Anatomy and Physiology I Lab Practical 1 Fall 2023 PDF

Anatomy and Physiology I Fall 2023 Lab practical 1 PowerPoint Lab Practical 1 will Cover: I. Regional and Anatomical Terminology, and Directional Terms II. Microscope Use III. Histology of Various Tissues IV. Histology of Various Organs...

Anatomy and Physiology I Fall 2023 Lab practical 1 PowerPoint Lab Practical 1 will Cover: I. Regional and Anatomical Terminology, and Directional Terms II. Microscope Use III. Histology of Various Tissues IV. Histology of Various Organs V. The Cell Cycle VI. Movement of Molecules (Osmosis & Diffusion) Regional and Anatomical Terminology, and Directional Terms In clinical settings, or when studying the human body, a standardized position is used as a reference; this is called the anatomical position. In this position, the body is facing forward, with the palms also facing forward, and the toes pointing forward. Students will be responsible for following terms: Anterior Cranial/Cephalic Posterior Cervical Superior Axillary Inferior Brachial Medial Abdominal/peritoneum Lateral Oral Superficial Mental Deep Inguinal/Genital Femoral Popliteal Regional and Anatomical Terminology, and Directional Terms Cranial/ Oral Cephalic Mental Cervical Axillary Brachial Abdominal/ peritoneum Inguinal/ Femoral genital Popliteal Blausen.com staff (2014). "Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.010. ISSN 2002-4436. https://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]:fEI3C8Ot@10/Preface  eyepiece/ocular(10X) Microscope Use eyepiece cuff interpupillary scale body Important notes: tube 1. Clean the lenses with lens paper only (not arm paper towels or cloth). 2. Make sure the lowest power objective (the scanning objective) is in place before you slide holder begin. Focus the image, then switch to the revolving nose piece low power objective, and then to the high- dry objective, adjusting only the fine focus (4) objectives mechanical stage knob as needed. Vernier scale 3. Before removing the slide, rotate the nosepiece back to the scanning objective. diaphragm control knobs condenser course focus adjustment condenser screws (only used with 4X) The total magnification of the object is fine focus adjustment calculated by multiplying the ocular light iris/diaphragm magnification (always 10X) by the magnification on the objective being used. base on/off switch light Compound Microscope Histology of Various Tissues There are four types of tissues: 1.Connective Tissue: Watch introduction: http://youtu.be/nknLqGJo2k4?list=PLE796924CFA922AA8 2. Nervous Tissue Watch introduction here: http://youtu.be/ufVjj4y7bt4?list=PLE796924CFA922AA8 3. Muscle Tissue Watch introduction here: youtu.be/WH1ZCwnQFNQ?list=PLE796924CFA922AA8 4. Epithelial Tissue Watch introduction here: youtu.be/v_w2L2bV898?list=PLE796924CFA922AA8 Connective Tissue This is the most abundant type of tissue in the human body. As the name implies, connective tissue connects the different types of tissues to each other as well as offers support. The examples of connective tissues that we have in the lab are adipose, bone, blood and cartilage. a. Adipose: fat tissue is found throughout the body. It functions in energy storage, protection and insulation. The cytoplasm and nucleus is found on the periphery of the cell and the lipid droplets fills up the cell. b. Bone: Bone tissue composes most of the skeleton of the human body. Its purposes include support, storage (calcium, phosphorus) and hemopoiesis (production of blood). Bone tissue contains units of organization called osteons. The center of each osteon has a Haversian canal that contains blood vessels and nerves in life. Indentations referred to as lacunae form concentric circles around the Haversian canal and within each lacuna is an osteocyte. The matrix (area in between cells of connective tissue) is hard in bone and contains small canal-like structures called canaliculi. Volkmann’s canals are occasionally seen connecting two Haversian canals. c. Blood: Blood is another example of a connective tissue. Although it appears to be a red fluid, blood is a light straw- colored fluid referred to as plasma. This plasma is the Matrix of blood (Liquid matrix). Suspended in the plasma are formed elements – Red blood cells (RBC’S), the most numerous of the cells gives the blood its red color and carries oxygen to the tissues. Notice the RBC’s of humans have no nucleus when they are circulating within the blood. There are also white blood cells (WBC’s) that stain a purple color, involved in protection of the body as well as fragments of cells important in blood clotting called platelets. d. Hyaline Cartilage: the most abundant type of cartilage in the body. Note the chondrocytes inside of the lacunae, and the surrounding matrix. Connective Tissue - Adipose Adipocyte (entire cell) Lipid droplet (inside of cell) Cytoplasm 40X 400X Nucleus adipose Connective Tissue - Compact Bone 100X Several Osteon seen Connective Tissue - Blood Leukocyte (White blood cell) Erythrocyte (Red blood cell) Plasma (space between cells) 400X Thrombocytes (Platelets) Connective Tissue - Hyaline Cartilage matrix (space between lacuna) lacuna (cave-like structure that houses cells) chondrocyte (cells found in cartilage) 400X Nervous Tissue Neurons (entire cell seen) Neuroglial cell nucleus 100X Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue is found throughout the body and is responsible for movement and thermogenesis. There are three types of muscle - cardiac, smooth and skeletal. a. Cardiac Muscle: This type of muscle is found only in the walls of the heart. It is involuntary and functions in the flow of blood through the heart chambers. It contains areas where the membranes of 2 cardiac cells overlap each other, called intercalated disks. These appear as dark perpendicular lines. Lying parallel to the discs are lighter lines called the striations. These cells are uninuclear – 1 nucleus per cell. b. Smooth Muscle: This is involuntary muscle found in the walls of the viscera. The cells do not have any striations in the cytoplasm (hence the label “smooth”), are uninuclear and are spindle shape. They tend to exist in sheets. c. Skeletal Muscle: This is the large muscle mass that are associated with the skeleton. This tissue is under voluntary control, containing multinucleate – many nuclei that have striations in the cytoplasm. Muscle Tissue - Cardiac Striations 400X Involuntary control Muscle Tissue - Skeletal Striations 400X Voluntary control Muscle Tissue - Smooth Note the absence of striations 400X Involuntary control Epithelial Tissue This type of tissue is found within glands as well as on internal and external surfaces. Epithelial cells are found above a basement membrane. There are 3 major shapes: Columnar Epithelium Cuboidal Epithelium Squamous Epithelium There are also 2 major arrangements: Simple epithelium: cells arranged in one row and all cells’ basal sides touch basement membrane Stratified epithelium: cells arranged in two or more rows and only bottom row touches basement membrane Pseudostratified epithelium: cells arranged in one row but appear to be stratified due to nucleus arrangement The naming of the tissue includes 3 words. The first is the arrangement, followed by the cell shape, followed by the word “epithelium”. Examples: simple cuboidal epithelium - Kidneys stratified cuboidal epithelium – mammary glands, salivary glands (not in this lab) simple columnar epithelium – small intestine stratified columnar epithelium – No example in this lab simple squamous epithelium – lungs stratified squamous epithelium – tongue and skin Histology of Various Organs Organs are made up of two or more of the different types of tissues. Students will be required to identify the following organs and the structures and tissue that make up these organs Tongue Small intestine Kidney Trachea Ureter Skin: Thin, Thick, Scalp Organ - Tongue Epithelium Lamina propria (loose connective tissue) Skeletal muscle (note striations and nuclei) 100X 40X Organ - Tongue Non-keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium Lamina propria (loose connective tissue) 400X Basement membrane (anchors epithelium) Organ - Small Intestines Lumen Tunica muscularis Tunica submucosa Tunica Circular smooth mucosa muscles Longitudinal smooth muscles Tunica serosa Organ - Small Intestines villi Lumen Goblet cells Tunica mucosa 400X Basement membrane Tunica submucosa Circular smooth muscles Tunica muscularis Longitudinal smooth muscles Tunica serosa Organ - Kidney Serosa/renal capsule Serosa/ renal capsule 40X 100X Organ - Kidney Simple cuboidal epithelium Lumen (cell has been Lumen outlined) Lumen Lumen Basement membrane (anchors epithelium) Lumen Lumen 400X Organ - Trachea Goblet cell Lumen cilia Lumen Basement Pseudostratified membrane columnar (anchors epithelium epithilium) Connective Tissue - hyaline cartilage Lamina propria (loose connective tissue) Connective Tissue - hyaline cartilage 40X 100X Organ - Ureter Smooth Muscle Lamina Propria (loose connective tissue) Stratified transitional Lumen Lumen epithelium 100X 400X Organ - Skin Epidermis (epithelium) Dermis (collagenous fibers) Hypodermis (adipose) Scalp skin Thin skin Thick Skin Organ - Skin Sudoriferous gland (eccrine) Sudoriferous Sebaceous gland gland Hair Follicle (apocrine) Dermal Papilla Epidermis (epithelium) Dermis (collagenous fibers) Hypodermis (adipose) Scalp skin Thin skin Thick Skin Organ - Thin Skin Epidermis (epithelium) Dermis (collagenous fibers) Non-pigmented 40X Organ - Thin Skin Pigment = melanin Epidermis (epithelium) Dermis (collagenous fibers) Non-pigmented Pigmented 400X Organ - Thick Skin Epidermis (epithelium) Stratum corneum Stratum lucidum (light layer) Stratum granulosum (dark layer) Dermis (collagenous fibers) Stratum spinosum Stratum Basal (single layer) 100X 400X Dermal papilla Organ - Scalp Epidermis Dermis (dense Sebaceous connective gland tissue) Sudoriferous gland Hair follicle 100X 400X The Cell Cycle Interphase (growth and DNA replication): genetic material called chromatin. Subphases: G1 (growth), S (DNA is copied), G2 (preparation for cell division) Mitosis (division of the DNA copies): DNA separated two separate (but identical) cells o Prophase: genetic material called chromatid o Metaphase: genetic material called chromatid; note spindle fibers o Anaphase: genetic material called (daughter) chromosomes note spindle fibers o Telophase: genetic material called chromosomes; note cleavage furrow, which indicates that cytokinesis is taking place Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm and organelles The Cell Cycle - Interphase Chromatin Cell in Interphase (DNA is loosely packed) The Cell Cycle - Prophase Chromatid Cell in Prophase (DNA is condensing) The Cell Cycle - Metaphase Sister Chromatids (DNA is lined up) Cell in Metaphase The Cell Cycle - Anaphase Spindle fibers Cell in Anaphase Chromosomes (DNA is separating) The Cell Cycle - Telophase Chromosomes (DNA is unraveling) Cleavage furrow Cells in Telophase (not separated yet) The Cell Cycle Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase The Cell Cycle Interphase Anaphase Telophase Prophase Metaphase Movement of Molecules (Osmosis & Diffusion) Lab Osmosis: The passive movement of water across a plasma membrane Tonicity is the relative concentration of a solute outside the cell compared to the concentration of a solute inside the cell. The salt concentration in the RBCs is 0.9% NaCl. Isotonic: solution has the same concentration of solute as the cell. Cell is unaffected Hypertonic: solution has a higher concentration of solute than the cell. Water moves out of the cell, resulting in cell undergoing shriveling (crenation) Hypotonic: solution has a lower concentration than the cell. Water moves into the cell, resulting in cell swelling and bursting (hemolysis) Watch here to see example: https://youtu.be/A8cI6FkcG4c?si=5BwV-5_gDC8px4Fg Diffusion is the transporting molecules from higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved. Typically, small and/or uncharged atoms and water are freely able to pass through the membrane. Two general types of transport occur: Passive transport: does not require energy Active transport: requires energy and carrier proteins in the membrane