Anatomy & Physiology Midterm (ANPH111) - Blood PDF

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES ○ Plasma - nonliving fluid CHAPTER 18: BLOOD...

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES ○ Plasma - nonliving fluid CHAPTER 18: BLOOD `matrix. ★ When blood is separated: A COMPONENTS OF BLOOD ○ Erythrocytes sink to the bottom. Hematocrit - 45% BLOOD of blood. ★ River of life ○ Buffy coats contain ★ Transports: leukocytes and platelets. ○ Nutrients 1% of blood ○ Wastes A thin, whitish layer ○ Hormones between the ○ Body heat erythrocytes and ★ Facilitates through blood plasma. vessels. ○ Plasma rises to the top ★ Pumping action of the heart to 55% of blood propel blood throughout the body. ★ Magical fluid. COMPONENTS OF BLOOD ★ The only fluid tissue (connective tissue) in the human body. ○ Formed elements - living cells. EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND VOLUME PLASMA ★ Blood ★ 90% water ○ Sticky, opaque fluid ★ Straw-colored fluid - light ○ Heavier and thicker than yellow water ★ Includes many dissolves ○ Color range substance: Oxygen rich blood ○ Nutrients - scarlet red ○ Salts (electrolytes) Oxygen poor blood ○ Respiratory gases - dull red or purple ○ Hormones ○ Metallic, salty taste ○ Plasma proteins ○ Blood pH is slightly ○ Waste products alkaline, between 7.35 ★ Blood composition varies as and 7.45 cells exchange substances ○ Blood temperature is with the blood. slightly higher than body ○ Liver makes more temperature at 38 proteins when levels degrees celsius or 100.4 drop. fahrenheit. ○ Respiratory and urinary ★ Blood volume systems restore blood pH ○ 5-6 liters, or 6 quarts of to normal when blood blood are found in becomes too acidic or healthy adults. alkaline. ○ Makes up 8% of body ★ Plasma helps distribute body weight. heat. ○ Acidotic - too high EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES ○ Alkalotic - too low Help stop bleeding ○ Erratic - too low or too tendencies. high ○ Antibodies - help protect the body for pathogens. PLASMA PROTEINS Globuline - ★ Most abundant solutes in defense from plasma. pathogenic ★ Most are made by liver microorganism. ★ Include: ○ Albumin - important FORMED ELEMENTS blood buffer and contributes to osmotic ★ Erythrocytes - rbc pressure. ★ Leukocytes - wbc Carrier to shuttle ★ Thrombocytes - platelets certain molecules ○ cell fragments throughout cyclation. ERYTHROCYTES Keep water in the bloodstream. ★ Carry and transport oxygen ○ Clotting proteins - help bound to hemoglobin to stem blood loss when molecules; small amounts of a blood vessel is injured. CO2. Fibrinogen - help ★ CHARACTERISTICS: promote blood ○ Anucleate (no nucleus) clotting. (absence ○ Contain few organelles: of blood clotting lack mitochondria. causes bleeding.) EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES Aerobic carried in the mechanism - ATP blood. ○ Essentially bags of The more hemoglobin (Hb) hemoglobin, Iron-bearing. the more ○ Biconcave disc oxygen it will Flattened section carry. in the middle Binds oxygen allows diffusion of Each hemoglobin gaseous elements molecule can bind like O2 and CO. 4 oxygen ○ Normal count is 5 million molecules. RBCs per cubic Each (1) millimeter (mm3) of erythrocyte has blood. 250 million the number of rbc hemoglobin per cubic mm molecules. increases the Each can blood viscosity will carry 1 billion also increase - molecules of vice versa. oxygen. ○ Hemoglobin Normal blood Iron-bearing contains 12-18g of protein hemoglobin per Transport 100 ml of blood. most of the RBC CLINICAL CORRELATION oxygen EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES ★ Homeostatic imbalance of Bone marrow RBCs cancer (polycythemia TYPES OF ANEMIA vera) ★ Anemia - decrease in Life at higher oxygen-carrying ability of the altitudes blood due to: (secondary ○ Lower than normal polycythemia) number of red blood Mountains with thin cells. air ○ Abnormal or deficient Smoke hemoglobin amount in ○ Increase in RBCs slows the RBCs. blood flow and increases ★ Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) blood viscosity. ○ results from abnormally DECREASE IN RBC NUMBER shaped hemoglobin. ★ Hemorrhagic anemia ○ hereditary ○ sudden hemorrhage ○ bleeding ★ Hemolytic anemia ○ Lysis (destruction) of RBcs as a result of bacterial infections. ★ Polycythemia ★ Pernicious anemia ○ Disorder resulting from ○ Lack of vitamin B12 excessive or abnormal (absorption of vitamins) increase of RBCs due to: ○ Common in elders ★ Aplastic anemia EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES ○ depression/destruction ○ Used tissues spaces, of bone marrow by cytoplasmic extensions cancer, radiation, or to help them move along certain medications. those areas. LACK AMOUNT OF HEMOGLOBIN ★ 4800 to 10,800 WBCs per mm3 ★ Iron-deficiency anemia of blood. ○ Lack of iron in diet or ○ Protective movable army slow/prolonged that helps defend the bleeding. body against damage ○ Children, teenagers from bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites etc ★ Leukocytosis (increase) LEUKOCYTES ○ WBC counts above 11, 000 ★ Crucial in the body's defense cells per mm3 of blood. against disease. ○ Generally indicates ★ Complete cells, with nucleus infection. and organelles. ○ Normal response of the CHARACTERISTIC body to fight an infection. ★ DIAPEDESIS ○ Increasing the amount of ○ Able to move in and out RBC also increases the of the blood vessels. amount of WBC. ★ POSITIVE CHEMOTAXIS ○ Increase the number of ○ Respond to chemicals cells. released by damaged ★ Leukopenia (penia - decrease) tissues. ○ Abnormally low WBC ★ Move by amoeboid motion. count. EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES ○ Commonly caused by ○ Several rounded nuclear certain drugs, such as areas. corticosteroids and ★ Include: anticancer agents. ○ Neutrophils ○ Less than 4800 WBC ○ Eosinophils ★ Leukemia ○ Basophils ○ Bone marrow becomes AGRANULOCYTES cancerous. ★ Lack visible cytoplasmic ○ Numerous immature granules. WBC are produced. ★ Nuclei are spherical, oval, or Incapable of kidney-shaped. carrying out ★ Include: protective ○ Lymphocyte functions. ○ Monocytes Body becomes an LIST OF WBCs FROM MOST TO LEAST ABUNDANT: easy prey for 1. Neutrophils disease causing 2. Lymphocytes bacteria and 3. Monocytes viruses. 4. Eosinophils 2 CLASSIFICATION 5. Basophils GRANULOCYTES ★ Granules in their cytoplasm GRANULOCYTES can be stained. neutrophils ○ Visible ★ Possess lobed nuclei ★ Most numerous WBC ★ Multi-lobed nucleus EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES ★ Cytoplasm stains pink and basophil contains fine granules. ★ Rarest of the WBCs ★ Function as phagocytes at ★ Incapable of phagocytosis active sites of infection. ★ Secrete substances ○ Phagocytic cell ★ Large histamine-containing Engulf bacteria granules that stain dark blue. and debris in ★ Histamine tissues. ○ Substance that causes ★ Numbers increased during the blood vessels to leak. infection. ★ Contains heparin - ★ 3, 000 - 7, 000 neutrophils per anticoagulant mm3 of blood (40-70% of ★ Heparin WBCs.) ○ Prevents blood clotting. ★ Granules are neutral ★ 20-50 basophils per mm3 of eosinophils blood (0-1% of WBCs) ★ Large amounts of basophil ★ Nucleus stains blue-red could lead to excessive ★ Brick-red cytoplasmic granules bleeding and leakage of blood ★ Kills parasitic worms and plays vessels. a role in allergy attacks. ○ Release enzymes from cytoplasmic granules AGRANULOCYTES onto the parasite lymphocytes surface. ★ 100-400 eosinophils per mm3 ★ large , dark purple nucleus of blood (1-4% of WBCs). ○ Occupies most of the cell volume. EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES ★ Slightly larger than RBCs ○ Huge appetites, big ★ Reside in lymphatic tissues eaters. ○ Tonsils ○ Clean up team. ○ Thymus ★ Important in fighting chronic ★ Play a role in immune infection. response; long term immunity. ★ 100-700 monocytes per mm3 ○ B lymphocytes - of blood (4-8% of WBCs). produce antibodies. ○ T lymphocytes - graft PLATELETS rejection, fight tumors and viruses via direct cell ★ Fragments of megakaryocytes, attack. multinucleate cells. ★ Begins and matures in bone ★ Needed for the clotting marrow, and some matures in process. lymphatic tissues. ○ Stops blood loss ★ 1, 500 - 3, 000 lymphocytes per ★ Normal platelet count is 300, mm3 of blood (20-45% of 000 platelets per mm3 of WBCs) blood. ★ Survive a few weeks to decades. B HEMATOPOIESIS monocyte HEMATOPOIESIS ★ Largest WBC ★ Distinctive U or kidney-shaped ★ Process of blood formation. nucleus. ★ Occurs in red bone marrow or ★ Matured as macrophages MYELOID TISSUE when they migrate into tissues. EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES ○ Found in axial skeleton ○ RBC components are (pectoral girdle, pelvic reused. girdle) Iron is bound to ★ All blood cells are derived from; protein as ferritin ○ HEMOCYTOBLAST Heme group is Lymphoid - degraded to produces bilirubin -> lymphocytes. stercobilin (dark Supplements pigment) blood cell Goblin is broken production. down to amino Myeloid - acids. produces all other ★ Lost cells are replaced by formed elements. division of hemocytoblast in (WBC, RBC, the red bone marrow. PLATELET) ○ Reticulocyte - young RBCs RED BLOOD CELL 3-5 days to mature ★ Since RBCs are anucleate, they ★ Erythropoietin are unable to divide, grow, or ○ A hormone that controls synthesize proteins. the production of the ○ Will become rigid. rate of RBC. ★ RBCs wear out in 100 to 200 ○ Most produced by the days. kidneys as a response to ★ When worn out, RBCs are reduced oxygen levels in eliminated by phagocytes in the blood. the spleen or liver. EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES ○ Secreted and also Produced by our produced by the liver. liver. ○ Will target the bone CLINICAL CORRELATION marrow to produce a high amount of RBC. ★ Leukemia ★ Homeostasis is maintained by ○ Bone marrow negative feedback from blood aspiration/biopsy oxygen levels. Withdrawing a ○ Erythropoietin will be small sample of released in response to red bone marrow lower blood oxygen using Ilium from levels. pelvic girdle. Provide cells for WHITE BLOOD CELL AND PLATELET microscopic view ★ Controlled by hormones: to determine the ○ Colony stimulating production of white factors (CSFs) and blood cells. interleukins - prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes. C HEMOSTASIS Enhances the mature WBC to protect the body. HEMOSTASIS ○ Thrombopoietin - ★ The process of stopping the stimulates production of bleeding that results in blood platelets from vessels leakage. megakaryocytes. EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES ★ Involves 3 phases: ★ Immediate response to blood ○ Vascular spasms vessel injury. ○ Platelet plug formation ★ Vasoconstriction causes blood ○ Coagulation (blood vessels, decreasing blood loss. clotting) STEP 2: PLATELET PLUG FORMS ★ Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes. ★ Injury to the lining of the vessel ★ The clot remains as exposes collagen fibers; endothelium regenerates. platelets adhere. (didikit) ★ The clot is broken down after ★ Platelets release chemicals tissue repair. that make nearby platelets ○ Sterile gauze or pressure sticky; platelet plug forms. speeds up the clotting ○ Enhances vascular process. spasm to attract more Rough process to platelets. which the platelets ○ Platelet plug formation. adhere. Increase the STEP 3: COAGULATION release of tissue ★ Injured tissues release TISSUE factors in the area. FACTOR. Greatly help to ★ PLASMA FACTOR - PF3 stop the bleeding. (phospholipid) interacts with STEP 1: VASCULAR SPASMS TISSUE FACTOR, and calcium ions to trigger a clotting ★ SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTS, cascade. CAUSING VASOCONSTRICTION. ○ forms; EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES ★ Prothrombin activator to Can be deadly in convert prothrombin to areas such as the thrombin (enzyme) lungs. ★ Thrombin joins fibrinogen Pulmonary proteins into hairlike molecules thrombosis of insoluble fibrin. ○ Embolus ○ Fibrin forms a meshwork A thrombus that - basis for a clot. breaks away and Trap RBC and floats freely in the platelets. bloodstream. ★ Within the hour, serum is Can later clog squeezed from the clot as it vessels in critical retracts. areas such as the ○ Serum - plasma without brain. clotting proteins. Cerebral embolus Brain tissue DISORDERS OF HEMOSTASIS dies. ★ Undesirable clotting - clotting ★ Undesirable clotting is caused exceeds the homeostasis by anything that roughens the mechanism. inner lining of blood vessels. ○ Thrombus ○ Bed ridden; A clot inside the ○ Encourages the platelets blood vessel. to cling together. Impede circulation Accumulation of of blood. fatty material. EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES cause the blood to ○ Evidence by petechiae flow slowly - blood small purple pooling - blood blotches on the clots causes skin problems. Won’t be washed away. ★ Used of anticoagulants; ○ Aspirin ○ Heparin ★ Hemophilia ○ Warfarin ○ Hereditary bleeding Can’t be used by disorder people with ○ Normal clotting factors bleeding disorders. are missing. BLEEDING DISORDERS ○ Minor tissue damage can cause ★ Thrombocytopenia life-threatening ○ Insufficient number of prolonged bleeding. circulating platelets. ○ Arises from any condition that suppresses the bone D BLOOD GROUPS AND TRANSFUSIONS marrow. ○ Even normal movements can cause bleeding from ★ Large losses of blood have small blood vessels that serious consequences. require platelets for ○ Loss of 15 to 30% causes clotting. weakness. EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES ○ Loss of over 30% causes Contains the shock, which can be antigen fatal. ○ Agglutination ★ Blood transfusions are given Namumuo, clog for substantial blood loss, to the blood vessels. treat severe anemia, or for Lysis, hemoglobin, thrombocytopenia. is released in the bloodstream that HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS will block the ★ Blood contains genetically kidney tubules. determined proteins known as; Kidney failure, ○ Antigen death. Substances that the body ANTIGEN (AGGLUTINOGEN) recognizes as foreign and that BLOOD TYPE the immune A B system may attack. A antigen B antigen Most antigens are ANTIBODY (AGGLUTININS) foreign proteins ★ Recognizers that bind foreign We tolerate our antigens. own self antigens ★ Blood is typed by using antibodies ○ Antibody that will cause blood with certain Recognizers proteins to clump (agglutination) present in the and lyse. plasma. EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES TRANSFUSION-REACTION ★ Check for urinary output RH BLOOD GROUP ○ Blocked kidney tubules = ★ Named for the 8 Rh antigens kidney failure = death. (agglutinogen D) ★ Fever ★ Originally identified in rhesus ★ Chills monkeys ★ Nausea ★ Most individuals are Rh+ (Rh-positive), meaning they ★ Bumping carry the Rh antigen. NOTES: ★ DURING: stop blood transfusion immediately. ★ POST-TRANSFUSION: watch out ABO BLOOD GROUP for kidney failure, evaluate urine output. BLOOD TYPE ANTIGEN 2.0 HUMAN BLOOD GROUPS A B AB O ★ There are over 20 c0mmon red A antigen B A&B NONE blood cell antigens. antigen antigen ★ The most vigorous transfusion ANTIBODY reactions are caused by ABO and Rh blood group antigens. anti-B anti-A NONE anti-A anti-B ABO BLOOD GROUPS ★ Blood types are based on the CLINICAL CORRELATION presence or absence of two antigens. ★ ABO incompatibility 1. Type A ○ Hemolysis 2. Type B Rupture of RBC due to incompatibility. EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES ★ Rh incompatibility (Rh+ 1st pregnancy: receives Rh-) without problems; ○ Immune system immune system is becomes sensitized and sensitized after first begins producing pregnancy. antibodies; hemolysis 2nd pregnancy: the does not occur, because mothers immune it takes time to produce system produces antibodies. antibodies to ○ Second, and subsequent, attack the Rh+ transfusions involve blood. antibodies attacking Hemolytic donors Rh+ RBCs and disease of hemolysis occurs the newborn. (rupture of RBCs) ★ Rh-related problems during BLOOD TYPING pregnancy. ○ Danger occurs only when ★ Blood samples are mixed with the mother is Rh-, the anti-A and anti-B serum. father is Rh+, and the ★ Agglutination leads to child inherits the Rh+ identification of blood type. factor. ★ Typing for ABO and Rh factors ○ RhoGAM shot can is done in the same manner. prevent build up of anti ★ Cross matching Rh+ antibodies in ○ Testing for agglutination mother’s blood. of donor RBCs by the ○ The mismatch of an Rh- recipient’s serum, and mother carrying an Rh+ vice versa. baby can cause problems for the unborn child. E DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF BLOOD EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )  ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM ANPH111 JENNIFER A. SALES sunlight to help the liver ★ EMBRYO: process the hemoglobin. ○ The fetal liver and spleen ★ Leukemias are most common are early sites of blood in the very young and old. cell formation. ○ Older adults are also at ○ Bone marrow takes over risk for anemia and hematopoiesis by the clotting disorders. seventh month. ★ Congenital blood defects include various types of hemolytic anemias and hemophilia. ★ Incompatibility between maternal and fetal blood can result in fetal cyanosis, resulting from destruction of fetal blood cells. ★ Fetal hemoglobin differs from hemoglobin produced after birth. ○ Oxygen easily binds which is good. ○ After birth, it is replaced by RBC with common hemoglobin. ★ Physiologic jaundice occurs in infants when the liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products fast enough. ○ Exposed to morning EVEN IF YOU GO SLOWLY, IT’S OKAY! : )