Anatomy.pdf

ANATOMICAL DIRECTION TERMS, SECTION AND BODY CAVITIES Done by: Dr. ASMA EBRAHIM  skeletal system and joints Anatomy and Embryology Department Faculty of Medicine & Health Science U.S.T 9/11/2024  The...

ANATOMICAL DIRECTION TERMS, SECTION AND BODY CAVITIES Done by: Dr. ASMA EBRAHIM  skeletal system and joints Anatomy and Embryology Department Faculty of Medicine & Health Science U.S.T 9/11/2024  The Skeleton The term skeleton is derived from a Greek word meaning dried The science that concerns with study of bones called osteology. There are 206 bones in our body, arranged to form the body framework called, the skeleton , comparing to the newborn that has 300 bones 9/11/2024  SKELETAL SYSTEM Includes: Bones Joints: articulations between bones Cartilages Ligaments(bone to bone) Tendone(bone to muscle ) 9/11/2024 dr-muneera 9/11/2024 dr-muneera 9/11/2024  BONES CAN BE DIVIDED TO 1) According to regions into 2 categories : A) Axial bones B) appendicular bone : the made up of the extremities ( upper and lower limbs ) and their girdle. 9/11/2024 2) According to the shapes of the bone into 5 categories 1.Long: bones are longer than they are wide (arms, legs) 2.Short: usually square in shape, cube like (wrist, ankle) 3.Pneumatic : maxilla 4.Flat: flat , curved (skull, Sternum) 5.Irregular: odd shapes (vertebrae, pelvis dr-muneera 9/11/2024 3)According to Structure into 2 category : 1- compact bone : it is the outer hard layer. 2- spongy bone : it is inner trabeculated bone 4) dr-muneera 9/11/2024 4) According to development into 2 category : 1-Membrane : flat bone 2-Cartilage :long bone Membrane Cartilage Flat bone Long bone dr-muneera 9/11/2024  FUNCTIONS OF BONE 1. Support : of the body organ 2. Protection : of soft body organs 3. Attachment : of muscles 4. Movement : of the body as a whole , or of the body parts. 5. Storage : of fat and minerals e.g calcium & phosphorus. 6. Blood cell formation dr-muneera 9/11/2024  Types of Bone Cells Osteocytes Mature bone cells Osteoblasts Bone-forming cells Osteoclasts Bone-destroying cells Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium Bone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclasts 9/11/2024  Changes in the Human Skeleton In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone Cartilage remains in isolated areas Bridge of the nose Parts of ribs Joints 9/11/2024 Classification of the bones according to region : Bones of the axial skeleton (80) 1- THE SKULL (29) 2-THE THORAX (25) 3- THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN (26) dr-muneera 9/11/2024 Axial skeleton supports and protects organs of head, neck and trunk Axial skeleton:.skull (cranium and facial bones). Hyoid bone.vertebral column (vertebrae and disks).bony thorax (ribs and sternum) Appendicular skeleton includes bones of limbs and bones that anchor them to the axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton: pectoral girdle (clavicle, scapula) upper limbs (arms) pelvic girdle (sacrum, coccyx) lower limbs (legs) Articulation- where joints meet, 9/11/2024 connect, and are formed.  The Skull The skull is composed of several separate bones (29 bones) united at immobile joints called sutures. The connective tissue between the bones is called a sutural ligament Only one moveable bone, the mandible which is united to the skull by the mobile Temporomandibular Joint The bones of the skull can be divided into: 1- Bones of the cranium 8 bones (contain the brain) The upper part of the cranium is The vault (calvarium )  The base of the skull is the lowest part of the cranium. 2- Bones of the face -14 bones 9/11/2024 9/11/2024 9/11/2024 9/11/2024 9/11/2024 Allows fo growth 9/11/2024  Paranasal Sinuses Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity 9/11/2024  The Vertebral Column Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs made of cartilage The spine has a normal S curvature Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Cervical – 7 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacrum (5 fused) Coccyx (4 fused) 9/11/2024 9/11/2024 THE THORACIC WALL 1-STERNUM 2- Ribs dr-muneera 9/11/2024 STERNUM Lies in the midline of the anterior chest wall  It is a flat bone  Divides into three parts: 1-Manubrium sterni 2-Body of the sternum 3- Xiphoid process dr-muneera 9/11/2024 Ribs There are 12 pairs of ribs, all of which are attached posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae The ribs are divided into three categories: True ribs: The upper seven pairs are attached anteriorly to the sternum by their costal cartilages False ribs: The 8th, 9th, and 10th pairs of ribs are attached anteriorly to each other and to the 7th rib by means of their costal cartilages and small synovial joints. Floating ribs: The 11th and 12th pairs have no anterior attachment dr-muneera 9/11/2024 9/11/2024 9/11/2024  Classification of the bones according to region : Appendicular bones ( 126 bones ) 1- upper limb and pectoral girdle (32) 2- lower limb and pelvic girdle (31) dr-muneera 9/11/2024  Bones of the upper limb 1- Pectoral Girdle consists of 2 bones : - Clavicle (1) - Scapula (1) 2-bones of the limb consists of 30 bones : -Humerus (1) : the bone of the arm. -Radius (1) : the lateral bone of the forearm. -Ulna (1) :the medial bone of the forearm. -Carpals (8) : bones of the wrist connect forearm with hand -Metacarpals (5)- the bones of the hand connects the carpal bones with phalanges. -Phalanges (14) : bones of the fingers divides into proximal middle and distal phalanges except the first finger ( thumb) which has only 2 phalanges (proximal and distal) dr-muneera 9/11/2024 dr-muneera 9/11/2024  Shoulder Girdle dr-muneera 9/11/2024 dr-muneera 9/11/2024  Bones of the lower limb 1- Pelvic Girdle consists of : - Hip bone which is made by fusion three bones ( ilium , ischium and pubis ) 2-bones of the limb consists of 30 bones : -Femur (1) : the bone of the thigh. -patella (1) : flat, circular-triangular bone located infront of knee joint ( kneecap ) -Fibula (1) : the lateral bone of the leg. -Tibia (1) :the medial bone of the leg. -Tarsal (7 ) : bones of the ankle connect leg with foot. -Metatarsals (5)- the bones of the foot connect the tarsal bones with phalanges. -Phalanges (14) : bones of the toes divides into proximal middle and distal phalanges except the first toe ( big toe) which has only 2 phalanges (proximal and distal) dr-muneera 9/11/2024 dr-muneera 9/11/2024  Pelvic Girdle dr-muneera 9/11/2024 dr-muneera 9/11/2024 dr-muneera 9/11/2024 dr-muneera 9/11/2024 dr-muneera 9/11/2024  Parts of long bones Epiphysis (The end of the bone). Diaphysis (The shaft). Epiphyseal plate is a cartilaginous plate separates the epiphysis from diaphysis it is the site of the bone growth. it ossifies at certain age :- in female at 18-20 years. in male at 20-22 years dr-muneera 9/11/2024 dr-muneera 9/11/2024 dr-muneera 9/11/2024