ANATOMY (SW2922) - LECTURE 2 WEEK 2.pdf

FSM 1- LEC 2 CTTO: TRIXIE DE LUNA Anatomy of Human Movement in Performance SW 2922 BONE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN...

FSM 1- LEC 2 CTTO: TRIXIE DE LUNA Anatomy of Human Movement in Performance SW 2922 BONE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPONGY AND Hard, strong, stiff living tissue COMPACT BONE Capable of remodeling through bone cells SPONGY BONE Calcium carbonate, Calcium Other terms: Spongy, phosphate, Collagen Cancellous, Tabecular Remodels and adapts depending on Found in the Long Bones and is the amount of stress surrounded by Compact Bone COMPACT BONE OSTEOCLAST Cortical Bone -Bone demolition/ breakdown Surrounds spongy bone Healthy, tough, compact OSTEOBLAST -Bone formation FUNCTIONS OF THE BONE BONE CLASSIFICATIONS Protection for the organs (E.g. Skull protects the brain) REGIONAL Lever Axial Fat storage -Consist of Skull, Vertebral Source of new blood cells column, Thoracic cage Storage site of minerals -Forms the central axis of the (different salts) body/axial region Support and facilitates movement of soft tissues (E.g. Hold the ligament Appendicular to easily move) -Consist of Pectoral girdle, bones Structural foundation (framework of of the limbs, bones of the hands the human body) and feet) FSM 1- LEC 2 CTTO: TRIXIE DE LUNA Anatomy of Human Movement in Performance SW 2922 1. LONG BONES Structure of the Long Bone Tubular Long shaft Longer than it is wider Usually found in the limbs MAJOR PARTS OF LONG BONES DIAPHYSIS- Tubular shaft EPIPHYSIS- End of a long bone MARROW (MEDULARY) CAVITY -Central cavity contains marrow PERIOSTEUM- Connective tissue sheath covering the compact bone Major Parts of the Long Bone HYALINE CARTILAGE - Cartilage which covers the articular surface of a bone EPIPHYSEAL PLATE- Hyaline cartilage plate at both ends of a growing long bone -Growth plate EPIPHYSEAL LINE- replaces the epiphyseal plate in children (develops around 20yrs of age) METAPHYSIS- Part of the diaphysis which touches the epiphyseal line FSM 1- LEC 2 CTTO: TRIXIE DE LUNA Anatomy of Human Movement in Performance SW 2922 2. SHORT BONES Flat Bones Portration Cuboidal shape (Cube) Width about equal to length Found in hands and feet Short Bones Portration 4. IRREGULAR BONES Don’t fit to any of the previous 3. FLAT BONES category No related geometrical shape (E.g. Vertebrae) Thin Flattened Irregular Bones Portration Usually curved The bones of your skull surround and protect your brain and also provide support to your face. Many of the bones of your skull are flat bones (E.g. Skull bones, Pelvis, Scapula, Sternum, Ribs) FSM 1- LEC 2 CTTO: TRIXIE DE LUNA Anatomy of Human Movement in Performance SW 2922 5. SESAMOID BONES DISPLACED VS. NON-DISPLACED Embedded within a tendon Displaced Most varying in size and shape among individuals The broken bone snaps out of place, and the broken ends do not line up Sesamoid Bones Portration correctly Non-Displaced Nondisplaced fractures are often closed and do not move out of alignment Sometimes referred to as incomplete fractures because the bone cracks but does not break all the way through FRACTURE CLOSED/SIMPLE VS. OPEN/COMPOUND Broken bone Closed/Simple Break in the continuity of a bone structure The bone pokes through the skin and (physical force exerted>bone can be seen itself) A deep wound exposes the bone through the skin MAIN CATEGORIES OF A FRACTURE Open/Compound The bone is broken, but the skin is COMPLETE VS. INCOMPLETE intact. Complete Fracture goes all the way through TYPES OF FRACTURES Break across the entire section of Transverse- Break runs perpendicular the bone to the shaft Incomplete Linear- Break runs parallel to the shaft Fracture goes through only part Oblique- Breaks runs diagonally from of a bone one side to the other Spiral- At least one side of the bone is twisted FSM 1- LEC 2 CTTO: TRIXIE DE LUNA Anatomy of Human Movement in Performance SW 2922 TYPES OF FRACTURES FIBROCARTILAGE Acts as a cushion where it helps manage compression forces and Greenstick- Partial fracture reduces stress placed on joints Comminuted- Bone is fractured into If damaged, repairs itself slowly smaller fragments Joint discs have a poor blood Avulsion- A muscle or ligament pulls supply and do not repair the bone causing fracture themselves when damaged Impacted- One fragment goes into another ELASTIC CARTILAGE Types of Fractures Portration Posses large number of elastic fibers making it flexible If damaged, repairs itself LIGAMENT Chord of fibrous, connective tissue which unites two structure to keep them in place CARTILAGE Provides structural support and limits a joint movement Provides resistance in compressive to a maintain proper forces articulation & joint structure Enhances bone resilience More commonly associated Provides support in bony areas where with joints and bones flexibility is needed Body has more than 100 Fibrous membrane perichondrium ligaments TYPES OF CARTILAGE FUNCTIONS OF LIGAMENT HYALINE CARTILAGE Allows joint to move in its Important part in the growth in normal axis of movement length of long bones Holds articulation sites of bones Has great resistance to wear and in place covers the articular surfaces of Maintain joints structural almost all synovial joints integrity The defect is filled with fibrous tissue Support bones and muscles FSM 1- LEC 2 CTTO: TRIXIE DE LUNA Anatomy of Human Movement in Performance SW 2922 FIBROUS LIGAMENTS Elastic Ligament Portration (WHITE LIGAMENT) Prevent excessive movement in a joint Stretches upon excessive, continuous application of stretching but are unstretchable and rigid in normal circumstances Composed of dense bundles of collagen fibers; more rigid than yellow ligaments E.g. - Iliofemoral ligaments - Lateral elbow ligaments LIGAMENT PATHOPHYSIOLOGY - Ligaments of the knee (TEAR) Fibrous Ligament Portration Rupture or break in the structure of a ligament = connectivity and stability problem Caused when joints are stressed beyond their normal range Commonly occurs from twisting movements or awkward landings LIgament Tear Portration ELASTIC LIGAMENT (YELLOW LIGAMENTS) Easily returns to original length after application of stretching Tough but allow more elastic movement and are more stretchable than white ligaments Composed of elastic fibers FSM 1- LEC 1 CTTO: TRIXIE DE LUNA Anatomy of Human Movement in Performance SW 2922 Grade 1 -Overstretched -Slightly torn Grade 2 -Partial tear Grade 3 -Complete tear or rupture END------ BEST OF LUCK!