Angina Pectoris Pathophysiology PDF

**Angina Pectoris** **Pathophysiology of Angina** **What is angina?** - Inflammation of the heart muscle - **Deficit of oxygen to the heart muscle** - Excess blood supply to the myocardium - Inflammation of the coronary arteries **What can cause angina?** - Blood or oxygen supply t...

**Angina Pectoris** **Pathophysiology of Angina** **What is angina?** - Inflammation of the heart muscle - **Deficit of oxygen to the heart muscle** - Excess blood supply to the myocardium - Inflammation of the coronary arteries **What can cause angina?** - Blood or oxygen supply to the myocardium is impaired - The heart is working harder than usual and needs more oxygen - **Both a and b** - None of the above **How does the heart usually adapt its blood supply to its own needs?** - By increasing heart rate - **Through vasodilation (autoregulation)** - By reducing oxygen demand - By increasing preload **What causes a reduced blood supply to the myocardium?** - Partial obstruction by atherosclerosis - Spasm in the coronary arteries - **Both a and b** - Decreased heart rate **When do chest pain episodes typically occur?** - During emotional stress - When oxygen supply and demand are marginally balanced - **Both a and b** - None of the above **Which of the following is NOT a type of angina?** - Classic angina - Variant angina - Unstable angina - **Cardiac angina** **Which type of angina occurs due to vasospasm at rest?** - Classic angina - Unstable angina - **Variant angina** - Stable angina **Unstable angina refers to:** - **Prolonged pain at rest and of recent onset** - Pain triggered by exertion - Pain due to complete occlusion of coronary arteries - Chest pain that resolves with rest **Unstable angina may precede what serious condition?** - Atherosclerosis - **Myocardial infarction (MI)** - Heart failure - Arrhythmias **What usually triggers anginal pain?** - Excessive rest - **Sudden increases in oxygen demand** - Atherosclerosis resolution - Decreased heart rate **Etiology of Angina** **Insufficient myocardial blood supply can be caused by:** - Atherosclerosis - Arteriosclerosis - Vasospasm - **All of the above** **What does myocardial hypertrophy result in?** - Enlarged coronary arteries - **The heart outgrowing its blood supply** - Increased oxygen supply to the heart - Vasospasm of the coronary arteries **Which condition can also lead to an oxygen deficit for the myocardium?** - **Severe anemia** - Increased myocardial contractility - Diabetes mellitus - Dehydration **Which respiratory condition can cause an oxygen deficit in the myocardium?** - Pneumonia - Asthma - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - **All of the above** **What can increase the demand for oxygen in the heart?** - Tachycardia - Hypertension - Hyperthyroidism - **All of the above** **Increased myocardial oxygen demand can be caused by:** - Hypotension - **Tachycardia** - Reduced stroke volume - Bradycardia **Which of the following is a potential cause of angina due to increased cardiac demand?** - Fever from a respiratory infection - Exercise - Anger or emotional stress - **All of the above** **Running up stairs may cause angina because:** - It increases oxygen supply - **It increases the demands on the heart** - It causes vasospasm - It reduces heart rate **Which factor can precipitate an angina attack?** - Eating a large meal - Exposure to pollution - **Both a and b** - None of the above **What is a common trigger of angina in extreme weather conditions?** - Dehydration - Increased oxygen supply - **Increased myocardial oxygen demand** - Lower blood pressure **Signs and Symptoms of Angina** **How is angina pain usually described?** - Sharp and stabbing - **A tightness or pressure in the chest** - Numbness in the fingers - Burning sensation in the legs **Where can angina pain radiate to?** - Left leg - **Neck and left arm** - Lower back - Abdomen **What typically triggers angina episodes?** - **Physical or emotional stress** - Excessive rest - A low-fat diet - Drinking alcohol **Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with angina?** - Pallor - Diaphoresis (excessive sweating) - Nausea - **Vomiting blood** **Angina attacks usually last for:** - **A few seconds to a few minutes** - Hours at a time - A few days - Several hours **Which symptom may accompany angina besides chest pain?** - Excessive sweating (diaphoresis) - Shortness of breath - Nausea - **All of the above** **The severity of angina attacks can vary but they are generally:** - **Brief and intermittent** - Constant and unrelenting - Always painless - Occurring only at rest **Which sign is common in patients during an angina episode?** - **Pallor** - High fever - Cyanosis of the lips - Swollen feet **During an angina episode what typically happens to the patient's respiration?** - They stop breathing - **They experience increased respiratory rate** - Breathing remains normal - They develop wheezing **Anginal pain may be confused with:** - **Gastric reflux or indigestion** - Appendicitis - Migraine - Headache **Emergency Treatment for Angina Attack** **What is the first step in emergency treatment for an angina attack?** - **Let the patient rest and stop activity** - Give the patient aspirin - Provide defibrillation - Administer painkillers **In what position should the patient be seated during an angina attack?** - Lying flat - **Upright** - Side-lying - Prone **Which medication is typically administered sublingually during an angina attack?** - Aspirin - Morphine - **Nitroglycerin** - Warfarin **What should be monitored after giving nitroglycerin during an angina attack?** - **Pulse and respiration** - Blood sugar levels - Electrolyte balance - Hemoglobin levels **What should be done if pain persists after administering nitroglycerin?** - Administer aspirin - Provide oxygen - **Administer a second dose of nitroglycerin** - Give the patient food **If the patient is known to have angina and the pain persists after three doses of nitroglycerin within 10 minutes what should be done?** - **Treat the pain as a heart attack** - Wait for another 10 minutes - Administer another dose of nitroglycerin - Call the patient's family **For a patient without a history of angina emergency aid should be sought after:** - 5 minutes without pain relief - **2 minutes without pain relief** - 10 minutes without pain relief - Immediately **What other treatment may be administered if oxygen supply is insufficient during an angina attack?** - **Oxygen therapy** - Blood transfusion - Intravenous antibiotics - Insulin therapy **Treatment of Angina** **What typically relieves anginal pain?** - **Rest and administration of coronary vasodilators** - Exercise and deep breathing - Administration of antibiotics - Application of heat packs **Which drug is commonly used to relieve vasospasm in the coronary arteries?** - Aspirin - **Nitroglycerin** - Morphine - Warfarin **How does nitroglycerin primarily work to relieve angina?** - **Increases blood flow by reducing systemic resistance** - Slows heart rate - Increases oxygen demand - Reduces lung capacity **What should a patient do if chest pain persists after taking nitroglycerin?** - **Seek hospital care** - Continue taking nitroglycerin - Lie down and rest for an hour - Drink plenty of water **How is nitroglycerin typically administered during an angina episode?** - Orally (swallowed) - **Sublingually (under the tongue)** - Via intravenous injection - Topically (on the skin) **Why is nitroglycerin administered sublingually?** - **It acts faster by entering the blood directly** - It reduces nausea - It bypasses the lungs - It lowers blood sugar levels **In addition to medication what can help prevent future angina episodes?** - **Avoidance of sudden physical exertion** - Eating large meals - Lying down after exercise - Restricting fluid intake **What lifestyle changes are recommended to minimize the frequency of angina attacks?** - **Stress reduction and antianxiety techniques** - Increased exercise in cold weather - Elimination of all fats from the diet - Frequent hot baths **Which form of nitroglycerin is used regularly to reduce the number of angina attacks?** - **Oral tablets (isosorbide)** - Sublingual nitroglycerin - Intravenous nitroglycerin - Nitroglycerin inhaler **Why might a patient use nitroglycerin in a patch form?** - **To provide continuous medication for prevention of angina** - To treat acute angina episodes - To reduce fluid retention - To control blood pressure spikes **What is the purpose of using a nasal spray form of nitroglycerin?** - To manage blood glucose levels - To prevent shortness of breath - **To reduce the number of angina attacks** - To treat nasal congestion **Which medication is often recommended in low doses to reduce the risk of future thrombi?** - **Aspirin (ASA)** - Heparin - Beta-blockers - Insulin **Pathophysiology of Angina (continued)** **What occurs when the heart's blood supply is impaired or cannot meet increased oxygen demands?** - Coronary artery dilation - **Angina** - Cardiac hypertrophy - Bradycardia **What process allows the heart to adapt its blood supply to meet its needs under normal conditions?** - Autoregulation through vasodilation - **Vasoconstriction of coronary arteries** - Increase in stroke volume - Decrease in oxygen demand **When does the heart fail to meet its oxygen needs?** - During increased demand due to exertion - When the coronary arteries constrict - **Both a and b** - None of the above **Which of the following could impair the relaxation of coronary vessel walls leading to angina?** - **Atherosclerosis** - Hypertension - High cholesterol - Diabetes **What typically happens when there is a relative deficit of oxygen to the myocardium during exertion?** - **Chest pain occurs** - Oxygen levels increase - Heart rate decreases - Vasospasm is relieved **Angina caused by a sudden increase in oxygen demand is most commonly associated with:** - Variant angina - **Classic angina** - Unstable angina - Silent angina **What is the primary cause of chest pain in angina?** - Complete obstruction of the coronary arteries - **Deficit of oxygen to the myocardium** - Excess blood supply to the myocardium - Enlargement of the heart **Angina episodes without permanent damage to the myocardium are common unless the episodes are:** - **Frequent, prolonged, and severe** - Rare and short - Pain-free - Associated with bradycardia **What might occur if oxygen supply and demand are marginally balanced in the myocardium?** - **Angina attacks during physical exertion** - Relief of chest pain - Increased oxygen delivery - Myocardial hypertrophy **Which pattern of angina involves prolonged chest pain at rest?** - Classic angina - Variant angina - **Unstable angina** - Silent angina **Etiology of Angina (continued)** **Which condition is associated with a localized contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle?** - Atherosclerosis - **Vasospasm** - Myocardial hypertrophy - Respiratory disease **What is a common cause of oxygen deficit in the myocardium besides atherosclerosis?** - Myocardial hypertrophy - **Severe anemia** - Both a and b - None of the above **How does myocardial hypertrophy affect oxygen supply?** - It decreases the heart's demand for oxygen - **It causes the heart to outgrow its blood supply** - It reduces stroke volume - It increases vasodilation **Tachycardia associated with which condition can increase myocardial oxygen demand?** - Hypothyroidism - **Hyperthyroidism** - Myocardial infarction - Hypertension **Why does hypertension increase the demand for oxygen by the heart?** - Because it leads to increased heart rate - **Because it increases the force of myocardial contractions** - Because it reduces oxygen supply - Because it decreases heart rate **Respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may contribute to angina by:** - **Reducing oxygen intake** - Increasing myocardial blood supply - Decreasing heart rate - Reducing the effects of vasospasm **Angina can be triggered by activities that:** - Reduce heart rate - **Increase the demands on the heart** - Increase blood supply to the brain - Decrease blood pressure **Which activity is NOT typically associated with triggering an angina attack?** - Running up stairs - Getting angry - **Sitting quietly** - Having a respiratory infection with fever **Angina can be triggered by exposure to:** - **Extreme weather** - Sudden stress - **Both a and b** - High humidity only **Which dietary behavior might precipitate an angina attack?** - **Eating large meals** - Fasting for long periods - Eating small frequent meals - Avoiding carbohydrates **Signs and Symptoms of Angina (continued)** **Angina typically manifests as:** - **Recurrent brief episodes of substernal chest pain** - Constant chest pain - Sharp pain in the lower back - Pain only during sleep **Which type of stress commonly triggers angina?** - Emotional stress - Mental stress - Physical stress - **Both a and c** **Angina pain may radiate to which areas?** - The lower back and legs - **The neck and left arm** - The right hand - The abdomen and right leg **Angina attacks typically last for how long?** - Several hours - **A few seconds or minutes** - One hour - Several days **Which symptom may accompany angina besides chest pain?** - **Diaphoresis (excessive sweating)** - Hemoptysis (coughing up blood) - Persistent cough - High fever **Which of the following is a sign of angina?** - **Nausea** - Cyanosis - Hematuria (blood in the urine) - Rash **Which description best fits angina pain?** - Sharp and stabbing - **A tightness or pressure in the chest** - A dull ache in the abdomen - Burning sensation in the legs **What other signs may accompany angina besides chest pain?** - Pallor - **Diaphoresis** - Both a and b - Abdominal swelling **The severity of angina attacks can vary but typically they:** - Are always life-threatening - **Are brief and intermittent** - Last for several hours - Cause permanent damage **Emergency Treatment for Angina Attack (continued)** **What should be done if a patient experiences angina during physical activity?** - Encourage them to continue exercising - **Let them rest and stop activity** - Call for immediate medical help - Administer intravenous fluids **If a patient is having an angina attack they should be seated in which position?** - Lying flat - Side-lying - **Upright** - Prone **What medication is commonly given sublingually during an angina attack?** - Aspirin - **Nitroglycerin** - Digoxin - Beta-blockers **After administering nitroglycerin what should you monitor?** - Blood sugar levels - **Pulse and respiration** - White blood cell count - Hemoglobin levels **What should be done if the first dose of nitroglycerin does not relieve the pain?** - **Give a second dose after 5 minutes** - Administer aspirin - Administer pain medication - Give an additional two doses immediately **If pain persists after three doses of nitroglycerin in 10 minutes the situation should be treated as:** - A panic attack - A stroke - **A heart attack** - A transient ischemic attack (TIA) **What should be done if a patient without a history of angina experiences persistent chest pain?** - Wait 30 minutes and recheck - **Call for emergency medical assistance after 2 minutes without pain relief** - Give them aspirin and wait - Monitor the patient's heart rate **If a patient is known to have angina and experiences chest pain, what is the first medication you should administer?** - Oxygen - **Nitroglycerin** - Aspirin - Warfarin **What is the main goal of administering nitroglycerin during an angina attack?** - Reduce heart rate - Increase myocardial oxygen demand - **Relieve vasospasm and improve blood flow** - Lower blood pressure **If a patient does not experience pain relief after taking nitroglycerin, what is the next step?** - Continue administering more doses - **Seek emergency medical care** - Ask them to lie down and wait for relief - Administer intravenous fluids **Treatment of Angina (continued)** **Which drug acts primarily by reducing systemic resistance to relieve anginal pain?** - Aspirin - **Nitroglycerin** - Digoxin - Warfarin **Nitroglycerin relieves angina by:** - **Reducing the heart's demand for oxygen** - Increasing heart rate - Reducing lung capacity - Reducing blood sugar levels **What form of nitroglycerin is most commonly used during an acute angina attack?** - Topical ointment - **Sublingual tablets** - Nasal spray - Oral tablets (isosorbide) **Why is it important for patients with angina to carry nitroglycerin with them?** - To relieve anxiety attacks - **To quickly relieve anginal pain during emergencies** - To reduce blood sugar levels - To prevent respiratory infections **If chest pain persists after nitroglycerin use, what might this indicate?** - Respiratory infection - Heart failure - **Myocardial infarction (MI)** - High blood pressure **Patients with a history of frequent angina should avoid which of the following?** - **Sudden physical exertion** - Eating frequent small meals - Sleeping 8 hours a night - Taking deep breaths **What lifestyle modification may help reduce the frequency of angina attacks?** - **Antianxiety and stress reduction techniques** - High-protein diet - Increased alcohol consumption - Heavy weightlifting **Which form of nitroglycerin is used to reduce the number of angina attacks?** - **Oral tablets (isosorbide)** - Sublingual tablets - Intravenous nitroglycerin - Nitroglycerin inhaler **Nitroglycerin patches are used for:** - **Continuous prevention of angina attacks** - Immediate relief of acute angina attacks - Reducing fluid retention - Controlling infections **Which medication is recommended in low doses to prevent thrombi and reduce the risk of heart attacks?** - **Low-dose aspirin (ASA)** - Warfarin - Beta-blockers - Nitroglycerin **Pathophysiology of Angina (continued)** **Which condition results from damage to the vessel walls, reducing the heart\'s ability to adapt its blood supply?** - Aneurysm - **Atherosclerosis** - Thrombosis - Varicose veins **Angina is most likely to occur when:** - There is a deficit of oxygen to the heart muscle - **There is a deficit of oxygen to the heart muscle** - The heart is at rest - The patient is fasting - Blood sugar levels drop **What type of angina is caused by vasospasm at rest?** - Stable angina - **Variant angina** - Unstable angina - Exertional angina **In most cases, how does the heart compensate for increased oxygen demands?** - **By vasodilation of the coronary arteries** - By increasing heart rate - By slowing down heart contractions - By reducing oxygen demand **Which type of angina occurs due to partial obstruction of coronary arteries during physical exertion?** - Variant angina - **Classic angina** - Unstable angina - Silent angina **Unstable angina is characterized by:** - **Prolonged pain at rest** - Pain that occurs only with exertion - Pain that resolves quickly with rest - Silent episodes of ischemia **What is a key difference between unstable angina and other forms of angina?** - **It often precedes a myocardial infarction (MI)** - It is painless - It only occurs during sleep - It causes permanent damage immediately **Which of the following typically causes stable (classic) angina?** - Emotional stress - A sudden increase in oxygen demand - **Both a and b** - Low blood pressure **What is a common cause of reduced blood supply to the myocardium in patients with angina?** - **Atherosclerosis** - Hypertension - Myocarditis - Valvular heart disease **When is myocardial damage likely to occur in patients with angina?** - **When episodes are frequent, prolonged, and severe** - When pain lasts less than 10 minutes - When there is a temporary oxygen imbalance - Only during physical exertion **Etiology of Angina (continued)** **What underlying condition can cause a localized contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle, leading to angina?** - Arteriosclerosis - **Vasospasm** - Pericarditis - Coronary thrombosis **Which of the following factors can contribute to myocardial hypertrophy?** - **The heart outgrowing its blood supply** - Reduced peripheral resistance - Vasodilation of the coronary arteries - Decreased oxygen demand **Which of the following is a potential cause of myocardial oxygen deficit?** - Respiratory diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - **Severe anemia** - Both a and b - Low blood sugar levels **What condition increases oxygen demand by increasing the force of heart contractions?** - **Hypertension** - Hypotension - Bradycardia - Diabetes mellitus **What type of stress can increase myocardial oxygen demands and trigger angina?** - Emotional stress - Physical stress - **Both a and b** - Mental relaxation **Which condition can lead to an increased demand for oxygen in the heart?** - Hyperthyroidism - **Tachycardia** - Both a and b - Hypothyroidism **Angina can be precipitated by activities such as:** - Running up stairs - Sudden emotional outbursts - **Both a and b** - Sitting quietly **What dietary factor can precipitate angina?** - **Eating a large meal** - Avoiding fatty foods - Drinking too much water - Skipping meals **Angina can be triggered by environmental factors such as:** - **Weather extremes or pollution** - High-altitude breathing - Sudden changes in light exposure - Sound pollution **Which of the following can increase the oxygen demand of the myocardium and trigger angina?** - **Tachycardia associated with hyperthyroidism** - Normal blood pressure - Deep breathing exercises - Sleeping for extended periods **Signs and Symptoms of Angina (continued)** **What is the typical duration of an angina episode?** - **A few seconds or minutes** - Several hours - Days at a time - Less than 10 seconds **What is the typical description of angina pain?** - **A tightness or pressure in the chest** - A burning sensation in the arms - Sharp stabbing pain in the legs - Sudden severe headache **Where does angina pain commonly radiate to?** - **The left arm and neck** - The legs and feet - The lower back - The abdomen **What additional symptoms may accompany angina?** - **Pallor and nausea** - Increased appetite - Hemorrhage - Loss of consciousness **Which sign is NOT typically associated with angina?** - Diaphoresis (excessive sweating) - Nausea - Pallor - **Coughing up blood** **What is the main cause of the chest pain experienced during an angina episode?** - A buildup of lactic acid - **An oxygen deficit to the heart muscle** - Fluid retention - Increased blood flow to the heart **The severity of angina pain can vary depending on:** - **The extent of oxygen deprivation to the myocardium** - The patient's age - The patient's electrolyte balance - The weather conditions **Which of the following symptoms might a patient with angina experience besides chest pain?** - **Pallor and diaphoresis** - Constipation - Hematuria - Tinnitus **How might a patient describe their angina pain?** - **Pressure or tightness in the chest** - Numbness in the fingers - Sharp pain in the lower back - Burning sensation in the feet **Angina attacks triggered by emotional or physical stress usually last:** - **A few seconds to a few minutes** - Several hours - Multiple days - Less than a second **Emergency Treatment for Angina Attack (continued)** **What is the first action to take when a patient experiences an angina attack?** - **Let the patient rest and stop activity** - Administer intravenous fluids - Call for immediate medical assistance - Provide pain relief medication **During an angina attack, the patient should be seated in an upright position to:** - **Promote oxygen flow** - Encourage blood flow to the legs - Reduce pain intensity - Prevent nausea **What is the standard first-line medication for relieving angina during an attack?** - Aspirin - **Nitroglycerin** - Morphine - Heparin **How is nitroglycerin administered during an angina attack?** - **Sublingually (under the tongue)** - Orally (swallowed) - Intravenously - Topically (on the skin) **If pain persists after a dose of nitroglycerin, what should be done next?** - **Administer a second dose after 5 minutes** - Call for emergency help immediately - Wait for an hour to assess the condition - Give aspirin **If angina pain does not subside after three doses of nitroglycerin within 10 minutes, the condition should be treated as:** - Hypertension - **A heart attack** - A panic attack - A stroke **What is the recommended action for a patient with no history of angina who experiences chest pain?** - Wait 2 minutes and call for emergency medical aid if pain persists - **Call for emergency medical assistance after 2 minutes without pain relief** - Administer a high dose of aspirin - Monitor the patient for 1 hour before calling for help **If oxygen supply is insufficient during an angina episode, what treatment may be administered?** - **Oxygen therapy** - Diuretics - Beta-blockers - Anticoagulants **What is the purpose of administering nitroglycerin during an angina attack?** - **Relieve vasospasm and increase blood flow to the myocardium** - Lower heart rate - Reduce blood sugar levels - Increase the workload of the heart **In addition to nitroglycerin, what should be done during an angina attack if pain persists?** - **Seek immediate hospital care** - Administer morphine - Increase fluid intake - Perform a stress test **Treatment of Angina (continued)** **What is the primary way nitroglycerin helps to relieve angina?** - **It decreases systemic resistance and reduces the heart\'s oxygen demand** - It increases blood pressure - It constricts blood vessels - It increases oxygen consumption **Nitroglycerin is commonly used to treat angina because it:** - **Reduces the heart\'s demand for oxygen** - Increases blood glucose levels - Increases stroke volume - Reduces heart rate **What form of nitroglycerin is typically used during an acute angina attack?** - **Sublingual tablets** - Oral tablets - Intravenous injections - Topical ointment **What should patients do if anginal pain persists after taking nitroglycerin?** - **Seek hospital care** - Take a second dose of nitroglycerin - Rest for 1 hour - Drink water **Why is nitroglycerin administered sublingually during an angina attack?** - **It acts quickly by entering the bloodstream directly** - It reduces nausea - It slows down digestion - It increases blood pressure **What lifestyle change can reduce the frequency of angina attacks?** - **Avoidance of sudden physical exertion** - Increased salt intake - Frequent napping - Fasting for long periods **Which form of nitroglycerin is used regularly to prevent angina attacks?** - **Oral tablets (isosorbide)** - Sublingual nitroglycerin - Nasal spray - Intravenous nitroglycerin **Patients may use nitroglycerin in a patch form to:** - **Provide continuous medication to prevent angina attacks** - Treat acute angina attacks - Control fluid retention - Reduce heart rate **Nitroglycerin in the form of a topical ointment or skin patch is used to:** - **Provide ongoing prevention of angina attacks** - Treat acute angina episodes - Increase blood sugar - Prevent infections **Which medication is often recommended in low doses to reduce the risk of further thrombi in patients with angina?** - **Aspirin (ASA)** - Beta-blockers - Morphine - Warfarin **Additional Questions** **What is the goal of cardiac rehabilitation for patients with angina?** - To reduce the number of angina attacks - To improve overall cardiovascular health - **Both a and b** - To increase medication dosages **Which activity should patients with a history of angina avoid?** - **Sudden strenuous exercise in extreme weather** - Walking slowly on flat ground - Breathing exercises - Yoga for relaxation **When should a patient with angina seek medical attention even if the pain subsides?** - **After experiencing frequent episodes** - If pain lasts more than 10 minutes - After using nitroglycerin and symptoms persist - **All of the above** **Which lifestyle modification may help prevent angina attacks?** - **Managing stress through relaxation techniques** - High-protein diet - Avoiding all forms of exercise - Increasing salt intake **Nitroglycerin in a nasal spray is used to:** - **Reduce the number of angina attacks** - Increase respiratory function - Reduce fever - Control blood sugar levels **What is the primary function of coronary vasodilators like nitroglycerin?** - **To relieve vasospasm in coronary arteries** - To increase blood flow to the brain - To reduce platelet aggregation - To treat arrhythmias **Which of the following can precipitate an angina attack in a patient with known coronary artery disease?** - **Extreme emotional distress** - Heavy physical exertion - **Both a and b** - Lying down after a meal **How can nitroglycerin patches help in managing angina?** - **They provide a continuous release of medication to prevent angina** - They are used to treat acute angina episodes - They prevent arrhythmias - They lower blood sugar levels **What action should be taken if a patient experiences prolonged chest pain after administering nitroglycerin?** - **Call for emergency medical assistance** - Administer additional doses of nitroglycerin - Give the patient water - Increase physical activity **What is the primary function of nitroglycerin in preventing angina?** - **To reduce systemic resistance and decrease oxygen demand** - To increase blood flow to the lungs - To raise blood pressure - To reduce fluid retention