Animal Form and Function.pdf

ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION Presented by: Ma’am Sean Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, student should be able to: explain the difference of asexual and sexual reproduction identify the three types of asexual reproduction enumerate the essential elemen...

ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION Presented by: Ma’am Sean Learning Objectives At the end of the lesson, student should be able to: explain the difference of asexual and sexual reproduction identify the three types of asexual reproduction enumerate the essential elements, vitamins, and physiology of animals determine the parts of animal nervous system identify and explain the regions of vertebrate nervous system FOCUS OF 01 | Animal THE Reproduction LESSON 02 | Animal Nutrition 03 | Animal Nervous System  ANIMAL REPRODUCTION Animal reproduce asexually, sexually, or by both means. What do you think is the difference of asexual reproduction to sexual reproduction?  SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Sexual Reproduction This type of reproduction is more complex and lengthy as compared to asexual reproduction. Reproducing sexually gives the benefit of variation and offsprings are unique. Sexual Reproduction New individuals are formed from the combination of haploid gametes to form a genetically unique offspring. Sexual reproduction is a natural way of reproduction in humans, animals and the majority of plants also choose to reproduce sexually  What do we mean by hermaphrodites or monoecious? Hermaphrodites or monoecious It is a sexually reproducing organism that produces both male and female gametes. This are organisms that can produce both sperm and eggs, they usually do not self- fertilize.  ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Asexual Reproduction It is a mode of reproduction in which a new offspring is produced by a single parent. The new individuals produced are genetically and physically identical to each other, i.e., they are the clones of their parents. Therefore, individuals are the exact clones of the parent with identical genetic makeup. Characteristics of Asexual Reproduction Following are the important features of asexual reproduction: Single parent involved. No fertilization or gamete formation takes place. This process of reproduction occurs in a very short time. The organisms multiply and grow rapidly. The offspring is genetically similar.  Three common types of Asexual Reproduction 01 | Regeneration 02 | Budding 03 | Parthenogenesis Three common types of Asexual Reproduction 01 | Regeneration - It involves the production and differentiation of new tissues to replace missing and damaged parts of the body. Three common types of Asexual Reproduction 01 | Regeneration Three common types of Asexual Reproduction 02 | Budding - It involves forming a new individual from an outgrow on the parents’ body. - This is typical of hydras and polyps - Hydras produce buds that branch of from the side of the body. Once a bud breaks off, a new hydras will form a new life independently. Three common types of Asexual Reproduction 02 | Budding - In other cases, a bud is left attached to the parent and remains bound with the others to later grow as a colony. Three common types of Asexual Reproduction 02 | Budding Three common types of Asexual Reproduction 03 | Parthenogenesis - It is a development that involves an activated unfertilized egg that undergoes mitosis in the absence of cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm). - The two nuclei then fuse together to form the diploid nucleus then further develop as if it had been fertilized. Three common types of Asexual Reproduction 03 | Parthenogenesis - It is a form of asexual reproduction where females can reproduce without a male to mate with. - This is common in some species of aphids, wasps, and ants. Three common types of Asexual Reproduction 03 | Parthenogenesis Animal Reproduction Some organisms change sex from male to female or vise versa. An organism may start off as male, converting to female (protandry) or as female converting to male (protogyny).  Animal Reproduction Some clown fish can start as a small non-breeding male, which will grow bigger when the only female in the group dies. The largest male “transforms” into a female clownfish, then the largest non-breeding male becomes the male breeding fish.  ANIMAL NUTRITION There are twelve (12) essential elements, thirteen (13) essential vitamins, and physiology in animals 12 Essential Elements and Physiology in Animals 12 Essential Elements and Physiology in Animals Elements Function in Animals Calcium component of bone and teeth Chlorine formation of HCI in stomach component of enzymes involve in Copper the synthesis of melanin, hemoglobin, and iron metabolism. Fluorine maintenance of bone and teeth Iodine component of thyroid hormone 12 Essential Elements and Physiology in Animals Elements Function in Animals Iron component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, and electron carriers Magnesium muscle and nerve function Phosphorous component of bone, ATP, DNA, and RNA Potassium acid-base balance, water balance, and neural function 12 Essential Elements and Physiology in Animals Elements Function in Animals Sodium acid-base balance, water balance, and neural function Sulfur component of body proteins Zinc components of digestive enzymes 13 Essential Vitamins and Physiology in Animals 13 Essential Vitamins and Physiology in Animals Elements Function in Animals A (retinol) regulation of bone cell activity D (calciferol) involved in calcium absorption, bone growth, and mineralization E (tocopherol) antioxidant K (phylloquinone) blood clotting 13 Essential Vitamins and Physiology in Animals Elements Function in Animals B1 (thiamine) maintains the normal function of the nervous system B2 helps convert food (riboflavin) (carbohydrates) into fuel (glucose) B3 Niacin helps convert food (carbohydrates) into fuel (glucose) 13 Essential Vitamins and Physiology in Animals Elements Function in Animals B6 (pyridoxine) normal brain development and function red blood cells production; B5 Pantothenic sex and stress-related acid hormones proper brain function, B9 Folic acid mental, and emotional health 13 Essential Vitamins and Physiology in Animals Elements Function in Animals B7 Biotin converts food into glucose to produce energy B12 healthy nerve cells; helps in cyhocobalamin the production of DNA and RNA C aids in resistance to infection; carbohydrate metabolism Diversity of Digestive Enzymes Most common form of digestion adapted by both unicellular and multicellular animals called phagocytosis. What do we mean by phagocytosis? ― Irene M. Pepperberg Phagocytosis This involves an intercellular digestion through fusion of food vacuole and lysosome.  How does gas Exchange happen? ― Irene M. Pepperberg Circulation and Gas Exchange Oxygen availability to animals depends on the external respiratory medium and environments such as temperature, salinity (aquatic life), altitude (terrestrial life) and distance from air interference. Circulation and Gas Exchange Terrestrial organisms directly take in oxygen from the atmosphere whereas aquatic organisms obtain the supply as dissolved oxygen, which occurs in minute amounts. Circulation and Gas Exchange It is more challenging and energy intensive for aquatic organisms to perform gas exchange.  ANIMAL NERVOUS SYSTEM It is divided into three (3) parts Three parts of Animal Nervous System 01 | Central Nervous 02 | Peripheral Nervous System System 03 | Autonomous Nervous System  Three parts of Animal Nervous System 01 | Central Nervous System - it comprises of the brain and neurons. It is in the head and continues along the back - It controls things like thought, movement, and emotion, as well as breathing, heart rate, hormones, and body temperature​  Three parts of Animal Nervous System 02 | Peripheral Nervous System - it includes all the nerves continuing from the central nervous system to the entire body. - it plays key role in both sending information from different areas of your body back to your brain, as well as carrying out commands from your brain to various parts of your body.​  Three parts of Animal Nervous System 03 | Autonomous Nervous System - it regulates unconscious body processes such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing, and digestion.​ - it consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.​  Three parts of Animal Nervous System 03 | Autonomous Nervous System Sympathetic Parasympathetic Nerves Nerves Carries signals that Carries signals that put your body’s relax your body’s system on alert system Vertebrate Nervous System ― Irene M. Pepperberg  Bertebrate Nervous System This contain three (3) regions: 01 | Hindbrain 02 | Midbrain 03 | Forebrain  Vertebrate Nervous System 01 | Hindbrain - it coordinates autonomic processes and motor responses. - its purpose is to regulate vital functions, such as breathing, heart rate, sleep and wakefulness  Vertebrate Nervous System 02 | Midbrain - responsible for the visual processing and some motor control - responsible for motor control, particularly eye movements and processing of vision and hearing  Vertebrate Nervous System 03 | Forebrain - it is important for the planning and execution of movements, sensory processing, regulating sleep-wake states, and behavioral responses to emotions such as stress and fear  Vertebrate Nervous System 03 | Forebrain - divided into two (2) regions: Diencephalon - contains the thalamus and hypothalamus Telecephalon - it directs appropriate response to all sensory information Vertebrate Nervous System Vertebrate Brain Differences Visual information is processed by a small midbrain just above the hindbrain and a small forebrain for olfaction (sense of smell). Vertebrate Brain Differences In amphibians, hindbrains are larger but the cerebellum is smaller compared to fishes. The size of the cerebellum in reptiles and birds is larger compared to amphibians. Birds require complex regulation of muscle activity and coordination needed for flying.  ANIMAL FORM AND FUNCTION Presented by: Ma’am Sean  01 | Sensory FOCUS OF Mechanisms 02 | Immune THE System LESSON 03 | Endocrine System 04 | Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms  SENSORY MECHANISMS Sensory Mechanisms Animals have adapted to a wide range of stimuli that include touch, pressure, pain, temperature, chemicals, light, sound, movement, and position of the body by producing nerve impulses that are received by the brain. Sensory Mechanisms The senses are often divided into two: 1. General Senses 2. Special Senses What do you think is the difference between general and special senses? Sensory Mechanisms General Senses - this refers to the sensation of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature that is distributed in the skin, muscles, and joints Sensory Mechanisms Special Senses - this refers to the senses of smell, taste, sight, hearing, and balance which are incorporated organs with complex structure Sensory Mechanisms The organs responsible for recognizing taste and smell were only separated when animals moved to lands. In bodies of water, all chemicals are dissolved; therefore, separation of these senses is necessary. Sensory Mechanisms Example: Catfish have chemoreceptors that run all over their body whereas flies have receptors present on their feet to easily identify the source of food upon landing. Catfish Fly  Sensory Mechanisms 01 | Taste 02 | Smell  Sensory Mechanisms 01 | Taste In reptiles, birds, and mammals, taste receptors are mainly located on the upper surface of the tongue. An animal’s tongue usually contains ridges and valleys called papillae.  Types of Papillae 01 | Filiform 02 | Fungiform 04 | Circumvallate 03 | Foliate Papillae  Types of Papillae 01 | Filiform 02 | Fungiform - cone-shaped and - mushroom-shaped distributed on the found at the tip and whole surface of the sides of the tongue tongue 03 | Foliate 04 | Circumvallate Papillae - folds along the - flat mounds sides of the tongue surrounded by a trench  Sensory Mechanisms 02 | Smell This sense organ is the most useful in animals as this allows locating food, marking a territory, identifying offspring, and attracting a potential mate.  Sensory Mechanisms 02 | Smell The olfactory organ consists of modified nerve cells with microscopic hairs on the surface (cilia) distributed from the epithelium on the roof of the nose cavity up to the mucus lining. IMMUNE SYSTEM Immune System Animals defend themselves from pathogenic microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens in the environment. There are two major kinds of defense mechanisms: (1) innate immunity and (2) acquired immunity. What do you think is the difference between innate and acquired immunity? Sensory Mechanisms Innate Immunity - it is the inborn resistance against infections that an individual possesses right from birth, due to his genetic or constitutional markup. - it involves barriers that keep harmful materials from entering your body. Sensory Mechanisms Acquired Immunity - it is the resistance against infecting foreign substances that an individual acquires or adapts during the course of life. - there are two types of acquired immunity and two major cell types.  Types of Acquired Immunity 01 | Active Immunity 02 | Passive Immunity What do you think is the difference between active and passive immunity?  Types of Acquired Immunity 01 | Active Immunity Develops in response to infection or vaccination. NATURAL: Antibodies developed in response to an infection ARTIFICIAL: Antibodies developed in response to vaccination  Types of Acquired Immunity 02 | Passive Immunity Develop after you receive antibodies from someone or somewhere else. NATURAL: Antibodies received from mother through breast milk ARTIFICIAL: Antibodies received from medicine, from gamma globulin injection or infusion Types of Major Cell in Acquired Immunity 01 | B cells 02 | T cells  Types of Acquired Immunity 01 | B cells - it produces the antibodies - the presence of antigens triggers the production of numerous types of B cells  Types of Acquired Immunity 02 | T cells - can attack infected cells by phagocytosis or by injecting chemicals (perforins) to break down and kill the pathogen - There are three major types of T cells:  Three Major types of T Cells 01 | killer T cells that inject chemicals into pathogens; 02 | helper T cells that attract and assist B cells in antibody production; and 03 | suppressor T cells that stop the B and T cells after infection.  Innate Immunity Acquired Immunity Physical Barriers Internal Defenses Skin, hair, cilia Inflammatory Antibodies and Mucus and response the humoral chemical Complement immune response secretions proteins Cell-mediated Digestive Phagocytic immune response enzymes in the cells Memory response mouth Natural killer Stomach acid (NK) cells ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Do you have any idea what is an Endocrine System? Endocrine System The endocrine system and nervous system act individually and together in maintaining homeostasis. Animal’s hormones are mostly produced by the endocrine system. Endocrine System It is instrumental in regulating growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, and reproductive processes. It is also referred to as hormone system Endocrine System The endocrine glands include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes. Endocrine System Based on your idea, what is a hormone? Hormone It is the chemical signals secreted by endocrine glands that communicate regulatory messages within the body. There are three types of hormonal pathways; (1) endocrine pathway; (2)neurohormone pathway; and (3) neuroendocrine pathway. Do you have any idea what is a hypothalamus? Hypothalamus It is the main region that integrates both the endocrine and nervous functions in vertebrates. This region of the brain contains neurosecretory cells that regulate the activity of the pituitary gland. Hypothalamus Its main function is to keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis. It helps produce hormones that regulate heart rate, body temperature, hunger, and the sleep-wake cycle. Do you have any idea what is a pituitary gland? Pituitary Gland Also known as hypophysis, it is a small, pea- sized gland located at the base of your brain below your hypothalamus. It sits in its little chamber under your brain known as the sella turcica. It's a part of your endocrine system and is in charge of making several essential hormones. Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland is divided into the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) and anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis). Pituitary Gland  HOMEOSTASIS AND FEEDBACK MECHANISMS Homeostasis And Feedback Mechanisms Most living organisms especially plants and animals are separated from their external environment by a boundary, thereby forming differences in external and internal conditions.  Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanism 01 | Control Mechanism 02 | Glucose Mechanism 03 | Temperature 04 | Thermoregulation Regulation  Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanism 01 | Control Mechanism - Plants and animals respond to their environment through a basic regulatory system:  Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanism 02 | Glucose Mechanism - The human body maintains a fasting blood glucose concentration of 70-100 mg per -1 100 mL of blood. The body responds to sugar fluctuation through the mechanism below:  Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanism 03 | Temperature Regulation - The optimum temperature for life forms to exist is 0-100℃. Below 0℃, reactions occur too slowly, and above 100℃, there is too much heat that destroys various biological structures. - Temperature is a dictating factor for the survival of organisms in certain habitats.  Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanism 03 | Temperature Regulation - It is how an organism keeps its body temperature within certain limits - It maintains a steady internal body temperature despite changes in external conditions  Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanism 04 | Thermoregulation - In living organisms, thermoregulation may refer to endothermy or ectothermy. - Endothermy (warm-warm-blooded organisms) create most of their heat via metabolic processes. - Ectothermy (cold-blooded organisms) use external sources of temperature to regulate their body temperatures.  Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanism 04 | Thermoregulation - It is the maintenance of physiologic core body temperature by balancing heat generation with heat loss. - Therefore, it is the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different.