anemia.pdf

‫‪HEAMATOLOGICAL‬‬ ‫‪DISORDERS‬‬ ‫د ‪ /‬رضا عبد السالم‬ ‫استاذ قسم التمريض الباطني والجراحي‬ ANEMIA Anemia Anemia is a condition that develops when the blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Causes of Anemia. Anemia caused by blood loss Anemia caused by decreased or...

‫‪HEAMATOLOGICAL‬‬ ‫‪DISORDERS‬‬ ‫د ‪ /‬رضا عبد السالم‬ ‫استاذ قسم التمريض الباطني والجراحي‬ ANEMIA Anemia Anemia is a condition that develops when the blood lacks enough healthy red blood cells or hemoglobin. Causes of Anemia. Anemia caused by blood loss Anemia caused by decreased or faulty red blood cell production Anemia caused by destruction of red blood cells Anemia Caused by Blood Loss Gastrointestinal conditions such as ulcers, hemorrhoids, gastritis (inflammation of the stomach), and cancer Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen, Menstruation childbirth in women Anemia Caused by Decreased or Faulty Red Blood Cell Production Sickle cell anemia Iron-deficiency anemia Vitamin deficiency (Megaloblastic anemia Vit B12 deficiency ) Bone marrow and stem cell problems Other health conditions Anemia Caused by Destruction of Red Blood 1. Cells hemolytic anemia : 2. Inherited conditions, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia 3. Stressors such as infections, drugs, snake or spider venom, or certain foods 4. Toxins from advanced liver or kidney disease 5. Inappropriate attack by the immune system (called hemolytic disease of the newborn when it occurs in the fetus of a pregnant woman) 6. Vascular grafts, prosthetic heart valves, tumors, severe burns, exposure to certain chemicals, severe hypertension, and clotting disorders 7. In rare cases, an enlarged spleen can trap red blood cells and destroy them before their circulating time is up. Symptoms of Anemia  III. Lab. Investigations Complete blood count (CBC): Erythrocyte (RBC) hemoglobin values are generally 14 to 18 grams per deciliter for men and 12 to 16 grams per deciliter for women. MCV test measures the size and volume of red blood cells. A normal MCV ( mean corpuscular volume ) range is roughly 80–100 fl. If someone's MCV level is below 80 fl, they will likely develop or have microcytic anemia caused by Iron deficiency anemia if their MCV levels are greater than 100 fl, they could experience macrocytic caused by vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency, liver disease, hyperglycemia, alcoholism, smoking  anemiaStained RBC examination Serum folate and vitamin B12 Serum iron: Endoscopic and radiographic studies: Bone marrow aspiration/biopsy examination Treatment of irone deficiency anemia Dietary Changes and Supplements Medicines Antibiotics to treat infections. Hormones to treat heavy menstrual bleeding in teenaged and adult women. erythropoietin to stimulate your body to make more red blood Sickle cell anemia Treatment oxygen, pain relievers, and hydration with fluids given through a vein, called intravenous, to reduce pain and prevent complications. Receiving blood, called a transfusion, and taking folic acid supplements and antibiotics might be involved. A cancer drug called hydroxyurea (Droxia, Hydrea, Siklos) also is used to treat sickle cell anemia.  Blood Transfusion Iron deficiency anemia. diet and iron supplements. Aplastic anemia. blood transfusions , bone marrow transplant Sickle cell anemia. oxygen, pain-relieving drugs, and oral and intravenous, analgesic. blood transfusions, folic acid supplements and antibiotics. Thalassemia. blood transfusions, folic acid supplements, removal of the spleen (splenectomy), a bone marrow transplant..  Activity Intolerance May be related to Imbalance between oxygen supply (delivery) and demand evidenced by Weakness and fatigue Palpitations, tachycardia, increased BP/respiratory response with minor exertion ACTIONS/INTERVENTIONS Assess client’s ability to perform normal tasks/ADLs, Monitor BP, pulse, respirations during and after activity. Elevate head of bed as tolerated. Suggest client change position slowly, monitor for dizziness. Assist client to prioritize ADLs/desired activities. Alternate rest periods with activity periods. Write out schedule for client to refer to. Identify/implement energy-saving techniques; e.g., shower chair, sitting to perform tasks. Instruct client to stop activity if palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, weakness, or dizziness occur deficient Knowledge [Learning Need] depends on the type and severity of the anemia. Discuss foods to avoid (e.g., coffee, tea, milk, fiber, and soy protein) at the time when client is eating high-iron foods. Assess resources (e.g., financial) and ability to obtain/prepare food). Encourage cessation of smoking. Provide information about purpose dosage, schedule, precautions, Q1 COMMON NURSING DIAGNOSIS OF PATIENTS WITH ANEMIA ARE : A.----------------------------------------------------- B.----------------------------------------------------------