Infection Control PDF

Infection control ‫احمد السيد‬ 0503327640 1Page 0503327640 ‫احمد السيد‬ Infection control chain Nosocomial infection o infection that develop at least 48 hours after admission It can between patients ,HCPs to patient or vice versa. Stages of infections Incubation period from initial contact wit...

Infection control ‫احمد السيد‬ 0503327640 1Page 0503327640 ‫احمد السيد‬ Infection control chain Nosocomial infection o infection that develop at least 48 hours after admission It can between patients ,HCPs to patient or vice versa. Stages of infections Incubation period from initial contact with the infectious agent to the appearance of first symptoms 2Page 0503327640 ‫احمد السيد‬ Prodromal stage interval from the onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms Illness stage symptoms specific to disease Convalescence period interval when an acute symptoms disappear and the body tries return to normal –hemeostasis decline period: infection ended. We apply infection precaution (such as wearing mask )to break chain of infection at portal of entry The most important element when apply precaution is Hand hygiene Personel protective equipment Putting on or wearing Hand hygiene Gown.facemask ,goggles,gloves Putting of or removing Gloves ,goggles ,gown,face mask ,hand hygie 3Page 0503327640 ‫احمد السيد‬ EPIDEMIC unexpected increase in the number of disease cases in a specific geographical area. Yellow fever, smallpox, measles, and polio are prime examples of epidemics Endemic A disease is consistently present but limited to a particular region. the disease spread and rates predictable. Pandemic ‫وباء عالمي‬ When epidemic occur at several counteries (global epidemic) Example 4Page covid 19 0503327640 ‫احمد السيد‬ Transmission-based Precautions STANDRAD ISOLATION     All body fluid considered infectious Reverse isolation is used to protect you from germs when your immune system is not working properly Wear PPE Example: Burns ,AIDS ,chemotherapy Airborne precaution precautions may be needed for germs that are so small they float in the air and travel long distances . Examples :  Chickenpox,smallpox, measles, TB bacteria, corona.  negative pressure room  N95 mask Contact precautions  needed for germs that are spread by touching Examples:  Hepatitis A, C difficile, RSV, MRSA , Ebola, Staphylococcus  Wear gown and gloves and hand hygiene 5Page 0503327640 ‫احمد السيد‬ Droplet precaution  used to prevent contact with mucus and other secretions from the nose and sinuses, throat airways, and lung. Examples Influenza, Rubella Mumps, Meningitis,streptococcus  wear a surgical mask not N95 .  +ve pressure room Infectious and Communicable Disease Measles Incubation period:  10 to 20 days. Communicable period  From 4 days before to 5 days after rash appears Transmission: Airborne , Transplacental . 6Page 0503327640 ‫احمد السيد‬ Rubella (German Measles) Incubation period 14 to 21 days Communicable period: From 7 days before to about 5 days after rash appears. Transmission  Droplet Assessment Low-grade fever, Malaise. Pinkish red rash that begins on the face and spread to entire body within 3 days and Petechiae 7Page 0503327640 ‫احمد السيد‬ Chickenpox (Varicella) Agent: Varicella-zoster (VCZ) Incubation period 13 to 17 days .Communicable period: From 1 to 2 days before the onset of the rash to 6 days after the first crop of vesicles, when crusts have formed Transmission airborne isolate the infected child till vesicle have dried the antiviral agent acyclovir may be used to treat varicella 8Page 0503327640 ‫احمد السيد‬ Diphtheria Incubation period:  2 to 5 days .Communicable period: usually 2 weeks, but can be 4 weeks Transmission: Droplet Meningitis Agent  Streptococcal pneumonia vaccine  meningococcal vaccine. Hib Symptoms Neck rigidity,positive ,kernig sign ,positive brudzinski sign Mode of transimition Droplet Precaution Surgical mask. No N95 mask +Ve oressure room 9Page 0503327640 ‫احمد السيد‬ Diagnostic Test ❖ Lumber puncture between L3 :L4 show Cloudy CSF practise Influenza in Hong Kong and killed millions of people consider as A. Epidemic B. Pandemic C. Endemic 8year-old man is diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) and negative pressure room. Which of the following should wear a face-mask A. Patient's health care providers B. All people who enter the patient's room C. Person has close contact with the patient D. Family members who are at risk for infection A nurse working in medical unit is preparing to with droplet precaution measures in place. The following personal protective eyewear. What is the correct sequence for putting the equipment on? A. Face Mask, Gown, Eyewear, and Gloves B. Gown, Face Mask, Eyewear, and Gloves C. Eyewear, Cloves, Face Mask, and Gown 10Page 0503327640 ‫احمد السيد‬ D. Gloves, Gown, Face Mask, and Eyewear A nurse working in medical unit is going out (removing) with droplet precaution measures in place. The following personal protective equipment; eyewear. What is the correct sequence for putting the equipment off? A. Face Mask, Gown, Eyewear, and Gloves B. Gown, Face Mask, Eyewear, and Gloves C. Eyewear, Cloves, Face Mask, and Gown D. Gloves, Eyewear , Gown, , and Face Mask A nurse is caring a patient diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and she has to wear N95 mask when she enters to the parent room.Based on the cycle of infection, which of the following is the reason to use the mask A. Break the transmission chain at the portal of entry . B. B.Break the transmission chain at the portal exit A nurse is assigned to care for a patient with smallpox that needs to be placed on airborne precaution. Which of the following item should be used before entering the patient room A. Gloves and gown B. Gloves and goggles C. Gloves and mask D. Gloves , gown N 95 11Page 0503327640 ‫احمد السيد‬ A nurse receives a telephone call from the admission office of the hospital and is told that a patient with streptococcal meningitis will be admitted to the Medical Unit. The nurse is planning to apply infection control measures for the patient. Which type of isolation precaution the nurse must observe A. Droplet precautions B. Contact precautions C. Airborne precautions D. Standard precautions A 35 year old patient was admitted to a medical ward with confirmed diagnosies of meningococcal infection. Which of the following infection control preventions the nurse should implement? A. Droplet precaution B. Contact precaution C. Airborne precaution D. Standard precaution 71 year-old male was diagnosed with subdural underwent craniotomy for subdural hernatoma days ago. In order to detect the sign of meningitis as one of which of the following indicates the patient has meningities A. Negative Kernig's signs 12Page 0503327640 ‫احمد السيد‬ B. Positive Brudzinski's sign C. Absence of nuchal rigidity D. Glasgow comma scale of 14 points A patient presented with high fever, headache, vomiting and neck stiffness for the past 3 days, which of the following is the first diagnostic intervention for this patient: A. Urine and stool analysis B. lumber puncture with CSF aspiration C. Complete blood count D. Chest and abdomen x-ray Following a lumbar puncture, a patient has several complaints. Which of the following complaints indicate that patient is experiencing a complaints A. I have a headache that gets worse when I sit up B. I am having pain in my lower back when I move my legs C. My throat hurts when I swallow D. I feel sick to my stomach and I'm going throw up Patient admitted to hospital diagnosed with meningitis GCS 9 E2 V3 M4.The Patient is drowsy and loss of wight.Bp. 163/80 Temp 39 HR 100 Height 165 weight 56 what is the Most important finding A. Vital signs instability 13Page 0503327640 ‫احمد السيد‬ B. Cognetive impairment C. Mental state change A 20 year old woman is hospitalized with a strong and uncontrollable cough and has difficulty breathing while coughing. A doctor writes an order for the patient to be transported from the medical surgical department to the radiology department for an Xray examination.Thenurse prepares to transfer the patient and considers standard precautions and additional transmission precautions Who of the following would be required to wear a mask A. Radiology staff B. Nurse and patient C. Patient D. Nurse A nurse is caring for an elderly bed ridden patient who is dependent on staff most activities of daily living . There is an order for standard precautions in the patient's chart. The patient's care plan includes feeding, washing hair with dry shampoo ,brushing teeth, and nail care. Which of the activities would require precaution A. Brushing teeth B. Feeding C. Hair washing 14Page 0503327640 ‫احمد السيد‬ D. Nail care 8month-old child diagnosed with bronchiolitis due to respiratory ncytial virus (RSV) is admitted to the pediatric hospital. The nurse should initiate which of the following isolation precaution A.Contact B. Airborne C. Standard D. Droplet HIV patient will be risk for which of life treating disease A. Pneumonia B. Tuberculosis C.HCV D.Influenza 15Page 0503327640 ‫احمد السيد‬