Essentials Of Comparative Politics Lecture Slides PDF

Lecture Slides to Accompany: ESSENTIALS OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS SIXTH EDITION PATRICK H. O...

Lecture Slides to Accompany: ESSENTIALS OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS SIXTH EDITION PATRICK H. O’NEIL CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Chapter 1: Introduction 1. What Is Comparative Politics? 2. A Guiding Concept: Political Institutions 3. A Guiding Ideal: Reconciling Freedom and Equality 4. In Sum: Looking Ahead and Thinking Carefully Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company  1. What is Comparative Politics? Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Two Related Fields ▪ Comparative politics ▪ The study and comparison of domestic politics across countries ▪ Topics include: regimes, elections, culture, economic development ▪ International relations ▪ The study of relations between countries ▪ Topics include: foreign policy, war, trade, foreign aid Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Core Comparative Concepts ▪ Politics The struggle in any group for power that will give one or more persons the ability to make decisions for the larger group Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Core Comparative Concepts ▪ Politics The struggle in any group for power that will give one or more persons the ability to make decisions for the larger group ▪ Power The ability to influence others or impose one’s will on them ▪ Institutions Organizations or activities that are self-perpetuating and valued for their own sake Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Core Comparative Concepts ▪ Politics The struggle in any group for power that will give one or more persons the ability to make decisions for the larger group ▪ Power The ability to influence others or impose one’s will on them ▪ Institutions Organizations or activities that are self-perpetuating and valued for their own sake Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company The Comparative Method ▪ The means by which social scientists make comparisons across cases Protesters in Yemen holding a banner that reads, “We are all Bouazizi” Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Clicker Question 1 If you wanted to discover why democracy develops in some countries but not in others, which country do you think would be best to study? A.The United Kingdom, the world’s oldest democracy B.India, the world’s most populated democracy C.Tunisia, a brand new democracy D.Egypt, a nondemocracy Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Evidence and Theories How might we study causal relationships and test theory? Inductive Reasoning Deductive Reasoning Generate Hypothesi Test with Cases Hypothese s s Cases May look for correlations Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Common Comparative Approaches ▪ Qualitative method: a type of study that uses in-depth investigation of a limited number of cases ▪ Quantitative method: a type of study that uses statistical data from many cases ▪ Game theory: approach that emphasizes how actors or organizations behave in their goal to influence others; built upon assumptions of… ▪ Rational choice: approach that assumes that individuals weigh the costs and benefits and make choices to maximize their benefits Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Challenges Comparative Researchers Face ▪ Difficult to control ▪ Data-gathering variables limitations ▪ Multicausality ▪ Area studies overemphasize ▪ Endogeneity Europe ▪ Selection bias Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company From Philosophy to Comparative Politics ▪ Early thinkers ▪ Aristotle ▪ Machiavelli ▪ Other major comparative thinkers ▪ Hobbes, Locke: social contract ▪ Baron de Montesquieu: separation of powers ▪ Rousseau: civil liberties ▪ Marx, Weber: economics, organizations, and power Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Moving Beyond Traditional Approaches ▪ Post–World War II shift ▪ Major causes ▪ New approaches ▪ Modernization theory ▪ Behavioral revolution ▪ Critiques Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company  2. Guiding Concepts: Institutions Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Political Institutions ▪ Organizations or activities that are self-perpetuating and valued for their own sake ▪ Formal institutions are based on officially sanctioned rules that are relatively clear ▪ Informal institutions are unwritten and unofficial rules ▪ Tend to vary from country to country Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Formal versus Informal Institutions Examples of formal Examples of informal institutions institutions ▪ Citizenship ▪ Legislative norms ▪ U.S. Senate’s filibuster ▪ Electoral systems ▪ Societal rules and culture ▪ Neopatrimonialism ▪ Federal versus unitary ▪ Gender relations systems Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company  3. A Guiding Ideal: Reconciling Freedom & Equality Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Clicker Question 2 Do you think it most important that the U.S. government try to create policies that… A.grow and expand the economy? B.increase the opportunity for people to get ahead if they want to? C.reduce the income and wealth gap between rich and poor? Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Two Values ▪ Freedom ▪ An individual’s ability to act independently, without fear of restriction or punishment by the state or other individuals or groups in society ▪ Equality ▪ A shared material standard of living shared by individuals within a community, society, or country Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company  4. In Sum: Looking Ahead and Thinking Carefully Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Summary, Part 1 1. Comparative politics is the study and comparison of domestic politics across countries. 2. Comparative researchers use many methods to try to explain how the world works. 3. As a field of study, comparative politics has a long tradition, but it is also constantly changing in response to real-world issues. Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Summary, Part 2 4. Comparativists examine the impact of political institutions, where they come from, and how they shape politics. 5. A core debate in politics around the world is the conflict between freedom and equality. Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company  Lecture Slides ESSENTIALS OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS This concludes the Lecture Slide Set for Chapter 1 6TH EDITION by Patrick H. O’Neil © 2017 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Additional Materials Following this slide, you will find additional images, figures, and tables from the textbook. Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company In Focus: Problems in Comparative Research Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Major Thinkers in Comparative Politics Major Thinkers in Summary of Thinker’s Theory Comparative Politics Aristotle First separated the study of politics from that of philosophy; (384–322 B.C.E.) used the comparative method to study Greek city-states; in The Politics, conceived of an empirical study of politics with a practical purpose. Niccolò Machiavelli Often cited as the first modern political scientist due to his (1469–1527) emphasis on statecraft and empirical knowledge; analyzed different political systems, believing the findings could be applied by statesmen; discussed his theories in The Prince. Thomas Hobbes Developed the notion of a “social contract,” whereby people (1588–1679) surrender certain liberties in favor of order; advocated a powerful state in Leviathan. John Locke Argued that private property is essential to individual freedom (1632–1704) and prosperity; advocated a weak state in Two Treatises of Government. Charles-Louis de Studied government systems; advocated the separation of Secondat, Baron powers within government in The Spirit of Laws. De Montesquieu (1689–1755) Jean-Jacques Argued that citizens’ rights are inalienable and cannot be taken Rousseau away by the state; influenced the development of civil rights; (1712–78) discussed these ideas in The Social Contract. Karl Marx Elaborated a theory of economic development and inequality in (1818–83) Das Kapital; predicted the eventual collapse of capitalism and democracy. Max Weber (1864–1920) Wrote widely on such topics as bureaucracy, forms of authority, and the impact of culture on economic and political development; developed many of these themes in Economy and Society. Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company In Focus: Trends in Comparative Politics Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company In Focus: Quantitative vs Qualitative Method Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company In Focus: Institutions Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company Can We Make a Science of Politics? Copyright © 2017, W.W. Norton & Company