Anatomy & Physiology Finals (Lab) (6) PDF - 2024-2025

LESSON 1: Fluids and Transport Blood PCB 102L FIRST SEMESTER -– MIDTERM | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025| PROF. ANNA JALOVA | BY CAMCAM, EZEKIEL S....

LESSON 1: Fluids and Transport Blood PCB 102L FIRST SEMESTER -– MIDTERM | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025| PROF. ANNA JALOVA | BY CAMCAM, EZEKIEL S. Blood plasma Blood Composed of 90% water Includes dissolved substances Nutrients Salts (metal ions) Respiratory gases Hormones Proteins Waste product Plasma protein Albumin — Regulates osmotic pressure Clotting proteins — Stems blood loss when a blood vessel is injured; controls bleeding Antibodies — Protects the body from antigens; antigen vs. antibodies Formed Elements The only fluid tissue in the human body Classified as a connective tissue Are formed elements ○ Living cells Has plasma (55%) as matrix ○ Non-living Physical Characteristics of Blood Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature; So, if you ever draw blood from a patient, don’t be surprised if it feels warm. pH level must range from 7.35-7.45 (slightly basic) The blood’s color range indicates the amount of oxygen it contains: Scarlet red = Oxygen-rich blood Dull red = Oxygen-poor blood PCB 102L: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LAB LESSON 1 FLUID AND TRANSPORT BLOOD 1  LESSON 1: Fluids and Transport Blood PCB 102L FIRST SEMESTER -– MIDTERM | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025| PROF. ANNA JALOVA | BY CAMCAM, EZEKIEL S. A crawling or oozing movement Erythrocytes (RBCs) – Red Blood Cells Responds to chemicals released by damaged tissues Crucial in the body’s defense against disease Main function: Carry oxygen Are complete cells Outnumbers leukocytes (WBCs) with the ratio of 1000:1 Has nucleus and organelles Each contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules Capable of diapedesis Anatomy of a Circulating Erythrocyte The ability to move in and out of blood vessels Anucleated ( no nucleus) Leukocyte Levels in the Blood Has few organelles Normal level: 4,000–11,000 cells per millimeter (mL) Are biconcave disks Abnormal levels: Bags of hemoglobins Leukocytosis (↑ WBCs) Oxygen carrying proteins ○ Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml Iron-containing protein ○ Indicates infection Binds strongly, but reversibly to oxygen; It binds strongly to oxygen, yet can also detach Leukopenia (↓ WBCs) easily when required. ○ Abnormally low leukocyte level Each hemoglobin molecule has four (4) (below 4,000) oxygen-binding sites ○ Induced by drugs Types of Leukocytes Fate of Erthyrocyte Incapable of division, growth, and protein synthesis Are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen and liver when they are worn out (100-120 days) Engulfs and destroys pathogens at sites of infection Lost cells are replaced by the division of hemocytoblasts Control of Erythrocyte Production Granulocytes Description Agranulocyte Description (Cytoplasmic s granules can (Invisible be stained) cytoplasmic granule) Basophil Histamine- Lymphocytes The nucleus fills containing most of the cell granule Plays an Initiates important role Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from inflammation in the immune blood oxygen levels response Rate is controlled by erythropoietin A hormone Produced by kidneys in response to reduced Eosinophils Large brick-red Monocytes Largest of the oxygen levels in the blood cytoplasmic white blood granule cells Found in Functions as a response to macrophage Leukocytes(WBCs) – White Blood Cells allergies and parasitic worms engulfing and Can move by ameboid motion PCB 102L: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LAB LESSON 1 FLUID AND TRANSPORT BLOOD 2  LESSON 1: Fluids and Transport Blood PCB 102L FIRST SEMESTER -– MIDTERM | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025| PROF. ANNA JALOVA | BY CAMCAM, EZEKIEL S. Anchored platelets release chemicals to attract more digesting pathogens, platelets dead cells, and Platelets pile up to form a platelet plug other debris 2nd. Vascular Spasm Fights chronic infection Anchored platelets release serotonin Causes blood vessel muscles to spasm Neutrophils Multilobed nucleus with fine ○ Narrows the blood vessel which granules decreases blood loss Has two (2) or 3rd. Coagulation more lobes Injured tissues release thromboplastin Acts as a The prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to phagocyte at active sites of thrombin infections An enzyme Joins fibrinogen proteins into hair-like fibrin ○ Forms meshwork (the basis for a clot) PF3 (a phospholipid) triggers a clotting cascade by interacting with: Thrombocyte (Platelets/PLT) – Cell fragments Blood protein clotting factors Derived from ruptured megakaryocytes Calcium ions multinucleated cells Required for clotting processes Blood Clotting Normal count: 300,000/mm3 Clots within 3–6 minutes Hematopoiesis The clot is broken down after tissue repair The clot remains as endothelium regenerates Blood cell formation ★ A thin layer of cells Occurs in the red bone marrow ★ Lines the interior surface of blood vessels All blood cells are derived from hemocytoblast Common stem cell Undesirable Clotting Hemocytoblast Differentiation Thrombus Lymphoid stem cell – produces lymphocytes A clot in an unbroken blood vessel Myeloid stem cell – produces other formed elements Can be deadly in areas like the heart Embolus Hemostasis A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream Stoppage of blood flow Can later clog vessels in critical areas, such as the brain Result of a break in a blood vessel Involves three (3) phases, namely: Bleeding Disorders 1st. Platelet Plug Formation Thrombocytopenia Blood vessel breakage exposes collagen fibers Platelet deficiency Platelets become sticky and cling to the fibers PCB 102L: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LAB LESSON 1 FLUID AND TRANSPORT BLOOD 3  LESSON 1: Fluids and Transport Blood PCB 102L FIRST SEMESTER -– MIDTERM | ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-2025| PROF. ANNA JALOVA | BY CAMCAM, EZEKIEL S. Normal movements cause bleeding from small The immune system is sensitized after the first blood vessels that require platelets for clotting pregnancy Hemophilia ○ Exposure to foreign antigens and the Hereditary bleeding disorder production of antibodies in response Normal clotting factors are missing ○ antigens determine blood type compatibility, while Blood Groups and Transfusion antibodies react to protect against incompatible blood Transfused blood must be of the same blood group types. Transfusion is the only way to replace blood quickly The mother’s immune system produces Large blood loss has consequences, such as: antibodies to attack Rh+ blood during her Weakness (Loss of 15%-30% Blood) causes second pregnancy; Leading to Hemolytic Disease weakness of the Newborn (HDN) Shock; fatal (Loss of over 30% Blood) Human Blood Groups Blood Typing Blood contains genetically determined proteins Blood samples are mixed with anti-A and anti-B serum The immune system may attack antigens (foreign proteins) Typing for ABO and Rh factor is done in the same manner Blood is typed using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump or curdle (agglutinate) Cross-matching There are over 30 common Red Blood Cell (RBC) antigens Testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by the The most vigorous transfusion reactions are caused by recipient’s serum, and vice versa ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood group antigens Coagulation or no coagulation leads to determining blood type; coagulation or absence of coagulation helps identify Blood Antigens Present Can Type receive blood type Type A Only A antigen is present in the blood O, A Developmental Aspect of Blood Type B Only B antigen is present in the blood O, B Fetal hemoglobin differs from hemoglobin produced after Type A and B antigens are present in the blood A, B, AB AB, O birth Sites of blood cell formation are: Type O Neither A nor B antigens are present in the O or blood same Fetal liver Rh Fetal spleen Bone marrow The presence or absence of one (1) of eight (8) ○ Takes over hematopoiesis by the Agglutinogen D (Rh antigens) Most Americans are Rh-positive seventh (7) month Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh-blood ○ ((Rh+) + Rh- = Problems) Dangerous when the child inherits the Rh+ factor from the father while the mother is Rh- ○ Rh- Mother + Rh+ Father = Rh+ Child with complications or death The mismatch of an Rh-mother carrying an Rh+ baby can cause problems for the unborn child The first pregnancy proceeds without problems PCB 102L: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LAB LESSON 1 FLUID AND TRANSPORT BLOOD 4