Anatomy Midterm Review 2024 PDF

Midterm Review You’ve made it! You’re almost through your first semester of dual credit/honors anatomy and physiology! Awesome job! First off, don’t panic. I know this looks gigantic. But I spaced the charts out so that if you want to print and write in this you can. Realistically this is close to...

Midterm Review You’ve made it! You’re almost through your first semester of dual credit/honors anatomy and physiology! Awesome job! First off, don’t panic. I know this looks gigantic. But I spaced the charts out so that if you want to print and write in this you can. Realistically this is close to a 15 page review with 12 pages of labelling. This test is 90 minutes long and contains information from the entire first semester. You will have one GIGANTIC word bank so you will not have to worry about spelling. I highly recommend using your old tests and quizzes to study for this test, alongside old reviews. There are multiple choice, labeling, fill in the blank, and short answer/essay questions on this exam. You’ve got this! I’m here every day before and after school for tutoring if you need help. Unit One: Intro to Anatomy and Physiology Unit Two: Cellular Anatomy and Processes Unit Three: Histology and Integumentary system Unit Four: Skeletal System Unit One: Intro to Anatomy and Physiology - Define Anatomy vs physiology and what the difference is between the two Anatomy is the study of the structures found within the body and the relationship to oneanother Physiology is the study of the funcction of body parts and how theywork to carry out life-sustaining activities - List the Organization of life Atom (smallest unit of matter) - Cell (smallest unit of life) - Tissue: a group of similar cells that work together - Organ: a group of similar tissues that work together (could be more than one type of tissue) - Organ system: a group of organs that work together for a common goal - Organism: Organ systems working together to sustain life List the Characteristics of life - Maintaining boundaries: separate internal and external environment - Skin separates organism from environment - Movement: muscular system allows movement via muscle contraction - Can be voluntary (skeletal muscle in bicep contracting) or involuntary (cardiac muscle beating no matter what) - Responsiveness: sense and respond to stimuli - Preventing injury (stove is hot so I move my hand away) - Digestion - Breaking down food molecules to absorb nutrients - Metabolism - All chemical reactions that occur in the body - Catabolism=breaking molecules down such as breaking glucose down to generate ATP - Anabolism= building up and synthesizing new molecules such as using protein from food to help generate more muscle tissue - Excretion: removing waste products - Reproduction - Cellular level= asexual reproduction to repair tissue - Organismal level= sexual reproduction to create genetically unique offspring - Growth: incresase in size - List the Different planes of the body and describe each Sagittal Plane: cuts body vertically into right and left parts - - Frontal Plane: cuts body into anterior and posterior sections  - - Transverse Plane: Divides body horizontally into superior and inferior sections - - List all the Body orientations and directions and then complete the section below  - The trachea is superior to the esophagus - Hair is Superficial to muscle - The thumb is lateral to the ring finger - The heart is medial to the lungs - The ear is lateral to the eye - The abdomen is Inferior to the thorax - Thigh muscles are superficial to the femur - Skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles - The shoulder is proximal to the elbow - The hand is distal to the elbow - The rib cage is medial to the upper arm - Name the membranes that line the heart, lungs, and abdominopelvic cavity heart=pericardium lungs=pleurae peritoneum= abdominopelvic cavity  - Organ systems: parts, functions, and locations Organ system Organs found in Main role(s) of system Location in the body system Integumentary Hair, skin, nails - Forms the external body covering, Externally everywhere and protects deeper tissues from injury. - Synthesizes vitamin D - Houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands. Skeletal Bones and joints - Protects and supports body Deep to muscles, organs, and provides a framework everywhere the muscles use to cause movement. - Blood cells are formed within bones. - Bones store minerals. Muscular Skeletal, cardiac, - Allows manipulation of the Superficial to bones and and smooth muscle environment, locomotion, and joints, lining of intestines, heart facial expression. - Maintains posture, and produces heat. Nervous Brain, spinal cord, - As the fast-acting control system Brain is inside cranium, nerves of the body, it responds to internal spinal cord is inside the vertebrae, and nerves extend and external changes by off the spinal cord to the activating appropriate muscles entire body and glands. Endocrine Thyroid, pancreas, - Glands secrete hormones that Found medially in the body. pituitary gland, regulate processes such as Brain has several glands, adrenals, thymus, thyroid is in the throat, growth, reproduction, and nutrient ovaries, testis, adrenals sit on top of the pineal gland use (metabolism) by body cells. kidneys, reproductive organs Cardiovascular Heart, blood vessels - Blood vessels transport blood, Heart is in the pericardial which carries oxygen, carbon cavity, vessels are found throughout the body dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. - The heart pumps blood. Lymphatic Lymph nodes, red - Picks up fluid leaked from blood Lymphatic system runs bone marrow, vessels and returns it to blood. parallel to blood vessels thymus, spleen, - Disposes of debris in the thoracic duct lymphatic stream. - Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. - The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body. Organ system Organs found in Main role(s)/functions of system Location in the body system Respiratory Lungs, trachea, - Keeps blood constantly supplied Lungs located in the pleural larynx, pharynx, with oxygen and removes carbon cavity bronchus dioxide. - The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. Digestive Mouth, esophagus, - Breaks down food into absorbable Located largely in the stomach, large units that enter the blood for abdominopelvic cavity intestine, small distribution to body cells. intestine, liver, rectum, anus - Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. Urinary Kidney, ureters, - Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Located lower in the urethra, bladder from the body. abdominopelvic cavity and in the inguinal region - Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood. Male Penis, prostate, - Overall function is the production Located in the pubic region reproductive testis, scrotum of offspring. - Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone - male ducts and glands aid in the  delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Female Ovaries, uterus, - Overall function is the production Located in the pubic region Reproductive fallopian tube, of offspring. Testes produce and within the mammary mammary glands, sperm and male sex hormones, region vagina and male ducts and glands aid in the delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. - Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. - Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. - Root words - Aden/o : gland - Arthr/o: joint - Bi/o: life - Carcin/o: cancer - cardi/o: heart - cephal/o: head - cerebr/o: cerebrum - cis/o: to cut - cyt/o: cell - derm/o: skin - encephal/o: brain - hemat/o: blood - leuk/o: white - nephr/o: kidney - onc/o: tumor - oste/o: bone - ur/o: urinary tract - -algia: pain - -cyte: cell - -emia: blood condition - -ist: speccialist - -itis: inflammation - -opsy: process of viewing - Hyper-: above/excessive - Hypo-: below/deficient Unit Two: Cellular Anatomy and Processes - Define Homeostasis and Positive vs negative feedback (be prepared to graph, know examples, and define both) - Is this example Positive or negative feedback? Positive feedback - Why is this example positive or negative feedback? Positive feedback enhances the original stimulus. So a signal to grow will get bigger and bigger and bigger, and a signal to shrink will get smaller and smaller and smaller. For example, the release of certain hormones will cause contractions to get bigger, the bigger contractions release more of the hormones which cause mor - Negative feedback occurs when the original stimulus is flipped in the other direction. For example, if your body temperature gets too low, your body reverses the signal by shivering and raising the temp. - Walk through the process of the body utilizing negative feedback to regulate pathways (hint find the seesaw picture) - Biomolecules - Draw out what happens during Dehydration synthesis vs hydrolysis  - Cellular organelles Organelle Function in Cell Nucleus Brain of the cell. Contains DNA instructions. Responds to signals and dictates protein synthesis Nucleolus Middle of the nucleus. Involved in rRNA synthesis to make ribosomes. Assembles ribosomal subunits Rough ER Studded with ribosomes. Manufactures proteins. Synthesizes phospholipids Smooth ER Storage and release of calcium. Detox center of the cell. Synthesizes steroid based hormones Golgi Packaging center of the cell. Modifies proteins and sends them out in Apparatus vesicles to their next destination Centrosome Generates Microtubules. Contains 2 centrioles. Used during mitosis Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell! Contains its own DNA. Provides most of the cells ATP through cellular respiration Lysosome Digestive center of the cell. Contains hydrolytic enzymes. Can autodigest the cell if it is broken open Cell Sei-permeable phospholipid membrane. Contains hydrophilic tails and Membrane hydrophobic tails. Studded with proteins and allows certain molecules into and out of the cell Microtubule Hollow tubes that determine the overall structure and shape of the cell. Help distribute other organelles around the cell Vesicle Small pockets made of phospholipids that are used to transport materials Ribosome Protein factory. This is where translation occurs. These can be bound to the Rough ER or free floating through the cell - Mitosis/cell cycle and DNA replication Phase Describe what happens during this phase Interphase Longest phase. G1= cell growth, G0= cell ceases dividing, S= DNA replication, G2= prep for division Prophase 1. Chromosomes become visible and are joined with a centromere 2. Centrosomes separate and migrate to the poles of the cell to begin producing the spindle 3. Nuclear envelope fades Metaphase 1. Centromeres are aligned on the equator of the cell. This is also called the metaphase plate Anaphase 1. Shortest phase of the cycle 2. Centromeres split 3. Chromosomes are pulled in opposite directions towards the poles by motor proteins Telophase 1. Begins when chromosomes stop moving 2. Chromosomes unwind to chromatin 3. New nuclear membrane forms 4. Nucleoli appear 5. Spindle disappears Cytokinesis 1. Begins during late anaphase 2. Cleavage furrow forms pinching cell in half 3. The formation is complete of 2 diploid identical daughter cells  - Active vs Passive transport Passive Transport Active Transport Does it need ATP? No Yes Moving with concentration With the gradient Against the gradient gradient or against? Protein carrier needed? What no yes type? Examples of cells that use this and Most cells use this. Gases pass Ex: muscle cells use how through cells passively sodium-potassium channels that help drive ions agains their gradient. This allows for muscle contraction What type of molecules are Lipids, gases, small polar Large molecules involved? molecules ions - Osmosis/tonicity  - DNA vs RNA DNA RNA - Double stranded - Single stranded - Sugar=deoxyribose - Sugar=ribose - Nitrogen bases= adenine, thymine, cytosine, - Nitrogen bases= adenine, uracil, guanine, and guanine and cytosine - Contain all genetic instructions - Contain instructions for proteins (mRNA, - Double helix shape rRNA, tRNA, etc.) Write out the process of protein synthesis and describe the four structures of protein folding 1. Transcription a. The process of copying a cells DNA into mRNA b. RNA polymerase binds to a segment of DNA and produces an mRNA transcript that leaves the nucleus and heads to the cytoplasm 2. Translation a. Process that occurs at the ribosome b. mRNA transcript is taken to the ribosome where it is read and a tRNA brings a correct amino acid over where it is bonded to other amino acids creating a polypeptide chain 3. Primary protein structure: the chain of amino acids linked together 4. Secondary structure: polypeptide forms an alpha helix or beta sheet shape 5. Tertiary structure: protein is folded into a globular structure 6. Quaternary structure: multiple tertiary structures are combined to form a more complex protein  - Interpret these graphs The graph on the right does not have an enzyme in it. Without the enzyme, the reaction needs more energy to start the reaction. Enzymes lower the activation energy which allows processes to happen faster such as digestion Define Cell Theory 1. Cells are the building blocks of plants and animals 2. Cells are the smallest unit of life 3. Cells come from pre-existing cells 4. Cells maintain homeostasis Unit Three: Tissues and Integumentary System - Histology Where is it found? What is its function? What organs use this? Epithelial Tissue Linings of Forms Hollow organs digestive tract boundaries (stomach, organs and between different bladder, lungs, hollow organs environments etc.) Glands Protects Skin Secretes Glands Absorbs Kidneys Filters Connective Tissue Bones Supports Underneath Tendons Protects epithelial tissue Blood Binds other Lymphoid organs Fat tissues together Tendons and Found most ligaments underneath many Walls of arteries epithelial tissues External ear Supportive tissue Intervertebral Discs Skeletal system Muscle Tissue Muscular system Contracts to Heart cause movement Skeletal muscles Smooth muscles in hollow organs Nervous Tissue Medial in the Internal Brain body Communication in Spinal Cord the body Nerves Regulate and Neurons control body functions Epithelial tissues - All epithelial sheets are supported by what? Connective Tissue - What does it mean by “epithelial tissue is avascular, but innervated”? Epithelial tissue has little to no blood supply and is nourished via diffusion. Epithelial tissue is supported by nerve fibers which provides sensations to the tissues - How are epithelial tissues classified/named? First name indicates the number of cell layers (simple=1 layer, stratified= 2 or more layers) Second name indicates the shape of the cell (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar) - In stratified tissues, multiple shapes can be present but the tissue is named after the cell shape on the apical (top) layer  Description Function Location Picture Simple Squamous Single layer Allow Kidneys of flattened materials to Air sacs of cells pass by lungs Simplest of diffusion Lining of epithelia and filtration heart in sites Blood where vessels protection is Lining of not ventral body important cavity Secretes Endothelium lubricating Mesotheliu substances m in the serosa lining Simple Cuboidal Single layer Involved in Forms walls of cubelike secretion of smallest cells and ducts of absorption glands and many kidney tubules Simple Columnar Single layer Involved in Digestive of tall cells absorption tract, Some bear and gallbladder, cillia or secretion of ducts of microvilli mucus, some gland, Could enzymes, bronchi of contain and other lungs, and goblet cells substances uterine tubes Pseudostratified Cells of Involved in Upper differing secretion, respiratory heights particularly tract, ducts Nuclei at of mucus, of large different and also in glands, and levels movement tubules in Could of mucus testes contain via ciliary goblet cells sweeping action Stratified Thick Protection Skin Squamous membrane of Moist linings containing underlying (non several cell tissues keratinized layers cells) Surface Located in cells are areas of squamous high wear Basal cells and tear are columnar or cuboidal Could be keratinized Stratified Cuboidal Very rare N/A Sweat and N/A One or two some cell layers mammary thick glands Stratified Columnar Very limited N/A Pharynx N/A distribution Male Only apical urethra layer is Some columnar glandular ducts Usually occurs in transition areas between two types of epithelia Transitional Resembles Forms lining Bladder Epithelium both of hollow Ureters stratified urinary Urethra squamous organs and stratified cuboidal Glands - What does an endocrine gland secrete and where do they secrete them? Secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream  - What does an exocrine gland secrete? Where are the secretions released? Secretes mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary onto body surfaces like skin Membranes - Compare and contrast Serous, Cutaneous, and Mucous membranes Serous Mucous Cutaneous Also called Serosae Also called Mucosae Another name for skin Found in closed ventral Line body cavities that are Keratinized stratified body cavities open to the exterior squamous epithelial cells Made of simple squamous (digestive tract, respiratory attached to a thick layer of epithelium (mesothelium) system, reproductive connective tissue (dermis) that sits on top of thin systems, etc.) Dry membrane areolar connective tissue Moist membranes bathed Parietal serosae= internal by secretions body cavity walls May secrete mucus Visceral serosae= cover internal organs Pleurae= cover lungs Pericardium= cover heart Peritoneum= cover abdomen Connective tissues Location Function What is a picture of this? Connective Tissue Proper (loose) Areolar Most widely Supports and distributed binds other tissues Universal packing material between other tissues Wraps and cushions organs Plays an important role in inflammation and holds tissue fluid Adipose Under the skin in Provides reserve subcutaneous fuel for body tissue Insulates body Around kidneys Supports and and eyeballs protects organs Within abdomen Breast tissue Reticular Lymphoid organs Fibers form a soft (lymph nodes, internal skeleton bone marrow, and called a stroma spleen) that supports other cell types such as macrophages, mast cells, etc. Connective Tissue Proper (dense) Dense Regular Tendons Attaches muscles Ligaments to bones or to aponeuroses other muscles Attaches bones to bones Withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction Not vascularized Surgery to fix this if it is torn Dense Irregular Fibrous joint Provides capsules structural strength (shoulder) for organs and Fibrous coverings joints of some organs Allows for movement of joint in multiple directions without tearing Dense Elastic Walls of large Allows tissue to arteries recoil after Within certain stretching ligaments in the Maintains blood vertebral column flow through Within the walls arteries of bronchial tubes Aids in passive recoil of lungs following inhalation Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Tips of long Firm matrix N/A bones Supports and Nose reinforces body Trachea Serves as a Larynx cushion between Cartilage of the bones ribs Resists compression Elastic Cartilage External ears High flexibility N/A Epiglottis while maintaining structure Fibrocartilage Intervertebral Absorbs N/A discs compressive Discs of knee shock joint Bone Skeletal system Supports and protects body structures Stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities Stores Calcium Provides levers for the muscles to act on Blood Throughout the Transport of body nutrients, wastes, gases, and other substances Muscle Tissues Location? Function? What is a picture of it? Skeletal Muscle Attached to Also called bones voluntary muscle, this causes bones to move  Cardiac Muscle Only in the walls Involuntary of the heart muscle Its contractions propel blood through the body Smooth Muscle Usually in the Propels walls of hollow substances or organs other than objects (food, the heart baby, urine, etc) along internal passageways. Involuntary control Nervous tissues Location? Function? What is a picture of it? Nervous Tissue Brain Electrical Spinal Cord impulses to Nerves communicate information about surroundings Regulates and controls body functions Integumentary System What tissue/cells makes Main role of this region? Does this region have up this region? layers? Epidermis Keratinized Superficial layer Bottom to top stratified Protection from 1. Stratum Basale squamous abrasion/ trauma 2. Stratum epithelium Spinosum 3. Stratum Granulosum 4. Stratum Corneum Dermis Strong Flexible Support and Bottom to top connective tissue provide defense 1. Reticular layer Usually Dense against foreign 2. Papillary Layer irregular tissue bodies Sensory layer Allows for skin to stretch and be flexible Hypodermis Adipose tissue Insulation and N/A cushioning Epidermis Layers - List the epidermal layers from deep to superficial 1. Stratum Basale 2. Stratum spinosum 3. Stratum Granulosum 4. Stratum Corneum - What are the main functions of the stratum corneum Protects from environment, waterproofs skin, physical barrier Dermis Layers - What are the two layers that make up the dermis? Reticular and papillary layer - What tissue is found in the papillary layer? Areolar connective tissue Compare Eccrine vs Apocrine Sweat Glands Eccrine/merocrine Apocrine Sweat glands Sweat gland Secretes 90% water and 10% electrolytes Confined to axillary and anogenital areas Found most places on the body Function at puberty Skin Cancer 1. What are two risk factors for skin cancer? Overexposure to UV radiation. Frequent irritation of the skin 2. Three major types: where are they found, how are they cured/treated Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Melanoma 3. Where is Basal Cell carcinoma found and how do you treat it? Found in the stratum basale and slowly invades the dermis. Cured by surgical excision 4. Where is squamous cell carcinoma found and how is it treated? Involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum. Treated by radiation therapy/surgery 5. What type of cells are melanomas found in and why is it considered the most deadly? Melanocytes, it is considered the most deadly because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy 6. What does each letter stand for in the ABCD rule? Asymmetry: the two sides don’t match Border: exhibits indentations/border is a different color than the middle Color: black, brown, tan, red, and is not a uniform color Diameter: larger than 6mm Burns 1. What is the immediate threat of a burn? Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance 2. When is a burn a medical emergency? More than 25% of the body has second degree burns More than 10% of the body has third degree burns Face/hands/feet have third degree burns 3. 1st degree vs 2nd degree vs 3rd degree? First degree= sunburn. Reddening of the skin. Epidermal damage only Second degree= blisters appear. Epidermal and dermal damage Third degree= entire thickness of skin is damaged. Gray white/cherry coloring. No initial pain due to nerve ending being destroyed. Skin graft is necessary Unit Four: Skeletal System - Compact vs Spongy Bone Compact Bone is the densest part of the bone that is typically found on the outer edges while spongy bone has many spaces in between the cells and is found closer to the center of the bone. Both pieces are made by cells called osteoclytes - Define Osteoclast A type of cell that can dissolve the bony matrix - Define Osteoblast A type of cell that can produce new bone - What is red bone marrow and where is it found? Contains stem cells that differentiate into red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It is found within the spongey bone of adults and in the medullary cavity of children - What are bones largely made of during fetal development? Hyaline cartilage - Classification of bones (long vs short vs flat vs sesamoid vs irregular) Long bones: longer than they are wide with heads at each end - Femur and humerus Short Bones: cube shaped that contain high amounts of spongey bone - Carpals and tarsals Flat bones: thinner, flattened, and often curved and are mde of thin layers of compact bone - The skull, the ribs, and the sternum Sesamoid bones: embedded within a tendon - Patella Irregular bones: do not fit into any of the previous category - The vertebrae - The sacrum Pelvic bones (coxal, pubis, etc.) - Define articulation Also called joints, these exist wherever two bones meet - Define synarthroses and give example Immoveable joints. Cranial sutures and costal cartilage to ribs are examples of immoveable joints - Define Amphiarthroses and give example Joints that can move slightly and bones are slightly farther away from one another than they are in synarthroses. Symphysis pubis/coxal bones and the fibrocartilage between vertebrae are examples of amphiarthroses - Define Diarthroses and give example Also called synovial joints because of the membrane and fluid that separates the bone, allowing for free movement. Examples would be the knee, elbow, and shoulder - Describe each type of synovial joint and give an example of each Ball and Socket: head of one bone rests in the depression of another and have the greatest range of motion (360*) - hip and shoulder Hinge Joint: allows for angular movement (bending) along a single plane - elbow and knee Condylar Joint: allow angular movement in two planes - Radius and carpal bones Saddle joint: allow circular movement and angular movement in two planes - Base of the thumb between the carpal and metacarpal Pivot Joint: allow rotation in a single plane Neck in the cervical spine (atlas and axis vertebrae) - Define grade I, Grade II and Grade III sprain A stretching/tearing of ligament which occurs when a joint is forced into an abnormal position. Grade 1 the ligaments are stretched and slightly torn. Grade II ligaments are partially torn. Grade III ligaments are completely torn. Grade II could and Grade III will absolutely need a surgical repair. Grade I can often be healed with rest. - Describe each type of bone fracture Green stick: an incomplete break that splinters and bends the bone. Similar to breaking a green branch on a young tree. Common in children Fissured: an incomplete, longitudinal break or crack in the bone. Often what people refer to as a fractured bone. Comminuted: a complete shattering of the bone Transverse: a complete break at a right angle to the axis of the bone Oblique: a complete break that occurs at any angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone Spiral: a twisted fracture due to twisting the bone excessively - Compare simple/closed fractures to open fractures Simple: bone remains internally and does not break the skin Open: bone breaks through the skin leading to an increased risk of infection - Bone disorders - Bone spur - Also known as osteophytes occur when the body grows small projections on the edge of bones (common in heels) - Plantar fasciitis - Inflammation of the plantar fascia which connects the metatarsals and phalanges back to the heel and into the achilles tendon. Makes walking incredibly painful - Osteoporosis - Increased activity of osteoclasts that cause a break down of bone making the bone more fragile. The spongy bone becomes more porous. This leads to a decrease in bone mass. This often affects women more than men. Can be caused by: lack of exercise, poor diet, genetics. - Osteoarthritis - A wearing down of articular cartilage as a result of aging. Results in pain, stiffness, and loss of joint flexibility - Rheumatoid arthritis - Autoimmue disease that causes joint stiffness and bone deformity - Rickets - Vitamin D deficiency which causes weak and brittle bones that bend and fracture easily - Kyphosis vs lordosis - Kyphosis: a hunchback curve - Lordosis: swayback in lower region - Ankylosis - Severe arthritis in the spine which can cause the vertebrae to fuse - Scoliosis - Abnormal curvature of the spine that occurs in pre-pubescent growth spurts. Most cases the cause is unknown. Can lead to a reduction in thoracic cavity volume which results in difficulty breathing - Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) - Also called “stone man syndrome” this occurs when soft tissue begins to be regrown as bone. Sufferers are slowly imprisoned by their own skeletons - Osteosarcoma - Most common bone cancer that commonly affects teenagers and young adults Labeling Unit one: body cavities, body regions Unit two labeling: the cell Unit three labeling: Tissues and skin Tissue Labeling Tissues that MAY be on the exam. (see the chart of tissues for the answers) Unit Four Labeling: Skeletal Systems and bones 1. Radius 2. Ulna 3. Lunate 4. Pisiform 5. Triquetrum 6. Hamate 7. Scaphoid 8. Capitate 9. Trapezium 10. Trapezoid 11. Metacarpals 12. Proximal phalange 13. Medial phalange 14. Distal phalange 1. Medial cuneiform 2. Intermediate cuneiform 3. Navicular 4. Talus 5. Calcaneus 6. Cuboid 7. Lateral cuneiform 8. Metatarsals 9. Proximal phalange 10. Medial phalange 11. Distal phalange A. Diaphysis B. Proximal and Distal Epiphysis C. Epiphyseal Plates D. Periosteum E. Spongy bone F. Compact bone G. Medullary cavity H. endosteum