digestive tract.pdf

Digestive tract  Digestive tract is a tract that receive food and fluids and digest them then absorb most of it and the remaining foods removed out side the body. Parts of digestive tract; 1- mouth contain lips, teeth, tongue and salivary glands. The foods are break down, chewed to s...

Digestive tract  Digestive tract is a tract that receive food and fluids and digest them then absorb most of it and the remaining foods removed out side the body. Parts of digestive tract; 1- mouth contain lips, teeth, tongue and salivary glands. The foods are break down, chewed to small pieces and mixed with saliva and push it to the oesophagus. 2- oesophagus: is a muscular tube of about 40 cm extend from the cricopharyngeous to the stomach. It passes the food to the stomach by peristaltic movement. 3- stomach: is a hollow organ that mixed the food with gastric juice and digestive enzymes. 4- duodenum: C shape tube of 12 inch length connect the stomach to small bowel and receive secretions from pancreas and bile from the liver. 5- small bowel: about 5-6m[ jejunum and ileum] and connected to the caecum. Its content semi-fluid. Its function is mainly foods vitamins and menirals absorption. 6- large bowel: about 1.5 m form from caecum, ascending colon, transvers colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon. It absorb water mainly, its content is solid. Also contain normal flora bacteria that synthesis vitamins and protect against pathological bacteria. 7- Rectum this about 20cm join the anal canal. When the stool fill the rectum there is desire to pass it. 8- anal canal of 3-4cm length surrounded by sphincters to control passes of gases and stool. Accessory organs of digestive tract; Include salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gall bladder. Diseases of gastrointestinal tract; -aphthus ulcer. - gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. - peptic ulcer. - gall stones. - pancreatitis. - enteritis. - I.B.S. - ulcerative colitis and crohns disease. - diverticulitis. - acute appendicitis. - haemorrhoids and fistulae. - tumours. Types of surgical approach; Surgical approach means how can we reach the diseased organ. -head , craniotomy, C shape. - neck, collar incision for thyroid. - chest, antero-lateral and postero-lateral thoracotomy. - abdomen, midline incision for trauma. - subcostal incision. Gall stones - right and left Para median incision. - Grid iron incision for appendix. - supra-pubic incision for gall bladder. - lumber incision for kidney diseases. - pfannenstiel incision for caesarean section. Questions; - These are the accessory organs of the G.I.T. except [ liver, stomach, salivary glands, gall bladder]. - the main function of the large bowel of[ nutrient, vitamins, water, minerals]. - S.B. length is about[ 5 feets, 5-6m, 2m, 5-6 feets]. -the large bowel includes all these except[ caecum, sigmoid, ileum, descending colon]. - grid iron incision used to remove[ gall bladder, appendix, kidney stones, ovarian cyst]. - subcostal incision used to remove the[ spleen, appendix, gall bladder, kidney stones]. - the pancreas is one of accessory organs of the G.I.T. - the length of the large bowel is 3m. - the stomach is big solid organ. - The length of the anal canal is about 15cm Digestive system Abdominal incisions