and objective, without personal opinions or interpretations. Critical evaluation This section should give a systematic and detailed assessment of the different elements of the work, evaluating how well the creator was able to achieve the purpose through these. For example: you would assess the plot structure, characterization and setting of a novel. A critical evaluation does not simply highlight negative impressions. It should deconstruct the work and identify both strengths and weaknesses. It should examine the work and evaluate its success, in light of its purpose. Analysis: Critically assess the work or topic, discussing its strengths and weaknesses. Analyze specific elements such as the structure, arguments, evidence, and style. Evidence: Support your evaluation with examples and evidence from the work. Explain why you agree or disagree with certain points, and consider the effectiveness of the author’s approach. Balanced View: Provide a fair and impartial analysis, considering both positive and negative aspects. Examples of key critical questions that could help your assessment include: Who is the creator? Is the work presented objectively or subjectively? What are the aims of the work? Were the aims achieved? What techniques, styles, media were used in the work? Are they effective in portraying the purpose? What assumptions underlie the work? Do they affect its validity? What types of evidence or persuasion are used? Has evidence been interpreted fairly? How is the work structured? Does it favor a particular interpretation or point of view? Is it effective? Does the work enhance understanding of key ideas or theories? Does the work engage (or fail to engage) with key concepts or other works in its discipline? This evaluation is written in formal academic style and logically presented. For shorter critiques, you may discuss the strengths of the works, and then the weaknesses. In longer critiques, you may wish to discuss the positive and negative of each key critical question in individual paragraphs. Conclusion This is usually a very brief paragraph, which includes: A statement indicating the overall evaluation of the work A summary of the key reasons, identified during the critical evaluation, why this evaluation was formed. In some circumstances, recommendations for improvement on the work may be appropriate. Restate Thesis: Summarize your overall reaction and restate your thesis in light of the analysis provided. Implications: Discuss the significance of the work or topic and its impact on the field or audience. Final Thoughts: Offer any concluding remarks or reflections, and suggest possible areas for further exploration or research if relevant. Reference list Include all resources cited in your critique. Check with your teacher for which referencing style to use. Citations: Include a list of all sources cited in your reaction paper. Follow the appropriate citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) as required. Complete Information: Provide complete bibliographic details for each source, such as author names, titles, publication dates, and publishers or journal names. Critical approaches refer to various methods or perspectives used to analyze, interpret, and evaluate texts, artworks, cultural phenomena, and other forms of communication. These approaches provide frameworks that help critics and scholars understand the underlying meanings, structures, and contexts of a work. Each critical approach emphasizes different aspects of the work, offering unique insights and interpretations. 1. Formalism Formalist Criticism emphasizes the form of a literary work to determine its meaning, focusing on literary elements and how they work to create meaning. 2. Psychoanalytic Psychoanalytic Criticism emphasizes the process of introspection, or looking into the past experiences and latent desires, in order to understand the rationale of human behavior. He identified three sections of the human psyche, namely id, or the place of deepest secret desires of humans, the ego, which informs human on how to act in a socially acceptable manner, and the superego, which represents people's unselfish tendencies. Thus, when a text is examined using the psychoanalytic approach, we try to look into either the author's psychological state and his or her possible motivation, or the possible reasons why the characters in a story behave the way they do. 3. Feminism Feminist Criticism is concerned with the role, position, and influence of women in a literary text. It asserts that most "literature" throughout time has been written by men, for men. Examines the way that the female consciousness is depicted by both male and female writers. Four Basic Principles of Feminist Criticism: Western civilization is patriarchal. The concepts of gender are mainly cultural ideas created by patriarchal societies. Patriarchal ideals pervade "literature." Most "literature" through time has been gender-biased.  4. Lesbian/Gay/Queer Criticism Queer Criticism examines how certain works display fear of the unknown, especially homophobia, of the fear of the LGBTQ community, which leads to repression. For instance, a particular text may show certain homoerotic tendencies, or a strong sexual desire for a member of the same sex, but is repressed because such ideas is deemed as taboo by the society in general. Also, it promulgates the idea that gender is performance. That gender is not something that is innate in us, but is something that we constantly do. To borrow Simone de Beauvoir's words: One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman. 5. Marxism Marxist Criticism emphasizes economic and social conditions. It examines literature to see how it reflects the way in which dominant groups (typically, the majority) exploit the subordinate groups (typically, the minority); or the way in which people become alienated from one another through power, money, and politics. Literary criticism is the art or practice of judging and commenting on the qualities and character of literary works. To help us in critiquing, we use some Critical Approaches. First is the Formalism. Formalist critics focus on what the work means (theme) and how it conveys its meaning (form). Formalists believe that all the elements necessary for understanding the work can be found within the work itself. Formalists look at the elements of form, style, structure, tone, imagery, etc. that can be found within the text. They try to determine how elements work together with the text's content to shape its effects upon readers. MODULE#6: understanding the nature of concept paper Concept paper It is an in-depth analysis of any idea, situation, or practice. It can be on anything that you find significant: it can be a feeling What is self-esteem?), a cultural practice (What is Filipino Time?), a belief (What is transmigration?), a situation (What is same-sex marriage?) it examines the 'what-ness' or nature of something it is important to connect theory (can be found in many academic papers) and experience (day-to-day observation) in making a concept paper Purpose of writing a concept paper provide in-depth discussion of a topic can be used in obtaining funding for a project act as an instructional tool from an existing project provide guidance for implementing a program discuss best practices, philosophies and other related issues MODULE#8: comprehending the various kinds of concept paper EXTENDED DEFINITION - Explains the nature of things by providing an extended definition (narrow definition) - Informs the audience of an unknown/unexplored concept - Introduces new information that gives new perspective to a concept - Lengthy PROJECT PROPOSAL - Presents an idea for consideration by others, possibly for funding or support - Involve persuasive intent (propose a particular product) - Convinces reader to implement or support a concept A concept paper as an Extended Definition is written to inform, if the topic is unknown to the audience. However, if the audience has some understanding of the subject, it is written to introduce new information or dimension that gives a new perspective to the concept. A Definition paper targets the explanation of idea, theory, practice or principle, for the purpose of informing a target audience. A definition paper examines the “what-ness” or nature of something, using rhetorical techniques; In contrast, a concept paper goes beyond definition to convince the reader to implement or support the proposed concept or project. In terms of style, a definition may be formal or Informal, or technical or popular. A Formal Definition is often what is required in the academe. It uses research-based information. In contrast, an informal definition may be on a person's personal view. Second type, Concept Paper as a Project Proposal. A Concept paper is not only an academic paper written for theoretical purposes; it can also serve as the initial stage in the process of preparing a project proposal. In the latter, the concept paper is a part of a longer professional report. This is often the case when you seek a grant or support for a project that you wish to undertake. A Concept paper as a Project Proposal/Project Concept paper is a summary of your proposed project and writing it entails not only information but also persuasion to convince the reader - a representative of the funding agency - to see the value of supporting your proposal. MODULE#9: explaining rhetorical strategies used to extended a definition Rhetorical Strategies Definition This is advisable when the term is not too familiar or popular with the audience. What you can do is compare and contrast it with something more popular or familiar to your audience. For instance, the concept of Comparison and Contrast imperialism may not be known to many, therefore, difficult to explain, but if you use a parallel situation of a landowner being driven out of his land and the intruder attempting to steal the property from the owner, you might find some success in your effort. You can physically describe something by giving its dimensions (shape, size, color, texture), parts, and functions, as in defining Giving details what ATM is. Non-physical description can be done by giving characteristics to define something. For example, to define 'malicious' intent, you can use synonyms like malevolent and spiteful. This strategy is particularly useful when a concept's definition has gone through changes in time. A good example is the meaning of Giving Historical femininity. Background Socio-cultural changes that every community goes through. You can do research to improve the content of your definition. This can be done by discussing the idea’s components and/or its implications. Implication are the far-reaching consequences of a concept. For example, in defining Analysis “globalization” you can explain one of its consequences: the homogenization of cultures (or cultures losing their uniqueness and becoming very similar) as a result of frequent exchanges and interaction between and among countries becoming very easy. Styles of Definition Formal Definition – is often what is required in the academe. It uses research-based information. Informal Definition – may be just based on a person’s personal views. 1. Comparison and Contrast. - advisable when the term is not too familiar or popular with audience. To compare is to examine how things are similar, while to contrast is to see how they differ. A compare and contrast essay, therefore, looks at the similarities of two or more objects, and the differences. This essay type is common at university, where lecturers frequently test your understanding by asking you to compare and contrast two theories, two methods, two historical periods, two characters in a novel, etc. Sometimes the whole essay will compare and contrast, though sometimes the comparison or contrast may be only part of the essay. 2. Giving details You can physically describe something by giving its dimensions (shape, size, color, texture), parts, and functions. Non-physical description can be done by giving characteristics to define something. As a strategy, describing involves showing rather than telling, helping readers see rather than giving them a formal definition, making the subject come alive rather than remaining abstract. When you describe, you want to choose precise verbs, specific nouns, vivid adjectives-unless your subject is dullness itself. 3. Giving historical background This strategy may enlighten the audience about the meaning of a concept. This strategy is particularly useful when a concept's definition has gone through changes in time. 4. Analysis It can be done by discussing the idea's components and/or its implications. One way of crystalizing ideas is by dissecting it into its parts or composition like when you explain to someone is by Implications are the far-reaching consequences of a concept. MODULE#10: outlining the concept paper as extended definition Hook/Attention Getter - Begin with one of many different languages, like short anecdotes or a collection of open-ended questions. Standard Definition – The initial section of the introduction should state the dictionary version. This is important for the readers to have a starting point in regards to the concept so as to clarify any possible question. Also, this is especially important because the standard definition will slightly vary from the thesis one, which allows for multi-dimensionality. Bridge Between the hook and the thesis - Include the few sentences that help the reader understand what your essay will define. First, Second and Third point about the word - Define the word in a topic sentence that refers back to the thesis. - Show examples of the word being used this way. - Provide an analysis of the word being used. CONCLUSION - Restate the thesis in new words. - Restate the main points of the essay with references from all of the body paragraphs. - Connect back to the hook/attention getter to close the essay. MODULE#11: writing the concept paper as an extended definition - BATCH PROCESS. - You write your first draft. You should narrow down your chosen topic first so that you could present your ideas. (Brainstorming) - BREAK IT DOWN - Check the logical connection between the ideas, including the transactional devices used. - WHAT TO DO - Do not be afraid to ask questions to your teacher if you feel the need to. Make sure that you are still referring to the outline you have created last meeting. - OWN AND TRACK - Check your paper for mechanical error (punctuations, spelling, spacing, or indentions). Also, check for grammar and language structure or your paper. - MAKE COMPLIANCE VISIBLE - Make sure that you put Bibliography at the last part of your paper. Also, references to avoid plagiarism. - BUILD STAMINA - With your final paper, you may find other groups and critique each other's work which may help you to spot your papers weak points. MODULE#12: outlining the concept paper as a project proposal Introduction - Arouse the interest of the reader/target sponsor by showing your understanding of their mission. Identify your mission. Purpose - Identify a problem or need of the reader that you wish to address and justify the need for your proposed project. Project Description - Describe the activities that your project will undertake to address the problem/need. Point out the strengths of your approach. Discuss the general impact of your proposal project: What will be the outcome? Who will be affected? Objectives - State the specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time bound (SMART) objectives of the project. Methodology/Project Design - Enumerate the steps/procedures to implement the project. Project needs - Make a list of materials, personnel, equipment, and space that will be needed to carry out the project. Include a cost estimate. Timetable - Make an estimate of the time it will take for completion of the project.