Anatomy Notes 1.0 PDF

ANATOMY NOTES 1.0 Topic Root word (Prefix or Suffix) Meaning and Meaning The Human Body caput-, cephal- Head cervic-, cervix Neck...

ANATOMY NOTES 1.0 Topic Root word (Prefix or Suffix) Meaning and Meaning The Human Body caput-, cephal- Head cervic-, cervix Neck dors- The Back venter, ventr- Abdomen Cells and Tissues cutic-, derm- Skin cyt- cell Cell lip-, lipo- fat, lipid Fat/Lipid medull-, myelo- Marrow myo- Muscle osteo- Bone The Skeletal System append- Hang to ax-, axi-, axo- Axis/Axle The Nervous System cerebro-, enceph- Brain neuro- Nerve oculo-, ophthalmo- Eye oto- Ear psycho- Mind The Cardiovascular System angi- vessel Vessel aort- great artery Great Artery cardi-, cardio- heart Heart hema-, hemato-, hemo- Blood phleb- Vein thromb- Clot The Respiratory aero- air Air System broncho- Bronchus pleur- Side/Rib pneumo- Air/Wind pulmo- Lung rhin-, rhino- Nose The Digestive bucco- Cheek System and Body Metabolism chole- Bile entero-, ile- Intestine eso- Within Esophagus gastr- Stomach glosso-, lingua- Tongue hepat- Liver labi-, labri- Lip odonto- Teeth procto- Anus/Rectum vestibul- Vestibule The Urinary System adren- Toward the Kidney cyst- Sac/Bladder diure-, mictur- Urinate nephro-, ren- Kidney The Reproductive cervic-, cervix neck Cervix Neck of Uterus System hyster-, hystero- Uterus (Womb) orchid- Testis ov-, ovi- Egg peri- Around vagin- Sheath vulv- Covering Miscellaneous gene- Beginning/Origin kin-, kines- Move lymph- Water oligo- Few phobia- Fear photo- Light pyo- Pus roentgen X-Ray An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology ❖ Anatomy is the study of structure. o Observation is used to see the sizes, shapes, and relationships of body parts. ❖ Physiology is the study of how a structure (which may be a cell, an organ, or an organ system) functions or works. o Structure determines what functions can occur; therefore, if the structure changes, the function must also change. Levels of Structural Organization ❖ Chemical Level o Atoms → Molecules ❖ Cells ❖ Tissue ❖ Organ ❖ Organ System ❖ Organism Eleven organ systems make up the human body: ❖ Integumentary ❖ Skeletal ❖ Muscular ❖ Nervous ❖ Endocrine ❖ Cardiovascular ❖ Lymphatic ❖ Respiratory ❖ Digestive ❖ Urinary ❖ Reproductive systems. Maintaining Life ❖ To sustain life, an organism must be able to: o Maintain its boundaries o Move o Respond to stimuli o Digest nutrients and excrete wastes o Carry on metabolism  o Reproduce o Grow ❖ Survival needs include: o Food o Oxygen o Water o Appropriate temperature o Normal atmospheric pressure *Extremes of any of these factors can be harmful. The Language of Anatomy ❖ Anatomical terminology is relative and assumes that the body is in the anatomical position (standing erect, with palms facing forward). Directional terms Body planes and sections ❖ Sagittal section: separates the body longitudinally into right and left parts. ❖ Frontal (coronal) section: separates the body on a longitudinal plane into anterior and posterior parts. ❖ Transverse (cross) section: separates the body on a horizontal plane into superior and inferior parts. Body cavities ❖ Dorsal: well protected by bone; has two subdivisions. o Cranial: contains the brain o Spinal: contains the spinal cord ❖ Ventral: less protected than dorsal cavity; has two subdivisions. o Thoracic: The superior cavity that extends inferiorly to the diaphragm; contains heart and lungs, which are protected by the rib cage. o Abdominopelvic: The cavity inferior to the diaphragm that contains the digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs. The abdominal portion is vulnerable because it is protected only by the trunk muscles. The pelvic portion is somewhat protected by the bony pelvis. *The abdominopelvic cavity is often divided into four quadrants or nine regions ❖ Smaller body cavities include the oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities. All are open to the outside of the body except the middle ear cavity.  Anterior Body Landmarks ❖ abdominal (ab-dom′˘ı-nal): anterior body trunk inferior to ribs ❖ acromial (ah-kro′me-ul): point of shoulder ❖ antebrachial (an″te-bra′ke-al): forearm ❖ antecubital (an″te-ku′b˘ı-tal): anterior surface of elbow ❖ axillary (ak′s˘ı-lar″e): armpit ❖ brachial (bra′ke-al): arm ❖ buccal (buk′al): cheek area ❖ carpal (kar′pal): wrist ❖ cervical (ser′v˘ı-kal): neck region ❖ coxal (kok′sal): hip ❖ crural (kroo′ral): anterior leg; the shin. ❖ deltoid (del′toyd): curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle ❖ digital (dij′˘ı-tal): fingers, toes ❖ femoral (fem′or-al): thigh (applies to both anterior and posterior) ❖ fibular (fib′u-lar): lateral part of leg ❖ frontal (frun′tal): forehead ❖ inguinal (in′gw˘ı-nal): area where thigh meets body trunk; groin ❖ mental (men′tul): chin ❖ nasal (na′zul): nose area ❖ oral (o′ral): mouth ❖ orbital (or′b˘ı-tal): eye area ❖ patellar (pah-tel′er): anterior knee ❖ pectoral (pek′to-ral): relating to, or occurring in or on, the chest ❖ pelvic (pel′vik): area overlying the pelvis anteriorly ❖ pubic (pyu′bik): genital region  ❖ sternal (ster′nul): breastbone area ❖ tarsal (tar′sal): ankle region ❖ thoracic (tho-ras′ik): area between the neck and abdomen, supported by the ribs, sternum and costal cartilages; chest ❖ umbilical (um-bil′˘ı-kal): navel Posterior Body Landmarks ❖ calcaneal (kal-ka′ne-ul): heel of foot ❖ cephalic (seh-f˘a′lik): head ❖ femoral (fem′or-al): thigh ❖ gluteal (gloo′te-al): buttock ❖ lumbar (lum′bar): area of back between ribs and hips; the loin ❖ occipital (ok-sip′˘ı-tal): posterior surface of head or base of skull ❖ olecranal (ol-eh-kra′nel): posterior surface of elbow ❖ popliteal (pop-lit′e-al): posterior knee area ❖ sacral (sa′krul): area between hips at base of spine ❖ scapular (skap′u-lar): shoulder blade region ❖ sural (soo′ral): the posterior surface of leg; the calf ❖ vertebral (ver′t ˘e-bral): area of spinal column ❖ The plantar region, or the sole of the foot, actually on the inferior body surface Notes for: UC-Main Jones- 1st Year Notes by: Julian San Diego Source: Marieb, E. (2018). Chapter 1 The Human Body. Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology (12th ed., p. 1-23).