ANTH 1140 Exam 3 Study Guide PDF

**ANTH 1140 - Exam 3 Study Guide** **Key Places to Study** - **Dos Pilas**: Site of Classic Maya civilization; known for its role in endemic warfare and political dynamics. - **Ceren**: A well-preserved Maya village buried by volcanic ash; provides insights into daily life. - **San...

**ANTH 1140 - Exam 3 Study Guide** **Key Places to Study** - **Dos Pilas**: Site of Classic Maya civilization; known for its role in endemic warfare and political dynamics. - **Ceren**: A well-preserved Maya village buried by volcanic ash; provides insights into daily life. - **San Andres**: Important ceremonial center with evidence of early Maya rituals. - **Copan**: Renowned for Altar Q and stelae detailing dynastic history. - **Quirigua**: Known for its massive stelae and connection to Copan. - **Bonampak**: Famous for murals depicting Maya warfare and rituals. - **Aguateca & Punta de Chimino**: Fortified sites reflecting military strategies. - **Ceibal**: A significant Terminal Classic site. - **Uxmal**: Exemplary Puuc architectural style. - **Chichen Itza**: Central site during the Postclassic, featuring the Great Ballcourt, Temple of the Warriors, and Caracol. - **Tula**: Toltec influence on Chichen Itza. - **Mayapan**: Postclassic political and cultural hub of the League of Mayapan. - **Tulum**: Coastal Postclassic site with trade connections. - **Tayasal**: Last independent Maya city, conquered in 1697. - **Quetzaltenango**: Colonial-era hub in the Guatemalan Highlands. - **Q'umarkaj**: K\'iche\' Maya capital; destroyed during Spanish conquest. - **Dos Erres**: Site of civil war massacre, central to modern Maya history. **Significant Buildings, Events, and Deposits** - **Popol Nah**: Maya council house; varied across time and regions. - **Altar Q & Altar L at Copan**: Commemorate dynastic successions. - **Chilam Balam**: Post-conquest Maya texts blending indigenous and colonial narratives. - **Palace of the Governors**: Architectural masterpiece at Uxmal. - **El Castillo & Caracol**: Astronomical and ceremonial significance at Chichen Itza. - **Great Ballcourt**: Largest Maya ballcourt; symbolic of power and cosmology. - **Temple of the Warriors & Tzompantli**: Highlights militaristic and ritualistic themes. - **Treaty of Tordesillas**: Divided New World territories between Spain and Portugal. - **Conquests**: - **Tenochtitlan**: Key Spanish victory over the Aztecs. - **Guatemala**: Pedro de Alvarado's brutal campaigns. - **Yucatan Caste War**: Indigenous Maya resistance to colonial systems. - **Operation PBSUCCESS**: U.S.-backed coup in Guatemala (1954). - **Guatemalan Civil War**: Devastating internal conflict; legacy of inequality and displacement. **Concepts and Ideas** **Urbanism:** - Defined by centralized planning, monumental architecture, and social stratification. - **Top-down vs. Bottom-up models**: Centralized vs. community-led urban development. **Collapse Theories:** - **Environmental degradation**: Overuse of resources. - **Endemic warfare**: Inter-city conflicts destabilized society. - **Drought hypothesis**: Supported by climatic and archaeological evidence. - **Malnutrition**: Evidenced by skeletal remains. **Postclassic Changes:** - **Puuc architecture**: Ornate, distinctive facades. - **Old vs. New Chichen Itza**: Shift from Maya to Toltec influence. - **Mutepal**: Council-based governance replacing divine kingship. **Spanish Conquest:** - **Goals**: Resource exploitation, religious conversion, political domination. - **Tactics**: Superior weaponry, alliances, and disease outbreaks. - **Encomienda system**: Forced labor in exchange for Christian instruction. **Modern History:** - **United Fruit Company**: Controlled Guatemalan land and politics. - **NAFTA and USMCA**: Economic agreements with regional impacts. - **Pseudoscience**: Misrepresentation of Maya culture in modern media. **Notable People** - **Maya Figures**: Yax Pac, U Cit Tok, Putuun, Itza, and Puuc peoples. - **Spanish Conquistadors**: Hernan Cortes, Pedro de Alvarado, Francisco de Montejo. - **Cultural Mediators**: Malinche (translator for Cortes). - **Colonial Critics**: Diego de Landa (chronicler) and Bartolome de las Casas (advocate for indigenous rights). - **Guatemalan Leaders**: - **Rafael Carrera**: 19th-century conservative leader. - **Jacobo Arbenz**: Overthrown during Operation PBSUCCESS. - **E. Rios Montt**: Military dictator, responsible for civil war atrocities. - **Rigoberta Menchu**: Indigenous rights advocate, Nobel laureate. **Media Resources** - **BBC Documentary**: *The Maya Collapse* (focus on collapse theories). - **Conquest of Tenochtitlan**: Illustrates Spanish strategies. - **Finding Oscar**: Explores the legacy of the Guatemalan Civil War. **Essay Topics (Short Answer Preparation)** 1. **Causes of the Late Classic Collapse**: - Environmental degradation (deforestation, soil exhaustion). - Warfare (inter-city conflict undermining stability). - Drought (climatic records and reduced water supply). - Societal response (malnutrition, population decline). 2. **Spanish Conquest**: - Goals: Wealth, land, religious conversions. - Methods: Alliances with indigenous groups, use of advanced weaponry, and diseases. - Effects: Political upheaval, cultural syncretism, and decline in Maya population. 3. **Guatemalan Civil War**: - Causes: Social inequality, Cold War dynamics. - Effects: Massacres, displacement, and ongoing struggles for indigenous rights.