Anatomy of lymphatic System 2023.pdf

Anatomy of lymphatic system Dr. Alghazaly A Alghazaly Assistant Professor, Anatomy Department Faculty of Medicine Al-Baha University Objectives By the end of this lecture, the student will be able to: 1. Describe the formation and circulation of the lymph. 2. Describe the anatomy of the lymph vess...

Anatomy of lymphatic system Dr. Alghazaly A Alghazaly Assistant Professor, Anatomy Department Faculty of Medicine Al-Baha University Objectives By the end of this lecture, the student will be able to: 1. Describe the formation and circulation of the lymph. 2. Describe the anatomy of the lymph vessels and explain the anatomical differences between the lymphatic and blood vessels. 3. demonstrate the lymphatic ducts. 4. Identify the major nodes groups of the different parts of the body. 5. Describe anatomy of spleen, thymus gland, tonsils and lymph nodes. 2 Dr. Alghazaly A Alghazaly The lymphatic system • The lymphatic system is part of the circulatory system and it transports a clear fluid called lymph Components : • • • • 3 Lymph fluid lymph vessels Lymphatic cells Lymphatic organs Dr. Alghazaly A Alghazaly Lymph o It is clear fluid found inside the lymphatic vessels a similar to plasma, with important exception of plasma proteins. o Lymph fluid is filtered from the tissue and from the blood capillaries around the cells of the body drained by blindend lymph capillaries . • Function: o To return excess fluid and protein from the interstitial fluid compartment back into the blood circulation o Transports plasma proteins, bacteria, fat and contains lymphocytes and macrophages, which play an important role in the immune system 4 Dr. Alghazaly A Alghazaly Lymph • Lymph vessels • Structural relationship between a capillary bed of the blood and lymphatic capillaries. • Lymph capillaries • Begins as blind end in the interstitial space • Has big lumen than blood capillaries • Contain pores (opening) • Are permeable to bigger molecules (proteins even cells) 5 Dr. Alghazaly A Alghazaly Lymphatic vessels • • • • • Start with lymphatic capillaries Then capillaries collected to form small lymphatic vessels The small vessels collected to form lymphatic trunks lymphatic trunks collected to form lymphatic ducts There is two main ducts (left &right thoracic ducts) Characteristic of the lymph vessels • • • • • • • Has more valves Have one-way vessels They are thin wall vessels Travel along with blood vessels. Do not have extensive smooth muscle Interrupted by lymph nodes (join lymph nodes before derange into veins) Open into lager veins of the neck Lymphatic are present in almost all the regions of the body; except: • Central nervous system, • Cornea, lens of eye • Cartilage • and epithelium tissues • Hair • Nails 6 Dr. Alghazaly A Alghazaly Lymphatic ducts ➢ Thoracic or left lymphatic duct • largest of these vessels • located in the thoracic cavity. • runs parallel to the vertebral column • It is lower end enlarged and is known as the cisterna chyli. • It derange the lymph from the: ✓ Lower extremities ✓ Abdomen ✓ Left thoracic region ✓ Left lower limb ✓ Left side of the head and neck • open into junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins ➢ Right lymphatic duct ➢ It is short duct ➢ Located in right side of the neck • It derange the lymph from the: ✓ Right upper limb ✓ Right thoracic region ✓ Right side of the head and the neck • open into junction of the right subclavian and internal jugular veins 7 Dr. Alghazaly A Alghazaly Lymphedema • Results from the disruption or obstruction of the lymphatic pathways • Or due to blockage of lymph drainage • Reduced lymphatic flow with increased pressure in remaining lymphatic channels • Results-swelling in tissues Etiology ➢ Due to tumor pressure ➢ Parasites ➢ Surgery Lymphoedema - post mastectomy Elephantiasis - blockage by parasitic worms 8 Dr. Alghazaly A Alghazaly Lymphatic cells • are distributed throughout the body they are found either in the: ➢the blood ➢epithelial and connective ➢lymphoid nodules which includes: - tonsils, Peyer's patches, and appendix ➢Lymphatic organs –includes: -Spleen -Thymus gland -Tonsil -Lymph nodes -Bone marrow 9 Dr. Alghazaly A Alghazaly Spleen • The spleen is the largest accumulation of lymphoid tissue in the body Location • on the upper left quadrant of the abdomen • deep to ribs 9, 10, and 11 • inferior to the diaphragm in contact with the stomach, splenic flexure of the colon, and the left kidney. Structures • The spleen is covered by a connective tissue capsule • Microscopic examination reveals that the spleen is composed of two, distinct kinds of tissue, the white pulp and red pulp Functions of the Spleen • • • • • 10 During the fetal life spleen form certain blood cells In adults it store blood cells and platelets During haemorrhage it contract to pour blood into circulation Splenic macrophages filter the blood from bacteria Splenic macrophages phagocytose the destructed blood cells Dr. Alghazaly A Alghazaly Thymus gland • • • • • • • • 11 It is a flat, long gland with two lobes located in the mediastinum, posterior to the upper part of the sternum. surrounded by a connective tissue capsule. Similar to other lymphoid tissue, the thymus contains lymphocytes, macrophages, and reticular epithelial cells. The thymus is fully developed at birth, and it continues to grow until puberty. After puberty, it slowly decreases in size. The thymus is important in the development of the immune system. It is the first organ to begin manufacture of lymphocytes. Dr. Alghazaly A Alghazaly Lymph Nodes • Lymph nodes are small kidney-shaped organs • They are present along the course of the lymph vessels in order to filter the lymph form the organism of foreign bodies structures of lymph nodes • Each lymph node has: ➢ a convex surface that is the entrance site of lymphatic vessels ➢ and a concave depression, the hilum, through which arteries and nerves enter and veins and lymphatic vessels leave the organ ➢ capsule of C.T surround the node ➢ cortex, consists of lymph nodules & blood capillaries ➢ Medulla: consist of blood vessels Function of the lymph nodes • Filtration of the lymph • Formation of lymphocytes • Production of antibodies 12 Dr. Alghazaly A Alghazaly Lymph Nodes Site • Lymph nodes are distributed throughout the body along the course of the lymphatic vessels . • They are found in the: ➢along the great vessels of the neck ➢axilla ➢Groin ➢and in large numbers in the thorax and abdomen, especially in mesenterie 13 Dr. Alghazaly A Alghazaly Lymph nodes of head and neck Head lymph nodes includes: ❑ superficial groups - locates on the base of the skull, They are: ➢ Submental ➢ Submandibular ➢ Parotid ➢ Postauricular ➢ Occipital ❑ Deep lymph - locates on the mucosa of pharynx, the are: • palatine tonsils located on either side of the throat • pharyngeal tonsils located in the throat near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity • lingual tonsils located at the base of the tongue 14 Dr. Alghazaly A Alghazaly Lymph nodes of head and neck Neck lymph includes: 15 Dr. Alghazaly A Alghazaly THANK YOU.. 16