Anatomy and Physiology PDF
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Summary
This document provides an overview of anatomy and physiology, discussing the structure and function of the human body. It introduces gross and microscopic anatomy, organ systems (like the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, digestive, and urinary systems), and explores survival needs. The text also includes diagrams and visual aids.
Full Transcript
ANATOMY ======= - the study of the **structure** and **shape** of the body and body parts & their relationships to one another. - The term anatomy comes from the Greek words meaning to cut (tomy) apart (ana). PHYSIOLOGY ========== → Study of how the body and its parts **work or function...
ANATOMY ======= - the study of the **structure** and **shape** of the body and body parts & their relationships to one another. - The term anatomy comes from the Greek words meaning to cut (tomy) apart (ana). PHYSIOLOGY ========== → Study of how the body and its parts **work or function** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **GROSS** | - Large structures | | | | | **ANATOMY** | - Easily observable | | | | | **(MACROSCOPIC** | | | | | | **ANATOMY)** | | +===================================+===================================+ | **MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY** | - Structures cannot be seen | | | with the naked eye | | | | | | - Structures can only be | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ STRUCTURAL LEVEL ================ ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW ===================== -------- -- **I.** -------- -- - Forms the external body covering - Protects deeper tissue from injury - Helps regulate body temperature - Location of cutaneous nerve receptors --------- -- **II.** --------- -- - Protects and supports body organs - Provides muscle attachment for movement - Site of blood cell formation - Stores minerals -- --------------------- **MUSCULAR SYSTEM** -- --------------------- - Produces movement - Maintains posture - Produces heat -- -------------------- **NERVOUS SYSTEM** -- -------------------- - Fast-acting control system - Responds to internal and external change - Activates muscles and glands -- ---------------------- **ENDOCRINE SYSTEM** -- ---------------------- - Secretes regulatory hormones - Growth - Reproduction - Metabolism -- --------------------------- **CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM** -- --------------------------- - Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart - Oxygen - Carbon dioxide - Nutrients - Wastes -- ---------------------- **LYMPHATIC SYSTEM** -- ---------------------- - Returns fluids to blood vessels - Cleanses the blood Involved in immunity **astwidd \| 1** +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Regulated by hormones** | +===================================+===================================+ | | **Excretion** | | | | | | - **Eliminates waste from | | | metabolic reactions** | | | | | | - **Wastes may be removed in | | | urine or feces** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Reproduction** | | | | | | - **Occurs on cellular level or | | | organismal level** | | | | | | - **Produces future | | | generation** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Growth** | | | | | | **Increases cell size and | | | number** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ -- ---------------------- **DIGESTIVE SYSTEM** -- ---------------------- -- -------------------- **URINARY SYSTEM** -- -------------------- - Keeps blood supplied with oxygen - Removes carbon dioxide - Breaks down food - Allows for nutrient absorption into blood - Eliminates indigestible material as feces - Eliminates nitrogenous wastes - Maintains acid-base balance - Regulates water and SURVIVAL NEEDS ============== electrolytes +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **NUTRIENTS** | - Chemicals for energy and cell | | | | | | | | | | | | - Includes carbohydrates, | | | proteins, lipids, vitamins, | | | and minerals | +===================================+===================================+ | **OXYGEN** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **WATER** | - 60 to 80 percent of body | | | weight | | | | | | - Most abundant chemical in the | | | human body | | | | | | - Provides for metabolic | | | reactions | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **STABLE BODY** | | | | | | **TEMPERATURE** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ -- ------------------------- **REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM** -- ------------------------- +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Maintain boundaries** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Movement** | | | | | | - **Locomotion** | | | | | | - **Movement of substances** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Responsiveness** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Digestion** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | | **Metabolism** | | | | | | **---chemical reactions within | | | the body** | | | | | | - **Break down complex | | | molecules into smaller ones** | | | | | | | | | | | | - **Build larger molecules from | | | smaller ones (ANABOLISM)** | | | | | | - **Produces energy** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ - Produces offspring - Testes produce sperm and male hormone -- ------------------------ **RESPIRATORY SYSTEM** -- ------------------------ - Ovaries produce eggs and female hormones. **HOMEOSTASIS** --------------- - maintenance of a stable internal environment - A dynamic state of equilibrium - Necessary for normal body functioning and to sustain life - Homeostatic imbalance - A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease MAINTANING HOMEOSTASIS ====================== +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **RECEPTOR** | - Responds to changes in the | | | environment (stimuli) | | | | | | - Sends information to | +===================================+===================================+ | **CONTROL CENTER** | - Determines set point | | | | | | - Analyzes information | | | | | | - Determines appropriate | | | response | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **EFFECTOR** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+
